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Applied Sciences
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Underwater Acoustics and Ambient Noise
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Underwater Acoustics and Ambient Noise

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Acoustics and Vibrations".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 August 2022) | Viewed by 9961

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Dong-Guk Paeng

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Guest Editor
Department of Ocean System Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
Interests: biomedical ultrasound; underwater acoustics; ultrasonic transducer using nanomaterials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Jee Woong Choi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Marine science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588, Korea
Interests: measurements and modeling of underwater ambient noise; acoustic scattering from ocean boundaries; sound propagation in ocean media; underwater acoustic communication; optimal sensor deployment for underwater sensor network; target tracking and information fusion in marine acoustic environment
Dr. Sungho Cho

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Maritime Security and Safety Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Korea
Interests: underwater acoustics; underwater ambient noise; underwater acoustic modeling, scattering

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ocean environments are changing rapidly due to climate change and human activities. In addition to conventional usage of ocean environments, such as navigation, fisheries, and military applications, more utilities including unmanned underwater vehicles, marine energy converters, and resort facilities will be extensively added in a few decades. Ambient noise is significantly affected by these environmental changes, which affect marine life due especially to their sound. Moreover, underwater acoustic techniques are extensively developed for more frequent and diverse usage for ocean exploration to adapt robotic techniques and wireless underwater communication skills. Therefore, we present this Special Issue of the journal Applied Sciences, “Underwater acoustics and ambient noise”, focusing on recent techniques using underwater acoustics to detect and monitor the ocean acoustic environment and its effects on marine lives such as marine mammals, snapping shrimp, and so on.

The topics of this Special Issue include but are not limited to:

  • Recent techniques for long-term measurements and analysis of ocean sound;
  • State-of-art developments on monitoring passive acoustic systems;
  • Measurement and analysis of marine mammal sounds and their behavior;
  • Noise from marine energy converter such as wave, wind, current, and thermal energy generators;
  • Ambient noise modeling and pollution assessment;
  • Sound source localization and classification based on artificial intelligence technique;
  • Conventional applications of underwater acoustics in navigation, fishery, seafloor mapping, and military applications.

Prof. Dr. Dong-Guk Paeng
Prof. Dr. Jee Woong Choi
Dr. Sungho Cho
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • underwater acoustics
  • ambient noise
  • anthropogenic noise in the sea
  • ocean bioacoustics
  • marine mammal sound
  • snapping shrimp sound
  • ocean acoustic monitoring
  • underwater communications
  • fishery acoustics
  • noise from marine energy converters
  • ship radiation noise
  • acoustic signal processing
  • machine learning
  • acoustic array systems and processing

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 3234 KiB  
Article
Circadian and Tidal Changes in Snapping Shrimp (Alpheus brevicristatus) Sound Observed by a Moored Hydrophone in the Coastal Sea of Western Jeju
by Inyong Jeong and Dong-Guk Paeng
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(13), 6493; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12136493 - 27 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1775
Abstract
Numerous studies have evaluated the acoustic characteristics of soniferous snapping shrimp, but a few are based on long-term mooring measurements. In this study, underwater ambient noise signals were collected from a hydrophone moored 10 m from the sea bed in the coastal sea [...] Read more.
Numerous studies have evaluated the acoustic characteristics of soniferous snapping shrimp, but a few are based on long-term mooring measurements. In this study, underwater ambient noise signals were collected from a hydrophone moored 10 m from the sea bed in the coastal sea of western Jeju, South Korea, from mid-September 2019 for 90 days to analyze the variation in the sound of snapping shrimp. The kernel signal and a threshold value were utilized to identify the snapping shrimp, and the snap rate per minute was computed for quantitative analysis. The results show that the mean and standard deviation of the snap rate in the western sea of Jeju was 2132 ± 432 per minute during the whole measurement period. The surface water temperature and tidal level decreased by 7 °C from 25 °C and 50 cm from 190 cm, respectively, over 90 days. The snap rate decreased from September mainly due to the decrease in water temperature by 71 times per minute for every 1 °C decrease. It showed a circadian cycle, increasing by 17~24% at sunrise and sunset compared to the daytime minimum. The snap rate at night was the highest in late summer but the rate dropped like the one during the day in late fall. The snap rate at high tide was 13% higher on average than at low tide. The circadian and tidal changes of the snapping shrimp sound from long-term mooring measurements may be used as primary data for underwater ambient noise and the ecological behavior of snapping shrimp. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Underwater Acoustics and Ambient Noise)
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16 pages, 5353 KiB  
Article
Inversion of Sound Speed and Thickness of High-Speed Sediment Using Interference Structure in Shadow Zone
by Zhanglong Li, Changqing Hu and Mei Zhao
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 5077; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12105077 - 18 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1107
Abstract
The geoacoustic parameter acquisition in the deep sea is of great significance to the research of ocean acoustics. This paper found that the interference structure of the shadow zone induced by the reflection of the high-speed sediment layer could be simply described by [...] Read more.
The geoacoustic parameter acquisition in the deep sea is of great significance to the research of ocean acoustics. This paper found that the interference structure of the shadow zone induced by the reflection of the high-speed sediment layer could be simply described by the grazing angle of the surface-bottom reflection from the theory of ray acoustics, when the source and receiver depth makes the grazing angle of the surface-bottom reflection consistent with that of the bottom-surface reflection. On this basis, a geoacoustic parameter inversion method by spatial position matching of interference fringes in the shadow zone was proposed, and an interference fringe extraction method was designed based on the maximum between-class variance algorithm in this paper. After extracting the results by the stripe coordinates in the simulation environment, the density was obtained by assuming the base sound speed as an empirical value and combining with Hamilton’s empirical formula, and the sediment sound speed and thickness were inverted by the grid search method. Those inversion results were compared with the multi-dimensional inversion results of the genetic algorithm. The simulation results showed that the fringe extraction method proposed in this paper could effectively extract the interference fringes formed by the reflection of the high-speed sediment in the shadow zone, and compared with the multi-dimensional optimization process, the relatively accurate inversion results of the sound speed and thickness of high-speed sediment could be obtained more effectively and quickly by taking the spatial position of the interference fringe as the cost function of the matching parameter combined with the grid search method in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Underwater Acoustics and Ambient Noise)
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11 pages, 3212 KiB  
Article
Weighted Multi-Band Turbo-Coded FSK for Reliable Underwater Communications
by Hyun-Woo Jeong and Ji-Won Jung
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 4883; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12104883 - 11 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1503
Abstract
Multi-band communication technology allocates the same data to different frequency bands, improving both performance and propagation efficiency. However, since the performance loss in a particular band affects the entire band, the multi-band structure may have worse performance than the single-band one. To avoid [...] Read more.
Multi-band communication technology allocates the same data to different frequency bands, improving both performance and propagation efficiency. However, since the performance loss in a particular band affects the entire band, the multi-band structure may have worse performance than the single-band one. To avoid performance degradation, this paper proposed estimated coded bit error rates (EC-BER) algorithm. EC-BER algorithm is a method of analyzing the reliability of the received data based on the performance difference between demodulated and decoded data. It analyzes the performance of each band and allocates lower weighting values to inferior bands. Furthermore, an iterative turbo-coded equalization algorithm, which iteratively exchanges probabilistic information between the equalizer and turbo decoder, is applied. By employing a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) with frequency shift keying (FSK) and multi-band techniques for reliable underwater communications, a lake trial was conducted. Experimental results show that the performance is improved as the number of spreading factors and turbo iterations increase. Especially the addition of the EC-BER algorithm dramatically improved the reliability of the system, resulting in minimal to zero errors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Underwater Acoustics and Ambient Noise)
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11 pages, 2919 KiB  
Article
Reflection of Acoustic Wave through Multilayered Porous Sea Ice Sandwiched between the Water and Air Half-Spaces
by Shande Li, Shaowei Liu, Shuai Yuan, Jian Wen and Zhifu Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7411; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167411 - 12 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1968
Abstract
To establish an accurate sea ice model is a tremendous challenge in Arctic acoustic research. Regarding this matter, a multilayered porous sea ice model is proposed based on Biot’s theory in this paper. Assuming that the model is sandwiched between the water and [...] Read more.
To establish an accurate sea ice model is a tremendous challenge in Arctic acoustic research. Regarding this matter, a multilayered porous sea ice model is proposed based on Biot’s theory in this paper. Assuming that the model is sandwiched between the water and air half-spaces, the reflection coefficient of an incident wave from water into ice is deduced and contrasted with the solution calculated by impedance transfer method (ITM) to demonstrate the verification of the model. Furthermore, the influences of frequency, porosity and layering on reflection coefficients are analyzed. The results reveal that the reflection coefficient is closely associated with layering and porosity. Therefore, it is reasonable and necessary to simultaneously take the layering and porosity of ice into consideration. Different from the existing layered or porous ice model, the presented model synthesizes the layered characteristic and porous structure of ice, which better portrays the real condition of sea ice. It is an improvement of the broadly used stratified or porous sea ice model, which provides ideas for further sea ice modeling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Underwater Acoustics and Ambient Noise)
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11 pages, 2031 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Sound Scattering from Deep-Sea Targets Based on Equivalence of Directional Point Sources
by Jinpeng Liu, Zheng Zhu, Yongqiang Ji, Ziyang Chen, Chao Zhang and Dejiang Shang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 5160; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115160 - 2 Jun 2021
Viewed by 2137
Abstract
A fast prediction method is proposed for calculating the sound scattering of targets in the deep-sea acoustic channel by equating the sound scattering field of a complex elastic target to the acoustic field excited by a directional point source. In deep-sea conditions, the [...] Read more.
A fast prediction method is proposed for calculating the sound scattering of targets in the deep-sea acoustic channel by equating the sound scattering field of a complex elastic target to the acoustic field excited by a directional point source. In deep-sea conditions, the effects of the sea surface on the impedance characteristics of the elastic target surface can be ignored. Through the finite element simulation of the acoustic scattering of the target in the free field, the sound scattering field is equated to the radiation field of a directional point source. Subsequently, the point source is placed in the channel, and the acoustic ray method is used to calculate the distribution of the scattering field. On the basis of theoretical modelling, the method of obtaining the directional point source and the influence of the sea surface on the impedance of the scattering field are analysed. Subsequently, the proposed method is compared with the finite element method in terms of computational efficiency. The result shows that the method considers the multiple complex coupling effects between the elastic structure and marine environment. The influence of the boundary is approximately negligible when the distance from the ocean boundary to the elastic structure is equal to the wavelength. The method only performs finite element coupling calculation in the free field; the amount of mesh size is greatly reduced and the calculation efficiency is significantly improved when compared with the finite element calculation in the entire channel, the. The calculation time in the example can be reduced by more than one order of magnitude. This method organically combines the near-field calculation with acoustic ray theory and it can realise the rapid calculation of the large-scale acoustic scattering field in complex marine environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Underwater Acoustics and Ambient Noise)
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