Editorial

3 pages, 185 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Impedance Spectroscopy and Its Application in Measurement and Sensor Technology

by Olfa Kanoun, Jörg Himmel and Abdelhamid Errachid

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010244 - 25 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1598

Impedance spectroscopy is a key enabling measurement method that exploits the measurement of the complex impedance of a material or a system to characterize it or to track its changes over time [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impedance Spectroscopy and Its Application in Measurement and Sensor Technology)

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14 pages, 5576 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

State-of-Health of Li-Ion Battery Estimation Based on the Efficiency of the Charge Transfer Extracted from Impedance Spectra

by Ahmed Yahia Kallel, Viktor Petrychenko and Olfa Kanoun

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(2), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12020885 - 16 Jan 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2785

Abstract

Several studies show that impedance spectroscopy is a suitable method for online battery diagnosis and State-of-Health (SoH) estimation. However, the most common method is to model the acquired impedance spectrum with equivalent circuits and focus on the most sensitive parameters, namely the charge-transfer [...] Read more.

Several studies show that impedance spectroscopy is a suitable method for online battery diagnosis and State-of-Health (SoH) estimation. However, the most common method is to model the acquired impedance spectrum with equivalent circuits and focus on the most sensitive parameters, namely the charge-transfer resistance. This paper introduces first a detailed model of a battery cell, which is then simplified and adapted to the observable spectrum behavior. Based on the physical meaning of the model parameters, we propose a novel approach for SoH assessment combining parameters of the impedance spectrum by building the ratio of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) resistance to the total resistance of SEI and the charge transfer. This ratio characterizes the charge-transfer efficiency at the electrodes’ surfaces and should decrease systematically with SoH. Four different cells of the same type were cycled 400 times for the method validation, and impedance spectroscopy was performed at every 50th cycle. The results show a systematic correlation between the proposed ratio and the number of cycles on individual cell parameters, which build the basis of a novel online method of SoH assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impedance Spectroscopy and Its Application in Measurement and Sensor Technology)

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23 pages, 569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of AC Signal Analysis Methods for Impedance Spectroscopy Implementation in Embedded Systems

by Ahmed Yahia Kallel, Zheng Hu and Olfa Kanoun

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(2), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12020591 - 07 Jan 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3341

Abstract

For embedded impedance spectroscopy, a suitable method for analyzing AC signals needs to be carefully chosen to overcome limited processing capability and memory availability. This paper compares various methods, including the fast Fourier transform (FFT), the FFT with barycenter correction, the FFT with [...] Read more.

For embedded impedance spectroscopy, a suitable method for analyzing AC signals needs to be carefully chosen to overcome limited processing capability and memory availability. This paper compares various methods, including the fast Fourier transform (FFT), the FFT with barycenter correction, the FFT with windowing, the Goertzel filter, the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT), and sine fitting using linear or nonlinear least squares, and cross-correlation, for analyzing AC signals in terms of speed, memory requirements, amplitude measurement accuracy, and phase measurement accuracy. These methods are implemented in reference systems with and without hardware acceleration for validation. The investigation results show that the Goertzel algorithm has the best overall performance when hardware acceleration is excluded or in the case of memory constraints. In implementations with hardware acceleration, the FFT with barycentre correction stands out. The linear sine fitting method provides the most accurate amplitude and phase determinations at the expense of speed and memory requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impedance Spectroscopy and Its Application in Measurement and Sensor Technology)

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16 pages, 1140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impedance Spectroscopy Sensing Material Properties for Self-Tuning Ratio Control in Pharmaceutical Industry

by Mihaela Ghita, Isabela Birs, Dana Copot, Ioana Nascu and Clara M. Ionescu

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010509 - 05 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1686

Abstract

Following the paradigm shift in the pharmaceutical industry from batch to continuous production, additional instrumentation and revision of control strategies to optimize material flow throughout the downstream processes are required. Tableting manufacturing is one of the most productive in terms of turnover and [...] Read more.

Following the paradigm shift in the pharmaceutical industry from batch to continuous production, additional instrumentation and revision of control strategies to optimize material flow throughout the downstream processes are required. Tableting manufacturing is one of the most productive in terms of turnover and investment into new sensor technologies is an important decision-making step. This paper proposes a continuous solution to detect changes in material properties, and a control algorithm to aid in minimizing risk at the end-product line. Some of the sub-processes involved in tableting manufacturing perform changes in powder and liquid mixtures, granulation, density, therefore changing flow conditions of the raw material. Using impedance spectroscopy in a continuous sensing and monitoring context, it is possible to perform online identification of generalized (fractional) order parametric models where the coefficients are correlated to changes in material properties. The model parameters are then included in a self-tuning control gain used in ratio control as part of the local process control loop. The solution proposed here is easy to implement and poses a significant added value to the current state of art in pharmaceutical manufacturing technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impedance Spectroscopy and Its Application in Measurement and Sensor Technology)

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19 pages, 3679 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Portable and Highly Versatile Impedance Meter for Very Low Frequency Measurements

by Graziella Scandurra, Antonella Arena, Emanuele Cardillo, Gino Giusi and Carmine Ciofi

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 8234; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11178234 - 05 Sep 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2121

Abstract

Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a characterization technique that is gaining more and more importance in various fields of research and applications. The frequency range of investigation varies according to the type of application. In some fields (biology, medicine, energy) it is useful [...] Read more.

Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a characterization technique that is gaining more and more importance in various fields of research and applications. The frequency range of investigation varies according to the type of application. In some fields (biology, medicine, energy) it is useful to be able to perform measurements at very low frequency values (down to a few mHz or even below). While impedance meters operating at frequencies in the range from a few tens of Hz up to a few MHz can be regarded as quite standard pieces of instrumentation commonly available in many laboratories, instrumentation for measurements at very low frequencies, although commercially available, is less common. The subject of this work is the design, realization and testing of a low frequency impedance measurement platform that has the advantage of being portable, rather inexpensive, and yet highly versatile. In our approach, we exploit a personal computer and a soundboard as a powerful system for digital signal generation and analysis that, with the help of low complexity and low-cost external hardware and a public domain software for the implementation of the core system, allow to tailor the platform for targeting specific applications with minimal effort. As an example, we will demonstrate the application of the system to the investigation of polypyrrole-based supercapacitor structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impedance Spectroscopy and Its Application in Measurement and Sensor Technology)

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14 pages, 6280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Density Changes in Soils with Impedance Spectroscopy

by Christoph Clemens, Mario Radschun, Annette Jobst, Jörg Himmel and Olfa Kanoun

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(4), 1568; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041568 - 09 Feb 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2706

Abstract

Measurement of soil parameters, such as moisture, density and density change, can provide important information for evaluating the stability of earthwork structures and for structural health monitoring. To ensure the stability of flood protection dikes, erosion at the contact zones of different soil [...] Read more.

Measurement of soil parameters, such as moisture, density and density change, can provide important information for evaluating the stability of earthwork structures and for structural health monitoring. To ensure the stability of flood protection dikes, erosion at the contact zones of different soil zones must be avoided. In this work we propose the use of impedance spectroscopy to measure changes in density and volume caused by contact erosion. Erosion leads generally to a volume decrease in the contact zones between soils with different grain sizes and, consequently, to cavities in the dike structure. For this purpose, a proctor mould was developed for emulating contact erosion and the realisation of impedance measurements. Experimental investigations show a correlation between volume change of the soils in the proctor mould and impedance value. For a volume change of soil in the range of approximately 1.5% to 5.3%, an impedance change arises in the range of 17.2% to 29.8%. With several investigations we proof, that it is possible to detect material transport by impedance spectroscopy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impedance Spectroscopy and Its Application in Measurement and Sensor Technology)

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18 pages, 3389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury Detection Using Impedance Spectroscopy with the ONIRY Probe

by Marcel Młyńczak, Maciej Rosoł, Antonino Spinelli, Adam Dziki, Edyta Wlaźlak, Grzegorz Surkont, Magda Krzycka, Paulina Pająk, Łukasz Dziki, Michał Mik and Katarzyna Borycka-Kiciak

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(2), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020637 - 11 Jan 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3108

Abstract

Anal sphincter injuries occurring during natural deliveries are often a reason for severe complications, including fecal incontinence. Currently, approximately 80% of these injuries remain unrecognized. Therefore, it is crucial to focus on finding a way to diagnose such injuries as early as possible [...] Read more.

Anal sphincter injuries occurring during natural deliveries are often a reason for severe complications, including fecal incontinence. Currently, approximately 80% of these injuries remain unrecognized. Therefore, it is crucial to focus on finding a way to diagnose such injuries as early as possible to apply the tailored treatment. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of impedance spectroscopy in the diagnostics of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIs) using a specially designed rectal probe called the ONIRY Probe. The protocol of the clinical trials is described at NCT03769792. Twenty women after natural delivery were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups referring to the stage of a perineal tear (Group A: 1- or 2-degrees, and Group B: 3- or 4-degrees of a perineal tear; without or with sphincter injury, respectively). The study design included three visits during which a number of diagnostic tests were performed, including impedance spectroscopy, and 3-dimensional endoanal ultrasound, anorectal manometry, and physical examination as a reference. Statistical analysis comprised raw data analysis, as well as post-processing with the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) method, as the output reference grade was highly imbalanced. A variety of machine learning techniques were applied for the OASI classification (≤2 vs. >2), and Wexner scale (=0 vs. >0). The best efficacies were obtained using Random Forest and k-Nearest Neighbors methods. Best accuracies were 93.3% and 99.6%, for raw and re-analyzed data, respectively, for ultrasound assessed by the OASI classification; and 79.8% and 97.0%, respectively, for clinical evaluation using the Wexner scale. Impedance spectroscopy performed using the ONIRY Probe appears to be a promising diagnostic technique for anal sphincter injury detection but requires further investigation (the next phase of the pilot clinical trial is described at NCT04181840). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impedance Spectroscopy and Its Application in Measurement and Sensor Technology)

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19 pages, 4969 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of Electrical Properties of Pharmaceutical Materials by Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy

by Manuel Vázquez-Nambo, José-Antonio Gutiérrez-Gnecchi, Enrique Reyes-Archundia, Wuqiang Yang, Marco-A. Rodriguez-Frias, Juan-Carlos Olivares-Rojas and Daniel Lorias-Espinoza

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6576; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186576 - 21 Sep 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3720

Abstract

The physicochemical characterization of pharmaceutical materials is essential for drug discovery, development and evaluation, and for understanding and predicting their interaction with physiological systems. Amongst many measurement techniques for spectroscopic characterization of pharmaceutical materials, Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is powerful as it can [...] Read more.

The physicochemical characterization of pharmaceutical materials is essential for drug discovery, development and evaluation, and for understanding and predicting their interaction with physiological systems. Amongst many measurement techniques for spectroscopic characterization of pharmaceutical materials, Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is powerful as it can be used to model the electrical properties of pure substances and compounds in correlation with specific chemical composition. In particular, the accurate measurement of specific properties of drugs is important for evaluating physiological interaction. The electrochemical modelling of compounds is usually carried out using spectral impedance data over a wide frequency range, to fit a predetermined model of an equivalent electrochemical cell. This paper presents experimental results by EIS analysis of four drug formulations (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole C₁₄H₁₈N₄O₃-C₁₀H₁₁N₃O₃, ambroxol C₁₃H₁₈Br₂N₂O.HCl, metamizole sodium C₁₃H₁₆N₃NaO₄S, and ranitidine C₁₃H₂₂N₄O₃S.HCl). A wide frequency range from 20 Hz to 30 MHz is used to evaluate system identification techniques using EIS data and to obtain process models. The results suggest that arrays of linear R-C models derived using system identification techniques in the frequency domain can be used to identify different compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impedance Spectroscopy and Its Application in Measurement and Sensor Technology)

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9 pages, 1702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Impedance Sensor in Detection of Immunoglobulin G with Interdigitated Electrodes on Flexible Substrate

by Kai Jin, Ping Zhao, Wenhui Fang, Yingjiao Zhai, Siyi Hu, Hanbin Ma and Jinhua Li

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(11), 4012; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10114012 - 10 Jun 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4187

Abstract

Immunoassay plays an important role in the early screening and diagnosis of diseases. The use of electrochemical methods to realize the label-free, specific and rapid detection of antigens has attracted extensive attention from researchers. In this study, we realized the function of immunosensing [...] Read more.

Immunoassay plays an important role in the early screening and diagnosis of diseases. The use of electrochemical methods to realize the label-free, specific and rapid detection of antigens has attracted extensive attention from researchers. In this study, we realized the function of immunosensing and detection by lithography, the interdigitated gold electrode on the polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) membrane. Then, the gold electrode was biofunctionalized and the characterization was verified by atomic force microscopy, which was finally for the detection of mice IgG. This immunosensor has a low detection limit, with a broad linear detection range of 0.01–10 ng/mL. The results show that the electrochemical impedance sensor made of metal electrodes based on PEN flexible materials is suitable for immunoassay experiments. If this method could be proved by further studies, broad application prospects can be seen in routine immunoassays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impedance Spectroscopy and Its Application in Measurement and Sensor Technology)

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