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Atmosphere
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Land-Atmosphere Interaction on the Tibetan Plateau
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Land-Atmosphere Interaction on the Tibetan Plateau

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosphere/Hydrosphere/Land–Atmosphere Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 7515

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Maoshan Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
Interests: atmospheric boundary layer; land surface process; numerical simulation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Tibetan Plateau is the highest plateau in the world, situated at an altitude of between 3000 and 5000 m. It is known as "The roof of the world" and "The third pole". Due to its unique high altitude and complex and diverse topography, the plateau has become a "starting area" and "amplifier" of climate change in China, and even the world. As a high-rise heat source up to the middle of the troposphere, the plateau can exchange material and energy directly in the middle and upper troposphere, and its thermal and dynamic effects have an important impact on China’s climate, Asian monsoons, and even the global climate. The plateau mainly affects climate change through dynamic thermal mechanisms. The thermal effect mainly manifests as a heat source effect in the summer and a heat sink effect in winter. This major heat source or heat sink effect has a direct impact on the monsoon ring flow field. Compared with the plain area, the land–air interactions on the Tibetan Plateau are intense and complex, which affects not only the climate change of the plateau itself, but also the climate change of China, Asia, and even the rest of the world. The large temperature difference between the earth and the atmosphere, the strong solar radiation on the ground, and its complex topographic characteristics result in a unique and complex boundary layer structure; therefore, it is particularly important to study the changes and characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer on the plateau.

This Special Issue will showcase successful recent endeavors in studies covering land–atmosphere interactions and their effects on the climate of the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding regions. The subject relates to the multi-disciplinary intersection of atmospheric and hydro-meteorological science, and fits well within the scope of the journal Atmosphere.

Contributions may address research questions ranging from the retrieval of land-surface variables and land-surface heat fluxes at different spatial and temporal scales, to the monitoring of variations in snow, glaciers, lakes, and other land-surface covers. Hence, studies focused on land-surface processes, hydro-meteorological processes, and their climate impacts based on a combined use of multisource data are welcome. Articles may address, but are not limited to, the following topics:

  • Retrieval of land-surface key properties;
  • Estimation of land-surface heat fluxes;
  • Land-surface heating and its impacts on the atmospheric boundary layer;
  • Estimation of atmospheric heating sources;
  • Climate effects of land–atmosphere interactions;
  • Parameterization of radiation fluxes;
  • Evapotranspiration modeling;
  • Time series analysis and effect studies;
  • Monitoring of glacier and glacial lakes;
  • Remote sensing of hydrological processes;
  • Vegetation dynamics and its response to weather and climate;
  • Remote-sensing-based drought assessment and monitoring.

Prof. Dr. Maoshan Li
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 10180 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Evaluation of the Layered Precipitable Water Vapor Data from the FENGYUN-4A/AGRI over the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau
by Yunfan Song, Lin Han, Xiaolong Huang and Ge Wang
Atmosphere 2023, 14(2), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020277 - 30 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1147
Abstract
The Layered Precipitable Water Vapor (LPW) product derived from the Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager (AGRI) onboard the first of the Chinese new generation geostationary satellite Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) has great significance for weather forecasting and climate monitoring of the Tibetan Plateau. To analysis and [...] Read more.
The Layered Precipitable Water Vapor (LPW) product derived from the Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager (AGRI) onboard the first of the Chinese new generation geostationary satellite Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) has great significance for weather forecasting and climate monitoring of the Tibetan Plateau. To analysis and evaluation the reliability of the FY-4A/AGRI LPW, with respect to the complex terrain on the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau, the atmospheric precipitable water vapor values were calculated based on the radiosonde observations (RAOB TPW) of 11 radiosonde stations in the research area from 2019 to 2020, and a comparative analysis was performed with the FY-4A/AGRI LPW. The results indicated that: (1) FY-4A/AGRI LPW and RAOB TPW demonstrate excellent consistency in all of the vertical height layers, but the atmospheric precipitable water vapor was underestimated by FY-4A/AGRI LPW; (2) The mean values of FY-4A/AGRI LPW in various months were all lower than those of RAOB TPW. The low layer FY-4A/AGRI LPW was the most stable in precision from the dimension of months; and (3) The precision of FY-4A/AGRI LPW, and the deviation between FY-4A/AGRI LPW and RAOB TPW were related with RDLS. The evaluation results of the study demonstrated that FY-4A/AGRI LPW underestimated the total water vapor in the research area, but the Bias and RMSE values were relatively low. FY-4A/AGRI LPW had a relatively high precision, and the data from it had superior quality and stability in terms of time changes and spatial distribution. Therefore, the product can perfectly reflect the spatial and temporal variation of the atmospheric water vapor on the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land-Atmosphere Interaction on the Tibetan Plateau)
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21 pages, 4175 KiB  
Article
Study on Surface Characteristic Parameters and Surface Energy Exchange in Eastern Edge of the Tibetan Plateau
by Na Chang, Maoshan Li, Ming Gong, Pei Xu, Yaoming Ma, Fanglin Sun and Yaoxian Yang
Atmosphere 2022, 13(11), 1749; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111749 - 24 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1190
Abstract
Mount Emei is located on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, on the transition zone between the main body of the Tibetan Plateau and the Sichuan Basin in China. It is not only the necessary place for the eastward movement of the [...] Read more.
Mount Emei is located on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, on the transition zone between the main body of the Tibetan Plateau and the Sichuan Basin in China. It is not only the necessary place for the eastward movement of the plateau system but also the place where the southwest vortex begins to develop. Its special geographical location makes it particularly important to understand the turbulence characteristics and surface energy balance of this place. Based on the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) tower data, radiation observation data and surface flux data of Mount Emei station on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau from December 2019 to February 2022, the components of surface equilibrium are estimated by the eddy correlation method and Thermal Diffusion Equation and Correction (TDEC) method, the characteristics of surface energy exchange in the Mount Emei area are analyzed, and the aerodynamic and thermodynamic parameters are estimated. The results show that the annual average value of zero-plane displacement d is 10.45 m, the annual average values of aerodynamic roughness Z0m and aerothermal roughness Z0h are 1.61 and 1.67 m, respectively, and the annual average values of momentum flux transport coefficient CD and sensible heat flux transport coefficient CH are 1.58×10−2 and 3.79×10−3, respectively. The dimensionless vertical wind fluctuation variance in the Mount Emei area under unstable conditions can better conform to the 1/3rd power law of the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, while the dimensionless horizontal wind fluctuation variance under unstable lamination and the dimensionless 3D wind fluctuation variance under stable condition does not conform to this law. In the near-neutral case, the dimensionless velocity variance in the vertical direction in this area is 1.314. The daytime dominance of sensible and latent heat fluxes varied seasonally, with latent heat fluxes dominating in summer and sensible heat transport dominating in winter. he surface albedo of Mount Emei in four seasons is between 0.04 and 0.08. The surface albedo in summer and autumn is higher than that in Mount Emei. The influence of the underlying surface on surface reflectance is much greater than other factors, such as altitude, longitude and latitude. The non-closure phenomenon is significant in the Mount Emei area. The energy closure rates before and after considering canopy thermal storage are 46% and 48%, respectively. The possible reason for the energy non-closure in this area is that the influence of horizontal advection and vertical advection on the energy closure is not considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land-Atmosphere Interaction on the Tibetan Plateau)
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14 pages, 37873 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of a Typical Convective Precipitation and Its Cloud Microphysical Process in the Yushu Area, Based on the WRF Model
by Minghao He, Shaobo Zhang, Xianyu Yang and Shucheng Yin
Atmosphere 2022, 13(8), 1311; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081311 - 17 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1398
Abstract
Cloud microphysical processes significantly impact the time variation and intensity of precipitation. However, due to the high altitude of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and the lack of observational data, the understanding of cloud microphysical processes on the TP is relatively insufficient, affecting the [...] Read more.
Cloud microphysical processes significantly impact the time variation and intensity of precipitation. However, due to the high altitude of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and the lack of observational data, the understanding of cloud microphysical processes on the TP is relatively insufficient, affecting the accuracy of precipitation simulations around the TP. To further reveal the characteristics of convective precipitation and cloud microphysical structure over the TP, the mesoscale numerical model, WRF, and various observational data were used to simulate and evaluate typical convective precipitation in the Yushu area, which was recorded from 11 to 12 August 2020. The results showed that the combination of the Lin scheme in the WRF model could effectively reproduce this case’s characteristics and evolution process. In the simulation process, the particles of each phase were distributed at different altitudes, and their mass and density over time reflected the characteristics of surface precipitation changes. Among the particles mentioned above, rainwater contributed the most to the initiation and growth of graupel particles. Further research established that the initiation of graupel was mainly affected by the freezing effect of rainwater and cloud ice, while the growth of graupel was influenced primarily by the collision of graupel particles and rainwater. On the whole, from the evolution characteristics of microphysical processes over time, it was found that the ice phase process plays an essential role in this typical convective precipitation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land-Atmosphere Interaction on the Tibetan Plateau)
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20 pages, 7308 KiB  
Article
Microphysical Analysis of Precipitation in the Central and Eastern Margins of the Tibetan Plateau
by Ming Gong, Maoshan Li, Lei Shu, Na Chang, Pei Xu, Yaoming Ma, Fanglin Sun and Yaoxian Yang
Atmosphere 2022, 13(7), 1082; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071082 - 08 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1335
Abstract
Through the observation and study of the raindrop spectrum, we can not only explore the evolution law of precipitation but also understand the microphysical characteristics of different types of precipitation clouds. This paper uses the raindrop spectrum data observed at Naqu Station, Yushu [...] Read more.
Through the observation and study of the raindrop spectrum, we can not only explore the evolution law of precipitation but also understand the microphysical characteristics of different types of precipitation clouds. This paper uses the raindrop spectrum data observed at Naqu Station, Yushu Station, Linzhi Station, and Emei Mount Station, as well as cloud radar data in the Yushu region in the Tibetan Plateau. Raindrop spectral characteristics are studied, and the raindrop size distribution (DSD) characteristics of the four stations are analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) The overall raindrop spectral concentration of the four stations decreases with the increase in particle size after the peak value. The downtrend is most gentle at the peak. (2) All rain intensity levels show the characteristics of multiple vertices. At Linzhi Station, Naqu Station and Yushu Station, the particles with a diameter of <1 mm contributed the most to the precipitation rate, while the particles with a diameter of <1 mm at Emei Mount Station contributed the least to the precipitation rate. (3) The precipitation in the central and eastern margins of the Tibetan Plateau is dominated by small and medium-sized particles, accounting for 95–99% of the precipitation particle number concentration. (4) The raindrop spectra of the three types of precipitation clouds at the four sites are all cumulonimbus precipitation Cumulonimbus in the uppermost layer, stratiform cloud precipitation stratiform cloud in the lowermost layer, and mixed cloud precipitation stratiform cloud in between. (5) Cloud radar analysis of precipitation structure shows that cumulonimbus and mixed clouds develop vigorously, and the highest cloud height can reach 13 km, but the average precipitation duration of mixed clouds is shorter than that of cumulonimbus; stratiform clouds develop relatively smoothly, with cloud heights of 6–7 km, the average precipitation duration is the shortest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land-Atmosphere Interaction on the Tibetan Plateau)
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12 pages, 6383 KiB  
Article
Topographical and Thermal Forcing in Favorable Circulation Pattern to Early Spring Precipitation over the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau
by Yaoxian Yang, Zeyong Hu, Maoshan Li, Haipeng Yu, Weiqiang Ma and Weiwei Fan
Atmosphere 2022, 13(6), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060973 - 15 Jun 2022
Viewed by 1665
Abstract
During the boreal spring (March–May), the precipitation that occurs from March over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) can account for 20–40% of the total annual amount. The origin of this phenomenon has not been clearly understood from a climatological perspective. In this study, [...] Read more.
During the boreal spring (March–May), the precipitation that occurs from March over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) can account for 20–40% of the total annual amount. The origin of this phenomenon has not been clearly understood from a climatological perspective. In this study, the role of topographical and thermal forcing on the precipitation over the southeastern TP in early spring (March) was investigated through sensitivity numerical simulations based on general circulation model. The simulated results show the favorable circulation and static stability to early spring precipitation over the southeastern TP when the model is simultaneously forced by realistic topography, zonal symmetric radiative equilibrium temperature, and diabatic heating over the TP and its surrounding areas. The quasi-stationary wave pattern over the Eurasian continent forced by realistic and TP topographical forcing leads to prolonged low pressure and intensified zonal winds over the southeastern TP due to quasi-steady wave activities. Thermal forcing experiments reveals that sensible heating over the southeastern TP not only strengthens the cyclonic circulation, ascending motion and statically unstable over the southeastern TP through thermal adaptation and the Sverdrup balance, but also triggers an anticyclone at upper tropospheric level extending from north of the Bay of Bengal to the eastern TP, which further favors precipitation over the southeastern TP. This work will provide useful background information for spring climate prediction over the TP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land-Atmosphere Interaction on the Tibetan Plateau)
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