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Special Issue "Advanced Research of Gut Microbiota in Health and Diseases"

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A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular and Translational Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2023 | Viewed by 6111

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Andrea Piccioni

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Guest Editor

Emergency Medicine Department, University Polyclinic Foundation A. Gemelli, IRCCS (Scientific Institute for Hospitalization and Treatment), 00168 Rome, Italy
Interests: microbiota; gut; dysbiosis; gut microbiome; pathological conditions; metabolic disorders; autoimmune disease; inflammatory disorders; degenerative disease; biomarkers; sepsis; emergency

Dr. Federico Rosa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
Interests: microbiota; gut; dysbiosis; gut microbiome; pathological conditions; metabolic disorders; autoimmune disease; inflammatory disorders; degenerative disease; biomarkers; sepsis; emergency

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

One of the most interesting fields of research is that concerning gut microbiota.

The human gut microbiota can be considered an organ in its own right, with the peculiar characteristic of developing its basic features from the earliest years of life.

The study of the human microbiota is proving to be of fundamental importance in understanding the development and pathogenesis of numerous pathological conditions, not only of a gastroenterological nature.

Numerous pieces of evidence are highlighting a connection between dysregulation of the gut microbiota and the occurrence of numerous pathological conditions such as inflammatory and metabolic disorders, and degenerative and autoimmune diseases.

More and more works are highlighting the correlation between gut microbiota and disease occurrence, so it is of paramount importance to stay up-to-date with the latest evidence.

This Special Issue titled “Advanced research of gut microbiota in health and diseases” invites research and papers concerning the connection between alterations in the microbiota and the development of diseases affecting the digestive system and beyond.

Authors are also invited to participate with papers regarding the latest evidence on the state of the microbiota in the healthy individual, another of the most interesting and evolving topics.

Dr. Andrea Piccioni
Dr. Federico Rosa
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Microbiota
Gut
Dysbiosis
Gut microbiome
Pathological conditions
Metabolic disorders
Autoimmune disease
Inflammatory disorders
Degenerative diseases

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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Open AccessArticle

Effects of Taurine on Gut Microbiota Homeostasis: An Evaluation Based on Two Models of Gut Dysbiosis

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Biomedicines 2023, 11(4), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041048 - 29 Mar 2023

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Abstract

Taurine, an abundant free amino acid, plays multiple roles in the body, including bile acid conjugation, osmoregulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation prevention. Although the relationship between taurine and the gut has been briefly described, the effects of taurine on the reconstitution of intestinal flora homeostasis under conditions of gut dysbiosis and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study examined the effects of taurine on the intestinal flora and homeostasis of healthy mice and mice with dysbiosis caused by antibiotic treatment and pathogenic bacterial infections. The results showed that taurine supplementation could significantly regulate intestinal microflora, alter fecal bile acid composition, reverse the decrease in Lactobacillus abundance, boost intestinal immunity in response to antibiotic exposure, resist colonization by Citrobacter rodentium, and enhance the diversity of flora during infection. Our results indicate that taurine has the potential to shape the gut microbiota of mice and positively affect the restoration of intestinal homeostasis. Thus, taurine can be utilized as a targeted regulator to re-establish a normal microenvironment and to treat or prevent gut dysbiosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research of Gut Microbiota in Health and Diseases)

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Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Evaluation of the Most Active Probiotic Strains Able to Improve the Intestinal Barrier Functions and to Prevent Inflammatory Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System

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Biomedicines 2023, 11(3), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030865 - 12 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 712

Abstract

Background: The integrity of the intestinal barrier is fundamental to gut health and homeostasis; its damage can increase intestinal permeability, with translocation of bacteria and/or endotoxins from gut, and the onset of various intestinal diseases. Lactobacillus spp. is one of the most common probiotics normally found in fermented foods and dairy products and is known for its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties and for its ability to protect and enhance the intestinal barrier functions. The aim of this work was to evaluate the ability of different strains of Lactobacillus spp. to improve in vitro the integrity of the intestinal barrier, to exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity and to prevent Salmonella Typhimurium and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) infections. Methods: We analyzed the cellular expression of tight junctions, antimicrobial peptide HBD-2, pro-inflammatory cytokines and the inhibition of pathogens adhesion and invasion in a model of co-cultured epithelial cells treated with Lactobacillus spp. Results: L. brevis, L. reuteri and L. rhamnosus proved to be more effective in protecting the intestinal epithelium. Conclusions: These in vitro studies can help select strains particularly active in their intended use to obtain consortia formulations that can have as much maximum yield as possible in terms of patient benefit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research of Gut Microbiota in Health and Diseases)

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Open AccessArticle

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Could Improve Chronic Diarrhea in Cynomolgus Monkey by Alleviating Inflammation and Modulating Gut Microbiota

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Biomedicines 2022, 10(12), 3016; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10123016 - 23 Nov 2022

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Abstract

Chronic diarrhea is associated with enteric dysbiosis and provokes the overuse of antibiotics. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a promising therapy, but it shows discrepant clinical efficacy. Bacterial colonization in recipients has been studied, although little is known about the role of gut fungi and Archaea after FMT. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of human-derived FMT on spontaneous chronic diarrhea cynomolgus monkeys and revealed the effector mechanisms. We demonstrated that FMT can mitigate the appearance of diarrheal symptoms and inhibit the increase in interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-1β, and interferon-γ and the decrease in interleukin-10 in serum. We confirmed that FMT restored the disturbance of gut bacteria by reducing the relative abundances of potential pathogens, including Cloacibacillus porcorum, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium 5_2_54FAA, and Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium 21_3, and increasing the levels of Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus ruminis CAG_367 in diarrheal monkeys. The metabolic pathways of healthy and FMT monkeys’ gut bacteria were enriched in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid metabolism, while the metabolic pathways of pre-FMT monkeys’ gut bacteria were enriched in antibiotic production. Moreover, a higher Ascomycota/Basidiomycota ratio, higher Aspergillus levels, and lower Trichosporon asahii abundance were present in intestinal fungi after FMT. Although the abundance of the Archaea Methanosphaera stastmanae did not change significantly, it was inversely correlated with the anti-inflammatory factor IL-4 after FMT. These results support the further development and application of FMT for chronic diarrhea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research of Gut Microbiota in Health and Diseases)

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Review

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Open AccessReview

Gut Microbiome in Patients after Heart Transplantation—Current State of Knowledge

Katarzyna Olek

Agnieszka Anna Kuczaj

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Biomedicines 2023, 11(6), 1588; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11061588 - 30 May 2023

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Abstract

The human gut microbiota include over 10 trillion microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and protozoa. Many reports indicate the strong correlation between dysbiosis and the severity of cardiovascular diseases. Microbiota seem to interact with the host’s alloimmunity and may have an immunomodulatory role in graft rejection processes. In our study, we present the current state of the knowledge of microbiota in heart transplant recipients. We present up-to-date microbiota diagnostic methods, interactions between microbiota and immunosuppressive drugs, the immunomodulatory effects of dysbiosis, and the available strategies (experimental and clinical strategies) to modulate host microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research of Gut Microbiota in Health and Diseases)

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Smoking on Microbiota: A Narrative Review

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Biomedicines 2023, 11(4), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041144 - 10 Apr 2023

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Abstract

Cigarette smoke is a classic risk factor for many diseases. The microbiota has been recently indicated as a new, major player in human health. Its deregulation—dysbiosis—is considered a new risk factor for several illnesses. Some studies highlight a cross-interaction between these two risk factors—smoke and dysbiosis—that may explain the pathogenesis of some diseases. We searched the keywords “smoking OR smoke AND microbiota” in the title of articles on PubMed^®, UptoDate^®, and Cochrane^®. We included articles published in English over the last 25 years. We collected approximately 70 articles, grouped into four topics: oral cavity, airways, gut, and other organs. Smoke may impair microbiota homeostasis through the same harmful mechanisms exerted on the host cells. Surprisingly, dysbiosis and its consequences affect not only those organs that are in direct contact with the smoke, such as the oral cavity or the airways, but also involve distant organs, such as the gut, heart, vessels, and genitourinary tract. These observations yield a deeper insight into the mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of smoke-related diseases, suggesting a role of dysbiosis. We speculate that modulation of the microbiota may help prevent and treat some of these illnesses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research of Gut Microbiota in Health and Diseases)

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Open AccessReview

Pancreatic Cancer Resistance to Treatment: The Role of Microbiota

Enrico Celestino Nista

Angelo Del Gaudio

Livio Enrico Del Vecchio

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Biomedicines 2023, 11(1), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11010157 - 07 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1060

Abstract

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an aggressive malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States and Europe. It is estimated that PC will be the second leading cause of cancer death by 2030. In addition to late diagnosis, treatment resistance is a major cause of shortened survival in pancreatic cancer. In this context, there is growing evidence that microbes play a regulatory role, particularly in therapy resistance and in creating a microenvironment in the tumor, that favors cancer progression. The presence of certain bacteria belonging to the gamma-proteobacteria or mycoplasmas appears to be associated with both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes. Recent evidence suggests that the microbiota may also play a role in resistance mechanisms to immunotherapy and radiotherapy. However, the interactions between microbiota and therapy are bilateral and modulate therapy tolerance. Future perspectives are increasingly focused on elucidating the role of the microbiota in tumorigenesis and processes of therapy resistance, and a better understanding of these mechanisms may provide important opportunities to improve survival in these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research of Gut Microbiota in Health and Diseases)

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