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Advances in Understanding, Inventoring and Mitigating N₂O Emissions from Managed Land

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A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosphere/Hydrosphere/Land–Atmosphere Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 July 2020) | Viewed by 16426

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Tiphaine Tallec

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la Biosphère, UMR 5126, France
Interests: cropland; agro-ecology; greenhouse gases; nitrous oxide fluxes and budget; micro-meteorological measurement; long-term observation; modeling

Dr. Alexander Moravek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
Interests: surface atmosphere exchange; reactive nitrogen chemistry and fluxes; reactive chlorine; greenhouse gas emissions; climate resilience

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The overall goal of this Special Issue is to gather the most recent scientific and methodological advances carried out in order to better understand, monitor, and inventory N₂O flux from plot to regional scale.

Because of the very huge mosaic of landscape, land management, climate, and pedologic conditions, N₂O fluxes’ dynamic, intensity, and sources remain challenging to capture, via measurement and modeling. Improving our ability to quantify and map N₂O fluxes on managed land for agriculture will help in proposing mitigation strategies and assessing their efficiency at plot and regional scale. In situ measurements, either traditional (static and automated chambers) or more recently developed (small flux tower), are definitely crucial to analyze the involved process, test the mitigation options, and evaluate the models to define elaborate emission inventories based on the bottom–up approach. On the other hand, the top–down approach combining atmospheric measurement with the inversion model presents the interesting possibility of giving an integrative global N₂O budget estimation which is not subjected to the potential high spatial N₂O flux variability depending on the land use but does not allow understanding N₂O emission drivers. Whereas numerous approaches exist to study N₂O, few studies have cross-compared or combined them to reach a more informed understanding of terrestrial N₂O fluxes dynamic and budget at regional scale.

Hence, we invite scientists to submit articles reporting current research entailing advances in N₂O flux monitoring methodologies, via in situ measurement and/or remote sensing, as well as advances in N₂O flux modeling, via statistical or mechanistic approaches at plot or regional scale. The submission of scientific contributions highlighting a multidisciplinary approach, based on long-term observation and/or experimentation, will be particularly appreciated, as well as the contributions of more applied research results highlighting how anthropogenic land management affects N₂O exchanges between the surface and the atmosphere.

Dr. Tiphaine Tallec
Dr. Alexander Moravek
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

N₂O flux mitigation
N₂O budget Inventory
N₂O flux modeling
Long-term observation
Experimentation
Remote sensing
Agriculture
Agricultural practices

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 5089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrieval of Metop-A/IASI N₂O Profiles and Validation with NDACC FTIR Data

by Brice Barret, Yvan Gouzenes, Eric Le Flochmoen and Sylvain Ferrant

Atmosphere 2021, 12(2), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020219 - 05 Feb 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3117

Abstract

This paper reports atmospheric profiles of N

_{2}

O retrieved from Metop/IASI with the Software for the Retrieval of IASI Data (SOFRID) for the 2008–2018 period and their validation with FTIR data from 12 stations of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric [...] Read more.

This paper reports atmospheric profiles of N

_{2}

^{- 1}

spectral window provide 3 independent pieces of information about the vertical profile of N

_{2}

O. The FTIR versus SOFRID comparisons display a better agreement in the mid-troposphere (MT, 700–350 hPa) than in the lower (LT, Surface–700 hPa) and upper (UT, 350–110 hPa) troposphere with correlation coefficients (R) in the 0.49–0.83 range and comparable variabilities (3–5 ppbv). The agreement for oceanic and coastal stations (R > 0.77) is better than for continental ones (R < 0.72). The SOFRID MT N

_{2}

O mixing ratios are significantly biased high (up to 16.8 ppbv) relative to FTIR at continental stations while the biases remain below 4.2 ppbv and mostly unsignificant when oceanic data are considered. The average MT decadal trends derived from SOFRID at the 8 NDACC stations with continuous observations during the 2008–2018 period (1.05 ± 0.1 ppbv·yr

^{- 1}

) is in good agreement with the corresponding FTIR trends (1.08 ± 0.1 ppbv·yr

^{- 1}

) and the NOAA-ESRL trends from surface in-situ measurements (0.95 ± 0.02 ppbv·yr

^{- 1}

). In the Northern Hemisphere where they are clearly detected, the N

_{2}

O MT seasonal variations from SOFRID and FTIR are phased (summer minima) and have similar amplitudes. SOFRID also detects the UT summer maxima indicating independent MT and UT information. The global MT N

_{2}

O oceanic distributions from SOFRID display low geographical variability and are mainly characterized by enhanced tropical mixing ratios relative to mid and high latitudes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Understanding, Inventoring and Mitigating N₂O Emissions from Managed Land)

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18 pages, 2954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards an Improved Inventory of N₂O Emissions Using Land Cover Maps Derived from Optical Remote Sensing Images

by Rémy Fieuzal, Claire Marais Sicre and Tiphaine Tallec

Atmosphere 2020, 11(11), 1188; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111188 - 03 Nov 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2282

Abstract

Agricultural soils are the primary anthropogenic source of N₂O emissions, one of the most important greenhouse gases, because of the use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers. The proposed method provides access to an inventory of potential N₂O emissions (the term potential refers to possible but not yet actual) at a fine scale, with an annual update, without a heavy deployment linked to a collection of field measurements. The processing chain is applied to optical satellite images regularly acquired at a high spatial resolution during the 2006–2015 period, allowing a better spatial and temporal resolution of the estimates of potential N₂O emissions from crops. The yearly potential N₂O emissions inventory is estimated over a study site located in southwestern France, considering seven main seasonal crops (i.e., wheat, barley, rapeseed, corn, sunflower, sorghum and soybean). The first step of the study, that is the land use classification, is associated with accurate performances, with an overall accuracy superior to 0.81. Over the study area, the yearly potential budget of N₂O emissions ranges from 97 to 113 tons, with an estimated relative error of less than 5.5%. Wheat, the main cultivated crop, is associated with the maximum cumulative emissions regardless of the considered year (with at least 48% of annual emissions), while maize, the third crop regarding to the allocated area (grown on less than 8% of the study site), has the second highest cumulative emissions. Finally, the analysis of a 10-year map of the potential N₂O budget shows that the mainly observed crop rotation (i.e., alternating of wheat and sunflower) reaches potential emissions close to 16 kg N₂O emitted per hectare, while the monoculture maize is associated with the maximum value (close to 28.9 kg per hectare). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Understanding, Inventoring and Mitigating N₂O Emissions from Managed Land)

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12 pages, 1224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

C3 and C4 Grass Species: Who Can Reduce Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions in a Continental Arid Region?

by Jiao Ning, Xiong Z. He and Fujiang Hou

Atmosphere 2020, 11(9), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090958 - 08 Sep 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2468

Abstract

In order to relieve grazing pressure, drought-tolerant grass species are widely cultivated in arid regions. However, soil N emission is largely neglected while pursuing forage yield. We carried out a randomized block study to investigate whether and how the C3 and C4 grass species differ in soil N emission in a typical salinized field with temperate continental arid climate in the northwest inland regions, China. We quantified soil N₂O flux from two C3 (barley and rye) and two C4 grass species [corngrass and sorghum hybrid sudangrass (SHS)] in fields during the growing season (from May to September) by using the static box method, and then determined the relationships between soil N₂O fluxes and forage yield and soil properties. Results show that soil available nitrogen, soil temperature, pH, soil organic carbon, and total nitrogen were correlated, but soil water was anti-correlated with soil N₂O fluxes. In addition, N₂O flux increased significantly faster with soil temperature in C4 than in C3 grass fields. Although the lower total N₂O emission fluxes were detected for C3 species, the lower yield-scaled N₂O was detected for C4 species. Our study provided insights into the determination of grass species and the understanding of mechanisms regulating N₂O fluxes in C3 and C4 species in the continental arid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Understanding, Inventoring and Mitigating N₂O Emissions from Managed Land)

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19 pages, 2158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Grazing under Irrigation Affects N₂O-Emissions Substantially in South Africa

by Hendrik P. J. Smit, Thorsten Reinsch, Pieter A. Swanepoel, Christof Kluß and Friedhelm Taube

Atmosphere 2020, 11(9), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090925 - 29 Aug 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2985

Abstract

Fertilized agricultural soils serve as a primary source of anthropogenic N₂O emissions. In South Africa, there is a paucity of data on N₂O emissions from fertilized, irrigated dairy-pasture systems and emission factors (EF) associated with the amount of N applied. A first study aiming to quantify direct N₂O emissions and associated EFs of intensive pasture-based dairy systems in sub-Sahara Africa was conducted in South Africa. Field trials were conducted to evaluate fertilizer rates (0, 220, 440, 660, and 880 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) on N₂O emissions from irrigated kikuyu–perennial ryegrass (Pennisetum clandestinum–Lolium perenne) pastures. The static chamber method was used to collect weekly N₂O samples for one year. The highest daily N₂O fluxes occurred in spring (0.99 kg ha⁻¹ day⁻¹) and summer (1.52 kg ha⁻¹ day⁻¹). Accumulated N₂O emissions ranged between 2.45 and 15.5 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and EFs for mineral fertilizers applied had an average of 0.9%. Nitrogen in yielded herbage varied between 582 and 900 kg N ha⁻¹. There was no positive effect on growth of pasture herbage from adding N at high rates. The relationship between N balance and annual N₂O emissions was exponential, which indicated that excessive fertilization of N will add directly to N₂O emissions from the pastures. Results from this study could update South Africa’s greenhouse gas inventory more accurately to facilitate Tier 3 estimates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Understanding, Inventoring and Mitigating N₂O Emissions from Managed Land)

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18 pages, 2560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct and Indirect Effects of Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors on N₂O-N Losses from Urea Fertilization to Winter Wheat in Southern Germany

by Yuncai Hu, Manuela P. Gaßner, Andreas Weber, Martine Schraml and Urs Schmidhalter

Atmosphere 2020, 11(8), 782; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080782 - 24 Jul 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2579

Abstract

Urea (U) is the most important nitrogen (N) fertilizer in agriculture worldwide, and as N fertilizer can result in large gaseous losses of NH₃ and N₂O. Thus, urease inhibitors (UIs) and nitrification inhibitors (NIs) have been coupled with U fertilizers to mitigate NH₃ and N₂O emissions. However, it is still unclear whether adding NIs and/or UIs to U stimulates other pollutants, while reducing one pollutant. Furthermore, part of the NH₃ deposition to earth is converted to N₂O, leading to indirect N₂O emission. To estimate direct and indirect effect of UIs and NIs on the N₂O-N and NH₃-N losses from U; therefore, we analyzed multi-year field experiments from the same site during 2004 to 2005 and 2011 to 2013. The field experiments with U fertilization with or without UI (IPAT, N-isopropoxycarbonyl phosphoric acid triamide) and NI (DCD/TZ, Dicyandiamide/1H-1, 2, 4-Triazol) in winter wheat and with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) were conducted in southern Germany. Fluxes of NH₃ or N₂O emissions were determined following each split N fertilization in separate experiments on the same site. Our results showed that U with NIs considerably reduced N₂O emissions, and adding UIs decreased NH₃ emissions. However, the effect on N₂O emissions exerted by (U + UIs) or (U + UIs + NIs) was inconsistent. In contrast to the treatment of (U + UIs + NIs), the addition of NIs alone to U stimulated NH₃ emission compared to treatment with U. When 1% indirect N₂O emission from NH₃ (IPCC emission factor (EF4)) was considered to estimate the indirect N₂O emission, total N₂O emissions from (U + NIs) were approximately 29% compared to that from U alone and 36% compared to that from (U + UI), indicating that indirect N₂O emission from NH₃ induced by NIs may be negligible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Understanding, Inventoring and Mitigating N₂O Emissions from Managed Land)

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24 pages, 2723 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Large Variations in N₂O Fluxes from Bioenergy Crops According to Management Practices and Crop Type

by Fabien Ferchaud, Céline Peyrard, Joël Léonard, Eric Gréhan and Bruno Mary

Atmosphere 2020, 11(6), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060675 - 26 Jun 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2453

Abstract

Field N₂O emissions are a key point in the evaluation of the greenhouse gas benefits of bioenergy crops. The aim of this study was to investigate N₂O fluxes from perennial (miscanthus and switchgrass), semi-perennial (fescue and alfalfa) and annual (sorghum and triticale) bioenergy crops and to analyze the effect of the management of perennials (nitrogen fertilization and/or harvest date). Daily N₂O emissions were measured quasi-continuously during at least two years in a long-term experiment, using automated chambers, with 2–5 treatments monitored simultaneously. Cumulative N₂O emissions from perennials were strongly affected by management practices: fertilized miscanthus harvested early and unfertilized miscanthus harvested late had systematically much lower emissions than fertilized miscanthus harvested late (50, 160 and 1470 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively). Fertilized perennials often had similar or higher cumulative emissions than semi-perennial or annual crops. Fluxes from perennial and semi-perennial crops were characterized by long periods with low emissions interspersed with short periods with high emissions. Temperature, water-filled pore space and soil nitrates affected daily emissions but their influence varied between crop types. This study shows the complex interaction between crop type, crop management and climate, which results in large variations in N₂O fluxes for a given site. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Understanding, Inventoring and Mitigating N₂O Emissions from Managed Land)

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Advances in Understanding, Inventoring and Mitigating N₂O Emissions from Managed Land