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Applied Sciences
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Perspectives in Water Recycling
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Perspectives in Water Recycling

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 March 2023) | Viewed by 13507

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Elida Nora Ferri

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
Interests: bioanalytical chemistry; bio- and chemiluminescence; bacterial and microalgae biotoxicity tests; environmental biomonitoring by honeybees; bacterial and particulate matter air contamination; photodegradation processes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are inviting submissions to this Special Issue on: Perspectives in Water Recycling.

Recycled water is becoming an indispensable and reliable water resource. Exponential population growth, with consequent climate change and increasing demand from industry and agriculture, has brought about additional stress on surface water and groundwater sources. The depletion of aquifers and the extension of drought periods, even in geographical areas before supplied with regular precipitation, are putting increasing stress on the world's urban water-supply systems and worsening ecosystem degradation due, for example, to saltwater intrusion or to the improper disposal of highly polluting effluents. Worldwide, various interesting solutions are already in place, matching the local conditions and factors, but the most sustainable form of water recycling, direct potable recycling, is still limited by psychological, technical, economic, institutional, and political obstacles. Therefore, both taking into account the millions of people presently out of drinking water sources and in view of the serious threat represented by water shortage for future social and economic growth, environmentally sustainable, financially feasible, scalable and safe closed-loop systems are urgently needed. The reclamation and reuse of different wastewaters for agricultural, industrial or domestic uses, rainwater collection and groundwater recharge for non-potable and indirect potable reuse are helping to conserve large volumes of water, but they have much room for improvement, in terms of both technical solutions and reclaimed water quality.

In this Special Issue, papers dealing with sound suggestions of new water flows for recovery and reclamation, new technical solutions for water pre-treatment, sanitization and quality monitoring, and new point-of use systems applicable to different real scenarios are welcome. Proposals for institutional arrangements and educational activities to enhance the public confidence and acceptance level of direct potable recycling, for less energy-intensive, more sustainable water management and governance, as well as comprehensive reviews and survey papers, are also welcome.

Dr. Elida Nora Ferri
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • advanced water treatment
  • agro-wastewater
  • closed water cycle loop
  • constructed wetlands
  • domestic grey water
  • drought resilience
  • emerging contaminants
  • indirect recycling
  • industrial process waters
  • membrane technology
  • physical–chemical treatment
  • potable reuse
  • rainwater collection
  • reclaimed water
  • recycled water
  • wastewater pre-treatment
  • water ecology
  • water recycling systems
  • water reuse
  • water-supply systems

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 3321 KiB  
Article
Safe Reuse of Wastewater: Organic Contaminants Degradation and Sanitization by Ozone in a Modulable Continuous-Flow System
by Biagio Esposito, Massimo Capobianco, Maria Luisa Navacchia, Gianpaolo Sabia, Roberta Guzzinati, Francesco Riminucci, Luca Bolelli, Federico Ponti, Giorgio Longino and Elida N. Ferri
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(12), 7087; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13127087 - 13 Jun 2023
Viewed by 934
Abstract
Effective treatments improving both the chemical and microbiological quality of reclaimed wastewater are urgently needed. Ozone is a clean, economic, and environmentally friendly method to sanitize solutions and surfaces and to degrade organic pollutants. A simple, continuous-flow water-ozoniser system was tested to evaluate [...] Read more.
Effective treatments improving both the chemical and microbiological quality of reclaimed wastewater are urgently needed. Ozone is a clean, economic, and environmentally friendly method to sanitize solutions and surfaces and to degrade organic pollutants. A simple, continuous-flow water-ozoniser system was tested to evaluate its effectiveness in batch treating various kinds of wastewater, including the effluent from small municipal plants. The degradation effects on a mixture of urban and industrial standard pollutants were investigated by HPLC-UV-MS analysis and biotoxicological assays. The results revealed that the concentration of most organic pollutants was reduced to 20–0% of the initial one within one hour. One resultant compound was recalcitrant (40% reduction only). The bioassays indicated the definitive reduction in toxic effects after treatment. Similar results were obtained when secondary, post sedimentation, wastewater treatment plant effluents were treated. Heterotrophic plate counts confirmed the strong biocidal activity of ozone. The developed prototype can successfully treat locally produced wastewater, secondary effluents from small–medium plants, and non-potable water resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perspectives in Water Recycling)
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11 pages, 1859 KiB  
Article
Cleaning Phenolic Compounds Present in Water Using Salting-Out Effect with DCA-Based Ionic Liquids
by Olalla G. Sas, Ángeles Domínguez and Begoña González
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 2009; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13032009 - 03 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1440
Abstract
Water is an essential natural resource, and its contamination is an important issue at present. This study aimed to increase the techniques that can be used to clean and reuse industrial wastewater by studying the feasibility of an aqueous two-phase system to eliminate [...] Read more.
Water is an essential natural resource, and its contamination is an important issue at present. This study aimed to increase the techniques that can be used to clean and reuse industrial wastewater by studying the feasibility of an aqueous two-phase system to eliminate phenolic compounds from aqueous systems. The system was prepared using two hydrophilic ionic liquids based on dicyanamide anion, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazlium dicyanamide [EMim] [DCA], and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide [BMim][DCA], and one inorganic salt, K3PO4, at three different concentrations (20, 30, and 40%). The process was tested for the removal of phenol, o-cresol, 2-chlorophenol, and a mixture of them (PCM) at initial concentrations from 0.003 to 15 g·L−1 in water. The extraction efficiencies for all the studied systems were calculated. The influence of the structure of the cation, the concentration of salt, and the initial concentration of the extracted compounds in the extraction yields were recorded. In general, the obtained results were high for all the studied systems, with extraction efficiencies of more than 90% representing the highest removal of the 2-chlorophenol compound using [EMim] [DCA] at the highest concentration of salt. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perspectives in Water Recycling)
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10 pages, 408 KiB  
Article
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of North Carolina Type 2 Reclaimed Water for Agricultural Reuse
by Emily S. Bailey and Mark D. Sobsey
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(19), 10159; https://doi.org/10.3390/app121910159 - 10 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1358
Abstract
As treated wastewater is increasingly used for agricultural purposes; questions remain about the microbiological quality of produce irrigated by these waters. This study conducted a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) using microbial data collected from North Carolina Type 2 reclaimed waters, which have [...] Read more.
As treated wastewater is increasingly used for agricultural purposes; questions remain about the microbiological quality of produce irrigated by these waters. This study conducted a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) using microbial data collected from North Carolina Type 2 reclaimed waters, which have been proposed as supplemental irrigation waters. Reclaimed waters were collected from four different water reclamation facilities located in central North Carolina and evaluated for five representative pathogens from the three groups of microorganisms (bacteria, virus, and protozoan parasites). Using these data, produce consumption scenarios were evaluated using a variety of irrigation techniques, including spray irrigation, drip irrigation, and subsurface drip irrigation, and the disability adjusted life years (DALYs) that result from illness by each pathogen as a result of produce consumption were compared to the acceptable level set by the World Health Organization. Based on the types of crop irrigation examined in this study using NC Type 2 reclaimed water, there were irrigation conditions and certain pathogens for which the annual risk of infection was not always reduced below the acceptable DALY risk level of <1 × 10−6 set by the WHO. The risks of viral infection by adenoviruses groups A–F were below the acceptable risk level; however, for Salmonella spp., Cryptosporidium, and Giardia, the annual risk of infection was sometimes greater than would be considered acceptable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perspectives in Water Recycling)

Review

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43 pages, 1869 KiB  
Review
Biochemical Characteristics of Laccases and Their Practical Application in the Removal of Xenobiotics from Water
by Agnieszka Gałązka, Urszula Jankiewicz and Andrzej Szczepkowski
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(7), 4394; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074394 - 30 Mar 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2864
Abstract
The rapid growth of the human population in recent decades has resulted in the intensive development of various industries, the development of urban agglomerations and increased production of medicines for animals and humans, plant protection products and fertilizers on an unprecedented scale. Intensive [...] Read more.
The rapid growth of the human population in recent decades has resulted in the intensive development of various industries, the development of urban agglomerations and increased production of medicines for animals and humans, plant protection products and fertilizers on an unprecedented scale. Intensive agriculture, expanding urban areas and newly established industrial plants release huge amounts of pollutants into the environment, which, in nature, are very slowly degraded or not decomposed, which leads to their accumulation in water and terrestrial ecosystems. Researchers are scouring extremely contaminated environments to identify organisms that have the ability to degrade resistant xenobiotics, such as PAHs, some pharmaceuticals, plasticizers and dyes. These organisms are a potential source of enzymes that could be used in the bioremediation of industrial and municipal wastewater. Great hopes are pinned on oxidoreductases, including laccase, called by some a green biocatalyst because the end product of the oxidation of a wide range of substrates by this enzyme is water and other compounds, most often including dimers, trimers and polymers. Laccase immobilization techniques and their use in systems together with adsorption or separation have found application in the enzymatic bioremediation of wastewater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perspectives in Water Recycling)
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21 pages, 2516 KiB  
Review
Recent Developments and Emerging Trends in Paint Industry Wastewater Treatment Methods
by Nicolette Viktoryová, Agneša Szarka and Svetlana Hrouzková
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(20), 10678; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122010678 - 21 Oct 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6141
Abstract
High amounts of industrial wastewater are generated by the ever-growing demand and production of paint and coating materials. These effluents have negative effects on human health and the environment. The source of industrial effluents highly influences the properties, composition, and content of pollutants. [...] Read more.
High amounts of industrial wastewater are generated by the ever-growing demand and production of paint and coating materials. These effluents have negative effects on human health and the environment. The source of industrial effluents highly influences the properties, composition, and content of pollutants. The manufacturing of paint and coatings uses huge volumes of water and chemical reagents, consequently producing huge volumes of heavily polluted wastewater. This review is focused on summarizing various methods of industrial wastewater treatment from the paint manufacturing industry. Current trends in paint industry wastewater treatment processes have resulted in high efficiency of the reduction of chemical oxygen demand. Factors affecting the treatment processes are discussed and future trends are outlined. The effectiveness of the recently used methods is compared and the limitations of advanced treatment systems are highlighted. The review of recent developments in paint industry wastewater treatments points to the need for paying great attention to advanced analytical methods allowing the identification of individual contaminants to guarantee safe disposal limits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perspectives in Water Recycling)
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