The Use of Biosensors in Lab-on-a-Chip Devices: Current Practice and Future Directions

A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Nano- and Micro-Technologies in Biosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2024 | Viewed by 1402

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Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics (MEAM), School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Towne Building, 220 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Interests: active Control of flow patterns; carbon nanopipettes and cellular probes; electrokinetics and dielectrophoresis; liquid cell electron microscopy (the nanoaquarium); magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD); microfluidic pumps, stirrers; microfluidics with low temperature co-Fired ceramic tapes (LTCC); microswimmers (C. elegans); nanowalkers (molecular motors); point of care diagnostics (lab on chip); energy storage and desalination
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Microfluidic ‘lab on a chip’ implementations of bioassays and medical diagnostics devices will necessarily include some ultimate detection or reporting step. The detection may be based on optical (bioluminescence, fluorescence, absorption, scattering, or turbidity), electrochemical (potentiometric or amperometric), magnetic, or mechanical (mass) means. An optimal combination of microfluidics and biosensors will facilitate improved sensitivity and specificity, portability, reduced costs, and automated operation for ease of use as well as reliability.  Application areas include point-of-care medical diagnostics for infectious diseases, cancer screening and monitoring therapies as companion diagnostics, as well as food safety, homeland security, environmental sampling, and organ-on-a-chip systems. Microfluidic processing provides sample pretreatments, separation and concentration steps, and, in the case of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) targets, enzymatic amplification. Sample enrichment and novel detection modalities using CRISPR and related enzymes have recently shown significant potential for improvements in sensitivity and specificity. In this Special Issue, technological developments and emerging concepts for integrating biosensors into LOC devices will be featured, including conventional and CD (centrifugal compact disk) chips with microfluidic channels, paper-based microfluidics, and 3D-printed devices, optimized for sample type, cost constraints, multiplexing, disposability, single-use.

Dr. Michael G. Mauk
Guest Editor

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Research

14 pages, 3825 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Electrolytes with Redox Reagents to Improve the Impedimetric Signal for Use with a Low-Cost Analyzer
by Yu-Hsuan Cheng, Charmi Chande, Zhenglong Li, Niranjan Haridas Menon, Sreerag Kaaliveetil and Sagnik Basuray
Biosensors 2023, 13(12), 999; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13120999 - 27 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1028
Abstract
The most well-known criterion for POC devices is ASSURED, and affordability, i.e., using low-cost instrumentation, is the most challenging one. This manuscript provides a pathway for transitioning ESSENCE, an impedance-based biosensor platform, from using an expensive benchtop analyzer—KeySight 4294A (~$50k)—to using a significantly [...] Read more.
The most well-known criterion for POC devices is ASSURED, and affordability, i.e., using low-cost instrumentation, is the most challenging one. This manuscript provides a pathway for transitioning ESSENCE, an impedance-based biosensor platform, from using an expensive benchtop analyzer—KeySight 4294A (~$50k)—to using a significantly portable and cheaper USB oscilloscope—Analog Discovery 2 (~$200) —with similar sensitivity (around 100 times price difference). To achieve this, we carried out a fundamental study of the interplay between an electrolyte like potassium chloride (KCl), and an electrolyte buffer like phosphate buffered saline (PBS) in the presence and absence of a redox buffer like ferro/ferricyanide system and ([Ru(bpy)3]2+). Redox molecules in the electrolyte caused a significant change in the Nyquist curve of the impedance depending on the redox molecule type. The redox species and the background electrolyte have their own RC semicircles in the Nyquist curve, whose overlap depends on the redox concentration and electrolyte ionic strength. We found that by increasing the electrolyte ionic strength or the redox concentration, the RC semicircle moves to higher frequencies and vice versa. Importantly, the use of the buffer electrolyte, instead of KCl, led to a lower standard deviation and overall signal (lesser sensitivity). However, to achieve the best results from the biorecognition signal, we chose a buffered electrolyte like PBS with high ionic strength and lowered the redox probe concentrations to minimize the standard deviation and reduce any noise from migrating to the low-cost analyzer. Comparing the two analyzers shows similar results, with a lowered detection limit from the low-cost analyzer. Full article
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