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Atmosphere
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Urban Thermal Environment Evolution, Theoretical Analysis and Strategies for Mitigations...
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Urban Thermal Environment Evolution, Theoretical Analysis and Strategies for Mitigations and Adaption

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Biometeorology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (13 October 2023) | Viewed by 8318

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Nana Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
Interests: remote sensing; urban morphology; land surface heat and water fluxes; urban heat island; urban anthropology; urban climatology
Dr. Hua Wu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, China
Interests: thermal infrared remote sensing; scaling and validation of remote sensed products; retrieval of hydrothermal parameters from remote sensing data
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Qian Cao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
Interests: urban landscapes; thermal environment; human comfort; remote sensing; numerical simulation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Fei Meng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
Interests: land use/cover change and environmental impact; remote sensing application
Dr. Xiaoma Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Landscape Architecture and Art Design, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
Interests: urban cooling; urban green spaces; urban planning; landscape ecology; urban heat island; air temperature estimated by remote sensing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Across the world, the urban heat environment is getting increasingly intense under the joint effects of global climate change and anthropogenic activities. In the latest IPCC AR6 report, cities have been highlighted as the hotspots of climate impacts. The exacerbated urban thermal environment would exert a strong influence on thermal comfort, human health, building energy use, CO2 emissions, vegetation phenology and so forth. Although the urban heat environment has received great attention in the urban climate community, fine-scale spatiotemporal research is still lacking. Undoubtedly, advances in new technologies (e.g., refined mesoscale models, artificial intelligence and multi-source satellite remote sensing platforms) will help to increase understanding of urban thermal environment towards fine scales.

This Special Issue aims to combine multi-technology (satellite remote sensing, artificial intelligence and numerical models) to investigate: (1) the evolution of SUHI (Surface Urban Heat Island), CUHI (Canopy Urban Heat Island), LST (Land Surface Temperature), Ta (Air temperature) due to urbanization; (2) theoretical analysis of urban thermal environment; and (3) heat mitigation and adaption measures.

The main topics of this Special Issue include but are not limited to:

  • Impact of urban extension and vertical growth on SUHI/CUHI/LST/Ta;
  • High-resolution spatiotemporal analysis of SUHI/LST;
  • High-resolution spatiotemporal analysis of CUHI/Ta;
  • Impact of 3D urban morphology (e.g., building and trees) on LST and Ta;
  • Anthropogenic activities impact on SUHI, CUHI, LST and Ta;
  • Heat mitigation measures, e.g., blue-green space, urban ventilation, building and street properties (e.g., shape, materials, reflective surfaces), and so forth;
  • Outdoor thermal comfort simulation (UTCI, PET etc.).

Dr. Nana Li
Dr. Hua Wu
Prof. Dr. Qian Cao
Prof. Dr. Fei Meng
Dr. Xiaoma Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • SUHI (Surface Urban Heat Island) 
  • CUHI (Canopy Urban Heat Island) 
  • satellite remote sensing 
  • artificial intelligence 
  • numerical simulation 
  • urban 3D morphology 
  • anthropogenic activities 
  • thermal comfort
  • heat mitigation 
  • heat adaption

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 4046 KiB  
Article
Individual and Combined Effects of 3D Buildings and Green Spaces on the Urban Thermal Environment: A Case Study in Jinan, China
by Jiayun Wang, Fei Meng, Huanhuan Lu, Yongqiang Lv and Tingting Jing
Atmosphere 2023, 14(6), 908; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14060908 - 23 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1066
Abstract
This study aimed to accurately grasp the impact mechanism and change rule of buildings and green spaces on land surface temperature (LST), which is of great significance for alleviating urban heat islands (UHIs) and formulating adaptation measures. Taking Jinan, China, as the study [...] Read more.
This study aimed to accurately grasp the impact mechanism and change rule of buildings and green spaces on land surface temperature (LST), which is of great significance for alleviating urban heat islands (UHIs) and formulating adaptation measures. Taking Jinan, China, as the study area, combined multisource remote sensing data were used in this study to construct an index system of the influencing factors. We used a spatial regression model to explore the relative contribution of the influencing indicators on LST. We also drew a marginal utility curve to quantify the heating/cooling effect of the leading indicators. The results showed that, firstly, among the 3D building indicators, the leading indicators affecting LST were the degree of spatial convergence (SCD) and the building surface area (BSA). Among the green space indicators, the largest patch index (LPI), green coverage rate (GCR), and edge density (ED) were significantly negatively correlated with LST. Secondly, when we considered the 15 indicators comprehensively, SCD was the most influential indicator, with a contribution of 24.7%, and the contribution of the green space indicators to LST was significantly reduced. Thirdly, among the leading indicators, SCD was positively correlated with LST. When SCD was less than 60%, LST increased by about 0.38 °C for every 10% increase. When GCR > 44%, LST was significantly reduced, and when GCR > 62%, a cooling effect of 1.1 °C was observed. Beyond this threshold, the cooling effect will not improve significantly. This study shows that when 3D buildings are densely distributed and crowded, the cooling effect of green space will be limited to some extent by 3D buildings. The key to mitigating UHIs is to rationally configure and optimize the spatial structure of 3D buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Thermal Environment Evolution, Theoretical Analysis and Strategies for Mitigations and Adaption)
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19 pages, 6401 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Urban Heat Island Effect, Heat Stress and Public Health in Colombo, Sri Lanka and Shenzhen, China
by Srimalee Nanayakkara, Weimin Wang, Jie Cao, Jia Wang and Weiqi Zhou
Atmosphere 2023, 14(5), 839; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050839 - 08 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1855
Abstract
Human health, energy and comfort are determined by the climate that remains in the physical environment. Regarding urban climate, few studies assess the urban heat island effect, heat stress, and public health as geographical representations. This study seeks to fill this gap by [...] Read more.
Human health, energy and comfort are determined by the climate that remains in the physical environment. Regarding urban climate, few studies assess the urban heat island effect, heat stress, and public health as geographical representations. This study seeks to fill this gap by selecting Colombo, Sri Lanka, and Shenzhen, China, comparatively, two coastal cities with different climate conditions. We quantified and compared the effects of heat waves and their impacts on public health and the effect of urbanization on urban heat islands (UHI). Heat-related public health issues have been calculated using the Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index. The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect was analyzed using Land Surface Temperature (LST), created based on Landsat images obtained in 1997, 2009 and 2019. A rapid increase in temperature and humidity creates an uncomfortable environment in both cities, but apparent differences can be observed in climatic phenomena. During the summer (June to August), the prevailing atmospheric condition in Shenzhen makes a “Very severe stress” with Heatstroke highly likely. Nevertheless, seven months (November to April) are found as “Comfortable” without having any heat-related health injuries. However, Colombo has never been classified as “Comfortable” throughout the year. Out of twelve, five months (April to August) are found as “Very severe stress” with Heatstroke highly likely. When considering the urban expansion and UHI, a fast expansion can be observed in Colombo than in Shenzhen. Consequently, with the more severe heat-related public health and rapid urban heat island expansion, Colombo makes it more stressful than Shenzhen city. Our findings highlight the comparison between heat-related public health and urban heat island between two coastal cities with different climate conditions and under rapid urbanization processes. Therefore, it is imperative to assess these risks and respond effectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Thermal Environment Evolution, Theoretical Analysis and Strategies for Mitigations and Adaption)
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22 pages, 3911 KiB  
Article
Evolution over Time of Urban Thermal Conditions of a City Immersed in a Basin Geography and Mitigation
by Patricio Pacheco and Eduardo Mera
Atmosphere 2023, 14(5), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050777 - 24 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1156
Abstract
This work analyzes the evolution of an urban thermal environment using measurements, in the form of time series, of atmospheric pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, CO) and meteorological variables (temperature (T), relative humidity (RH) and magnitude of wind speed (WS)) of [...] Read more.
This work analyzes the evolution of an urban thermal environment using measurements, in the form of time series, of atmospheric pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, CO) and meteorological variables (temperature (T), relative humidity (RH) and magnitude of wind speed (WS)) of three periods, each of 3.25 years: 2010–2013, 2017–2020 and 2019–2022. The study region is the capital of Chile, Santiago de Chile, located in a rugged basin geography. Of the total communes that make up the capital, six communes that are at different heights from sea level were selected for this study, providing 3,074,004 data records. These communes have been subject to an intensive urban densification process. The time series are analyzed through the chaos theory, demonstrating that they are chaotic through the calculation of the parameters: Lyapunov exponent (λ > 0), correlation dimension (DC < 5), Kolmogorov entropy (SK > 0), Hurst exponent (0.5 < H < 1), Lempel–Ziv complexity (LZ > 0). Based on these parameters, the following is constructed for each commune: the CK ratio, which results from the ratio between the entropies of the meteorological variables and the entropies of the pollutants; the loss of information (<ΔI> < 0) using the Lyapunov exponent; the fractal dimension (D) using the Hurst exponent. It is verified, when comparing the three periods for the six communes, that: CK evolves declining with height, with a greater influence of pollutants; the loss of information is faster in urban meteorology; an increase in fractality. The estimation of the entropic flows, based on the Clausius equation, confirm the trend. The descriptive framework shows the weakness of the mitigation measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Thermal Environment Evolution, Theoretical Analysis and Strategies for Mitigations and Adaption)
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19 pages, 2948 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Coupling of Supply and Demand for Urban Blue and Green Spaces’ Cooling Effects in Shandong, China
by Jiayun Wang, Fei Meng, Pingjie Fu and Fengxiang Jin
Atmosphere 2023, 14(2), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020404 - 19 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1529
Abstract
It is of great significance to determine the level of demand for thermal environment regulation and the availability of blue–green spaces for thermal environment regulation to alleviate the effects of urban heat islands. Taking Shandong Province, China, as the study area, combined multi–source [...] Read more.
It is of great significance to determine the level of demand for thermal environment regulation and the availability of blue–green spaces for thermal environment regulation to alleviate the effects of urban heat islands. Taking Shandong Province, China, as the study area, combined multi–source remote sensing data are used in this study to construct the index system of cold island supply capacity (CIS) and the cold island demand level (CID). We use the methods of spatial regression, quadrant division, and coupling coordination degree to analyze the correlation, matching status, and the level of coordinated development between the supply capacity and demand for the cooling effect. We also explore the change law and spatial characteristics of the blue–green spaces’ cooling effects supply and demand matching. Results show that: (1) The CIS and the CID are significantly negatively correlated and spatially heterogeneous in distribution, with a significant spatial spillover effect. (2) The dominant type of supply and demand is one of low supply and high demand, which means that the supply and demand for cool islands’ cooling effect are unbalanced, with significant problems of spatial mismatch and quantitative imbalance. (3) The coupling between supply capacity and demand level is on the verge of becoming dysfunctional because the uneven distribution of urban buildings, population, and blue–green spaces reduce the coupling between supply and demand levels. This research can provide a new perspective and scientific basis for the study of the cooling effects of blue and green spaces and the mitigation of the heat island effect in densely populated urban centers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Thermal Environment Evolution, Theoretical Analysis and Strategies for Mitigations and Adaption)
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16 pages, 13341 KiB  
Article
Summer Outdoor Thermal Perception for the Elderly in a Comprehensive Park of Changsha, China
by Xinyi Li, Xiaoma Li, Na Tang, Simin Chen, Yuwan Deng and Dexin Gan
Atmosphere 2022, 13(11), 1853; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111853 - 07 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1701
Abstract
Thermal perception is an important factor affecting the usage of outdoor spaces (e.g., urban parks). The elderly are the main visitors of urban parks; however, few studies investigated the thermal perception of the elderly in urban parks in summer. Taking a comprehensive urban [...] Read more.
Thermal perception is an important factor affecting the usage of outdoor spaces (e.g., urban parks). The elderly are the main visitors of urban parks; however, few studies investigated the thermal perception of the elderly in urban parks in summer. Taking a comprehensive urban park in Changsha, China, as an example, this study examined the thermal perception of the elderly and investigated the impacts of age, gender, and health status on the thermal perception through field observation, questionnaires, and field measurement of meteorological variables. The results showed that: (1) The neutral physiological equivalent temperature (PET) was 24.48 °C, with a range of 21.99−26.97 °C. The comfortable PET was 25.41 °C, and the 90% acceptable PET was 25.84−33.19 °C. (2) The neutral PET increased with the elderly’s age (e.g., 23.19 °C, 25.33 °C, and 25.36 °C, respectively, for people aged 60–69, 70–79, and ≥80 years old). The thermal sensitivity of the elderly increased with the increase in age. (3) Moving to the shade provided by trees or buildings is the main thermal adaptation behavior of the elderly in the park in summer. This study extended the understanding of the outdoor thermal perception of the elderly in summer and can help better urban park planning and design to improve the thermal perception of elderly visitors in summer in Changsha (China). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Thermal Environment Evolution, Theoretical Analysis and Strategies for Mitigations and Adaption)
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