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Development and Application of Indices for Assessing the Potential Impacts...
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Development and Application of Indices for Assessing the Potential Impacts of Climate Change

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Climatology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 10796

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Vinay Kumar

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Guest Editor
Department of Physical and Environmental Studies, Texas A & M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
Interests: stream flow; monsoon; extreme rainfall event
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Akiyo Yatagai

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Guest Editor
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyocho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Aomori, Japan
Interests: climate; hydrological cycle; precipitation; solar activity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Elena Grigorieva

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Visiting Researcher, Department of Climate Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
Interests: climate change; bioclimate; human health; acclimatisation in extreme climates; climate for agriculture; climate; tourism and recreation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Sevinc A. Sirdas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of Meteorological Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
Interests: hydro meteorological modeling; extreme weather

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Indices are a well-known tool and have proven fundamental importance in the detection and understanding of global teleconnection patterns (e.g., El Niño, Atlantic Oscillations, Indian Ocean Dipole, Arctic Oscillations). A number of indices have been used to define and calculate the length of dry/wet spell, strength of monsoon, heat degrees, teleconnection, comfort and mood of humans, and other climate–weather issues. Most of the indices are based on air temperature, precipitation, air pressure, and sea surface temperature. However, very few such indices are used to address the issues of future projections and climate change.

In order to assess the impact of climate change on local environments (i.e., agriculture, hydrological resources, floods), efforts have focused on high-resolution modeling and downscaling. Anthropogenic global warming is ongoing today, so we need to adapt to climate change. There are, however, so many uncertainties in climate change projections; nevertheless, using climate indices, people who are not able to handle super high-resolution models and non-specialists can predict changes in weather and local climate.

Futuristic datasets from satellites and modeling might provide new opportunities to define some new indices for climate change. Computation at the microphysics level and high-resolution modeling have brought many new parameters for a deeper understanding of weather and climate at greater depth. Those new variables (cloud mixing ratio, buoyancy, radar reflectivity, etc.) can be utilized to define new indices. New fields, e.g., thunderstorms, cloud physics, artificial intelligence in meteorology, hydrology, aerology, polar ice melt, and biosphere, including human health and wellbeing, are being greatly influenced by climate change. Indices from multidisciplinary areas might offer an insight for climate change and global warming problems using indices.

Dr. Vinay Kumar
Prof. Akiyo Yatagai
Dr. Elena Grigorieva
Dr. Sevinc A. Sirdas
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 1863 KiB  
Article
Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of Diurnal Temperature Range: Russian Far East as a Case Study
by Elena Grigorieva
Atmosphere 2023, 14(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010041 - 26 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1371
Abstract
Short-term fluctuations in air temperature, called the daily temperature range (DTR), or its daily amplitude, have a strong impact on ecosystems, as well as on the health and well-being of people. The pronounced effect of DTR on mortality from all causes and especially [...] Read more.
Short-term fluctuations in air temperature, called the daily temperature range (DTR), or its daily amplitude, have a strong impact on ecosystems, as well as on the health and well-being of people. The pronounced effect of DTR on mortality from all causes and especially on cardiovascular mortality is well documented in the scientific literature, but little is known about spatial, inter-annual, and inter-seasonal fluctuations of DTR in the Russian Far East (RFE), an area with high annual dynamics of air temperature. Data from 99 weather stations for the period from 2000 to 2019 was used to evaluate spatial and temporal DTR patterns at the RFE. A higher DTR, up to 16 °C in Toko on the border with Sakha (Yakutia) as a mean for the entire period, is typical for continental areas further to the north. Lower values are observed at continental weather stations in the south and in coastal climates (4.7 °C in Mys Alevina, Magadan Region). In general, a distinct seasonal change in DTR was found for continental locations with a significant difference from month to month throughout the year. On the annual cycle, the maximum DTR at the continental northern stations is observed in April and June–July, and at the continental southern areas in February; the minimum DTR is shown in November and December. The DTR ranges as much as from 6 °C in December to 17 °C in April in the continental Korkodon in the far north. Locations with a marine climate are characterized by a smoothed seasonal change in DTR, with obvious peaks in February–March and October, and a minimum in July–August. The downward trend in DTR for the period from 2000 to 2019, up to −0.7 °C in coastal Bolsheretsk, is based on a faster increase in the minimum daily temperature compared to the maximum, which is typical for most weather stations at the RFE and is known worldwide as a diurnal asymmetry of global warming. At the same time, an increase in the daily amplitude of air temperature (up to +0.6 °C in continental Dolinovka) was found for some localities, associated with a higher positive trend of maximum temperatures, which contradicts global patterns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Indices for Assessing the Potential Impacts of Climate Change)
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12 pages, 2843 KiB  
Article
Increasing Wind Speeds Fuel the Wider Spreading of Pollution Caused by Fires over the IGP Region during the Indian Post-Monsoon Season
by Vinay Kumar, Rupesh Patil, Rohini L. Bhawar, P.R.C. Rahul and Subbarao Yelisetti
Atmosphere 2022, 13(9), 1525; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091525 - 18 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1571
Abstract
Every year, forest fires and harvest harnessing produce atmospheric pollution in October and November over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). The fire count data (MODIS) shows a decreasing/increasing trend of fire counts in all confidence ranges in October/November over Northern India. There is a [...] Read more.
Every year, forest fires and harvest harnessing produce atmospheric pollution in October and November over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). The fire count data (MODIS) shows a decreasing/increasing trend of fire counts in all confidence ranges in October/November over Northern India. There is a widespread increase in fires with a confidence level above 60 to 80% over the whole Northern Indian region. The Aerosol Optical Index (AOD) also shows an increase with values > 0.7 over the northwestern and IGP regions. There have been some startling results over the lower IGP belt, where there has been increasing trend in AOD during October ~56% and during November, the increase was by a whopping ~116%. However, in November, a slight turning of the winds towards central India might be transporting the AOD towards the central Indian region. Hence, during November, it is inferred that due to the low wind speed over the lower IGP belt and increased fires, the AODs in the polluted air tend to hover for a long time. During recent years from 2010, the winds have become stronger, indicating more transport of AOD is occurring over the lower IGP belt as compared to previous years till 2009, especially in October. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Indices for Assessing the Potential Impacts of Climate Change)
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15 pages, 8286 KiB  
Article
Winter Orographic Precipitation and ENSO in Sapporo, Japan
by Akiyo Yatagai and Chisato Kinoshita
Atmosphere 2022, 13(9), 1413; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091413 - 01 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1244
Abstract
The effect of global climate change on the distribution of snow water is a great concern. Thus, it is important to clarify the characteristics of winter precipitation variability, including mountain precipitation, together with climate indices. In this study, regional snowfall characteristics were investigated [...] Read more.
The effect of global climate change on the distribution of snow water is a great concern. Thus, it is important to clarify the characteristics of winter precipitation variability, including mountain precipitation, together with climate indices. In this study, regional snowfall characteristics were investigated with the daily gridded precipitation over Sapporo City (located on the Japan Sea side of Hokkaido in northern Japan), which was quantified by the APHRODITE method and by adding local precipitation observation data. We found places of showing large interannual variability that is different from that of daily precipitation variability. Applying an EOF analysis to the daily grid precipitation, we defined four local precipitation types. The occurrence of each precipitation type and associated atmospheric circulation was analyzed, and the results revealed that (except for the Super El Niño winter of 1997/1998) more snow fell in the southwestern mountains and inland areas during El Niño winters, and more snow fell in the northeastern plains and along the sea during La Niña winters. Continued development and evaluation of the precise data that incorporate local precipitation network is needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Indices for Assessing the Potential Impacts of Climate Change)
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18 pages, 4728 KiB  
Article
Climate and the Radial Growth of Conifers in Borderland Natural Areas of Texas and Northern Mexico
by José Villanueva-Díaz, David W. Stahle, Helen Mills Poulos, Matthew D. Therrell, Ian Howard, Aldo Rafael Martínez-Sifuentes, David Hermosillo-Rojas, Julián Cerano-Paredes and Juan Estrada-Ávalos
Atmosphere 2022, 13(8), 1326; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081326 - 19 Aug 2022
Viewed by 1683
Abstract
The forests of northern Mexico and the southwestern United States have been subjected to warmer temperatures, persistent drought, and more intense and widespread wildfire. Tree-ring data from four conifer species native to these borderlands forests are compared with regional and large-scale precipitation and [...] Read more.
The forests of northern Mexico and the southwestern United States have been subjected to warmer temperatures, persistent drought, and more intense and widespread wildfire. Tree-ring data from four conifer species native to these borderlands forests are compared with regional and large-scale precipitation and temperature data. These species include Abies durangensis, Pinus arizonica, Pinus cembroides, and Pseudotsuga menziesii. Twelve detrended and standardized ring-width chronologies are derived for these four species, all are cross-correlated during their common interval of 1903–2000 (r = 0.567 to 0.738, p < 0.01), and all load positively on the first principal component of radial growth, which alone represents 56% of the variance in the correlation matrix. Correlation with monthly precipitation and temperature data for the study area indicates that all four species respond primarily to precipitation during the cool season of autumn and winter, October–May (r = 0.71, p < 0.01, 1931–2000), and to temperature primarily during the late spring and early summer, January–July (r 0 −0.67, p < 0.01, 1931–2000), in spite of differences in phylogeny and microsite conditions. The instrumental climate data for the region indicate that warmer conditions during the January–July season most relevant to radial growth are beginning to exceed the warmest episode of the 20th century in both intensity and duration. The strong negative correlation between temperature and tree growth indicates that these four conifer species may be challenged by the warmer temperatures forecast in the coming decades for the borderlands region due to anthropogenic forcing. This information could constitute a baseline to analyze the impact of climate change in other regions of Mexico and the USA, where conifer species are of great ecological and socioeconomical importance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Indices for Assessing the Potential Impacts of Climate Change)
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28 pages, 7661 KiB  
Article
Extended North Atlantic Oscillation and Greenland Blocking Indices 1800–2020 from New Meteorological Reanalysis
by Edward Hanna, Thomas E. Cropper, Richard J. Hall, Richard C. Cornes and Mariano Barriendos
Atmosphere 2022, 13(3), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13030436 - 08 Mar 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4015
Abstract
Based on newly-available meteorological reanalysis, we compile and present extended seasonal series of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Greenland Blocking indices spanning 1800–2020, which we analyse for evidence of significant trends. This represents a major backward extension of the previously available instrumental-/reanalysis-based [...] Read more.
Based on newly-available meteorological reanalysis, we compile and present extended seasonal series of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Greenland Blocking indices spanning 1800–2020, which we analyse for evidence of significant trends. This represents a major backward extension of the previously available instrumental-/reanalysis-based Azores–Iceland and principal component-based NAO indices, and allows us to evaluate the potential effect of natural climate perturbations, especially the 1809 and 1815 major volcanic eruptions and ~1790s–1830 Dalton solar minimum, on North Atlantic atmospheric circulation. We find that winters 1809/10 and 1816/17 mark positive NAO peaks, relative to several years before and afterwards, which is in accordance with the theory of volcanic forcing of climate. However, there is little evidence of a summer NAO volcanic signature. Overall, based on the significantly longer new reanalysis time series, the new series presented here corroborate and extend our previous results of: (1) a significantly more variable year-to-year NAO with a recent exceptional clustering of extreme events since 2000 for winter; (2) a significant increasing trend in blocking over Greenland in summer. These trends have major repercussions for the probability of the occurrence of extreme weather events over northwest Europe and for the sensitivity and response of the Greenland Ice Sheet to global warming, especially if they continue as an integral part of anthropogenic climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Indices for Assessing the Potential Impacts of Climate Change)
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