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Advanced Research on Tunnel Slope Stability and Land Subsidence
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Advanced Research on Tunnel Slope Stability and Land Subsidence

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Civil Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 July 2024 | Viewed by 7667

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Fei Song

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Guest Editor
School of Highway Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
Interests: geosynthetics-reinforced slope and retaining wall; stability analysis and protection of slopes; retaining structures and earth pressures; centrifuge model tests and numerical simulation
Prof. Dr. Danqing Song

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Interests: disaster-causing mechanism; prevention and control technology of underground engineering under hydrodynamic coupling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Wen Nie

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Quanzhou 362200, China
Interests: landslide monitoring and early warning; smart mine; machine learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Wei Sun

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
Interests: structure disaster in underground engineering; computational soil mechanics; soil dynamics and geotechnical seismic engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Due to the extensive influence of global environmental changes and extensive human engineering activities, people around the world have suffered from an increasing number of geotechnical and geological disasters over the past decades.

Not only are geotechnical disasters related to human activities, such as slope instability, tunnel damage, and surface subsidence, a high risk to society and the environment, but natural geological disasters such as landslides, debris flows, and rock falls are as well. These disasters are triggered by various factors, such as earthquakes, rainfall, fault dislocation, and so on, which are closely related to the formation and occurrence of disasters. Geotechnical geological disasters are common within the process of engineering construction, operation, and maintenance. They can be regional and very long term, or local and short term. The formation and evolution mechanism of geotechnical engineering disasters is very complicated and affected by many aspects. Field investigations, laboratory experiments, theoretical models, and numerical methods are helpful to better understand the formation mechanism and dynamics of disasters, and provide more reasonable evaluation and prediction results. Therefore, it is very useful to understand the disaster mechanism of slope stability, tunnel deformation, and ground settlement for reducing and mitigating the risk of geotechnical and geological disasters using a variety of research methods.

This Special Issue will be devoted to exploring new perspectives on the research methods and disaster-causing mechanisms of slope tunnel stability and land subsidence.

The topics discussed in this Special Issue will focus not only on materials related to field investigation and monitoring, laboratory testing, theoretical derivation, and numerical and physical modeling at various scales, but also on advances in research on the cause mechanisms of disasters.

Prof. Dr. Fei Song
Prof. Dr. Danqing Song
Prof. Dr. Wen Nie
Dr. Wei Sun
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • slope stability
  • tunnel surrounding rock instability
  • ground settlement
  • formation mechanism
  • numerical simulation
  • laboratory rock and soil mechanics experiment
  • model test
  • theoretical derivation
  • monitoring and early warning
  • disaster prevention and control

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 6831 KiB  
Article
Steel Arch and Rock Bolt Support in Terms of the Gateroad Stability Maintaining behind the Longwall Face
by Łukasz Bednarek, Piotr Małkowski, Zbigniew Niedbalski and Kamil Mucha
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3594; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093594 - 24 Apr 2024
Viewed by 169
Abstract
The longwall system is an extraction system commonly used in coal mining in many countries, including Poland. One of the methods for reducing extraction costs is the dual use of the gateroad. In the first instance, the gateroad serves as the tailgate, and [...] Read more.
The longwall system is an extraction system commonly used in coal mining in many countries, including Poland. One of the methods for reducing extraction costs is the dual use of the gateroad. In the first instance, the gateroad serves as the tailgate, and during the exploitation of the second coal panel, it functions as the headgate. Such a situation requires maintenance of the roadway behind the longwall face, which is typically challenging, due to significant stress-related loads on the support and its substantial deformation. The support design for this kind of roadway should take into consideration the dual impact of exploitation pressure and the caved zone influence behind the longwall face. This article presents the results of in-situ research conducted on two roadways behind the longwall face. In both roadways, the effectiveness of specially designed steel arch frames and rock bolt patterns were examined to minimize roadway deformations and maintain their functionality. The research project was comprised of several stages. Initially, mining and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the geomechanical parameters of the rocks. Subsequently, excavation stability and functionality forecasts were performed based on the authors’ empirical indicators. Then, numerical analyses were carried out to design support schemes (steel arches and rock bolt) in both roadways. A fully automated monitoring system with programmed data loggers was designed to check the behaviour of a specific rock mass and the support elements. The load on the steel arch support was measured with the help of load cells, while the load on the rock bolt support was carried out with the help of measurement bolts. Behind the longwall face, the loads on the wooden cribs set from the goaf side were also monitored. Additionally, the measurement station was equipped with extensometers to monitor the movement of roof layers and stress meters to determine changes in rock mass stress. Laser scanning or traditional surveying methods were also used to verify the support schemes through roadway convergence measurements. The obtained results allowed us to draw conclusions regarding the optimization of support schemes and to give recommendations for the practical application of specific reinforcements in excavations maintained behind the longwall face. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Tunnel Slope Stability and Land Subsidence)
14 pages, 3767 KiB  
Article
A Modified Plastic Burgers Model for the Non-Decaying Creep of Frozen Soils
by Xiaoliang Yao, Xueli Zhang, Xubo Lin, Long Jin and Wenli Wang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 2092; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14052092 - 02 Mar 2024
Viewed by 369
Abstract
A modified plastic Burgers model considering cohesion decay is proposed for frozen soils. A series of triaxial compression and creep tests were conducted on a kind of frozen silty clay for obtaining the model parameters. According to typical triaxial creep strain curves with [...] Read more.
A modified plastic Burgers model considering cohesion decay is proposed for frozen soils. A series of triaxial compression and creep tests were conducted on a kind of frozen silty clay for obtaining the model parameters. According to typical triaxial creep strain curves with only a decaying creep stage, a deformation parameter calibration method for a plastic Burgers model is proposed, and the validity of the method was further verified. When the original plastic Burgers model was incorporated with a cohesion decay function, it was shown that the successive development process of frozen soil creep strain from the decaying to non-decaying stage could be described reasonably. The modified model is applicable to frozen ground engineering cases with non-decaying creep involved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Tunnel Slope Stability and Land Subsidence)
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17 pages, 5991 KiB  
Article
Slope Failure of Shilu Metal Mine Transition from Open-Pit to Underground Mining under Excavation Disturbance
by Kang Yuan, Chi Ma, Guolong Guo and Peitao Wang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(3), 1055; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031055 - 26 Jan 2024
Viewed by 510
Abstract
The instability of slopes and ground subsidence caused by the conversion from open-pit to underground mining are important aspects of mining disaster research. This study focuses on the instability of slopes and ground subsidence during the conversion from open-pit to underground mining in [...] Read more.
The instability of slopes and ground subsidence caused by the conversion from open-pit to underground mining are important aspects of mining disaster research. This study focuses on the instability of slopes and ground subsidence during the conversion from open-pit to underground mining in the Beiyi mining area of the Shilu iron ore mine. Using numerical simulation and analysis, this study establishes a mechanical analysis model to assess the rock stability and movement of rockfall. The research findings indicate that there are significant stress concentration phenomena in the surrounding and floor areas of the goaf during the mining process. The collapse zone mainly develops in the western area before and after a certain level of mining and then shifts to the eastern part of Beiyi area. Surface subsidence expands after mining at a certain level, resulting in a large-scale disturbance area. Furthermore, the eastern slope experiences extensive landslides. This study suggests the continued monitoring of landslides and slope stability in specific areas of the mine. The research results can help us to understand the stability of the open-pit to underground rock mass in Hainan, judge the development trend of the surface subsidence range, and provide a reference for the stability evaluation of the rock mass mined by the open-pit-to-underground caving method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Tunnel Slope Stability and Land Subsidence)
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20 pages, 4121 KiB  
Article
Simplified Calculation Method for Active Anti-Floating of Elliptical Basements by Relief Wells
by Guanyong Luo, Fei Yang, Haoxi Li, Hong Pan and Hong Cao
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(23), 12647; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312647 - 24 Nov 2023
Viewed by 669
Abstract
Currently, there are two main types of anti-floating methods for underground structures; one is the passive anti-floating method represented by anti-draft piles, the other is the active anti-floating method which focuses on interceptor-discharge pressure-reducing (IDPR). In the design of an IDPR anti-floating system, [...] Read more.
Currently, there are two main types of anti-floating methods for underground structures; one is the passive anti-floating method represented by anti-draft piles, the other is the active anti-floating method which focuses on interceptor-discharge pressure-reducing (IDPR). In the design of an IDPR anti-floating system, the relief well system situated within the cut-off wall serves as the primary drainage channel. The determination of the seepage field distribution within the multi-well system is vital for the overall design. For the seepage field analysis of the IDPR anti-floating multi-well system, currently numerical analysis is usually used, and there is a lack of simplified analysis methods. The simplified analysis methods already available are based on the uniform distribution of wells in circular pits, while the conversion of non-circular pits into circular pits produce large errors, which are not conducive to promoting the use of the method. To address this, we propose a simplified calculation approach suitable for multi-well systems (arbitrary layout) within elliptical pits. The analytical solution of non-uniformly distributed wells in circular pits is deduced through the principle of superposition. Then, the ellipse is mapped into a circle by using conformal mapping. The resistance coefficient method is adopted, and the internal and external seepage fields are connected in series to obtain the total flow rate, as well as the distribution of the seepage field. This is based on the consideration of the permeability of the waterproof curtains and the bypassing seepage. According to the verification of the calculation example, the results of the simplified algorithm are similar to the results of the finite element method, which proves the accuracy of the method; at the same time, when applied to the actual engineering, the obtained calculation results coincide with the measured data, which proves the practicability and reliability of the method. The simplified method can provide an effective way to design an IDPR anti-floating system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Tunnel Slope Stability and Land Subsidence)
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18 pages, 8295 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Subdam Settlement in Ash Disposal Based on CGSW Optimization
by Hao Wang, Yong Wu, Yun Tian, Xuefeng Li, Zongyao Yang and Lindong He
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(14), 8370; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148370 - 19 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 855
Abstract
The stacking of impermissible materials in the disposal of dry fly ash is unprecedented in the last 40 years of power plant management in China, and their effect on the stability of the whole facility is uncertain. Due to the lack of relevant [...] Read more.
The stacking of impermissible materials in the disposal of dry fly ash is unprecedented in the last 40 years of power plant management in China, and their effect on the stability of the whole facility is uncertain. Due to the lack of relevant treatment experience, a more comprehensive method such as numerical modeling must be adopted for the final design. This paper set up a borehole database from geological logging data to obtain the distribution of the coal gangue solid waste. Then, it established an accurate three-dimensional mesh model through Rhino. Based on elastic–plastic mechanics, the finite difference code Flac3D 6.0 was employed to study the risk of the coal gangue as a dam foundation. A comparative analysis of the influence of the displacement method and the composite foundation method on subdam deformation and differential subsidence was conducted. The simulation revealed that the composite foundation method showed the best reductions: 70.57% in shear failure, 97.83% in tension failure, and 22.63% in maximum subsidence. Ultimately, the optimum stone column diameter of 0.5 m and the spacing of 6 m were proposed due to the standard deviation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Tunnel Slope Stability and Land Subsidence)
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14 pages, 2376 KiB  
Article
Study on Stress and Displacement of Axisymmetric Circular Loess Tunnel Surrounding Rock Based on Joint Strength
by Rongjin Li, Weishi Bai, Rongjian Li and Jinshuo Jiang
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(11), 6836; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116836 - 05 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 891
Abstract
The development of an effective evaluation method suitable for loess-tunnel excavation is necessary to avoid the collapse accidents caused by tunnel excavation and any secondary disasters. Although the Fenner formulas and the modified Fenner formulas are widely used in tunnel engineering, a defect [...] Read more.
The development of an effective evaluation method suitable for loess-tunnel excavation is necessary to avoid the collapse accidents caused by tunnel excavation and any secondary disasters. Although the Fenner formulas and the modified Fenner formulas are widely used in tunnel engineering, a defect still exists in these formulas because the Mohr–Coulomb (M–C) criterion exaggerates the tensile strength of the surrounding rock of the loess tunnel. A newly modified Fenner formula was derived based on joint strength to overcome this deficiency. First, the expressions of stress and the radius of the plastic zone of the surrounding rock of the loess tunnel and the expressions of radial displacement were derived based on the stress-equilibrium equation of the axisymmetric plane and the joint strength. Then, the difference in the modified Fenner formulas based on the two kinds of strength criteria for the loess tunnel were compared. The results showed that the radius of the plastic zone and the radial displacement of the loess tunnel determined by the modified Fenner formula based on joint strength were larger than those determined by the modified Fenner formula based on M–C strength. However, the plastic stress of the plastic zone determined by the modified Fenner formula based on joint strength was smaller. The comparative analysis reveals that the modified Fenner formula based on joint strength can evaluate the stress and plastic-displacement field of the surrounding rock of a loess tunnel more reasonably. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Tunnel Slope Stability and Land Subsidence)
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14 pages, 4559 KiB  
Article
Impact of Evaluation of Freeze–Thaw Cycles on Collapse Zone at Entrance and Exit of Loess Tunnel
by Weishi Bai, Rongjian Li, Rongjin Li, Xin Zou, Guoqiang Lin and Xuemeng Zhao
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(11), 6651; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116651 - 30 May 2023
Viewed by 756
Abstract
The entrance and exit of loess tunnel are easily affected by freezing and thawing, which leads to collapse in cold regions. Based on the slip line network method, this paper proposed a graphical method and analyzed the impact of evaluation of freeze–thaw cycles [...] Read more.
The entrance and exit of loess tunnel are easily affected by freezing and thawing, which leads to collapse in cold regions. Based on the slip line network method, this paper proposed a graphical method and analyzed the impact of evaluation of freeze–thaw cycles on the collapse zone at the entrance and exit of a loess tunnel. Firstly, the slip line network method was improved for a graphical calculation program, and the program was validated by monitoring the data of collapse evolution in an unlined loess tunnel in situ. Then, some triaxial tests of freeze–thaw cycles were carried out on loess, and the attenuation law of loess strength was summarized after freeze–thaw cycles in cold regions. Finally, the graphical calculation program was applied to evaluate the impact of freeze–thaw cycles on collapse range in the unlined loess tunnel. The results show that introducing the classic slip line field into the analysis process of a tunnel collapse zone can provide a feasible and efficient analysis method for a tunnel surrounding rock collapse arch for tunnel engineering, and the collapse zone increases with the growing number of freeze–thaw cycles. Moreover, the attenuation of loess strength which suffered from the freeze–thaw cycles would cause the collapse zone area to increase by a maximum of 16.13%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Tunnel Slope Stability and Land Subsidence)
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33 pages, 14272 KiB  
Article
Study on Space–Time Evolution Law and Mechanism of Instability Failure of Deep High-Stress Overburden Rock
by Xinfeng Wang, Qiao Zhang, Wengang Liu, Youyu Wei, Tian Jiang and Fuxu Hao
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(7), 4573; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074573 - 04 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1032
Abstract
In order to explore the fracture law and structural evolution characteristics of overlying strata in deep high-stress mining, according to the geometric characteristics and mechanical causes of overlying strata in different mining stages of the stope, four stages of overlying strata structure model [...] Read more.
In order to explore the fracture law and structural evolution characteristics of overlying strata in deep high-stress mining, according to the geometric characteristics and mechanical causes of overlying strata in different mining stages of the stope, four stages of overlying strata structure model are established and analyzed in turn. According to the characteristics of the overburden load transfer path in the deep high-stress stope, the fracture law and macroscopic mechanical response of overburden are analyzed by MATLAB and PFC2D numerical simulation method. The evolution model of overburden structure and load transfer in ‘four stages and three modes’ of the deep high-stress stope is constructed, and the stage fracture effect of ‘beam, plate and arch’ is put forward. The results show that the overburden rock is a fixed beam structure before the initial weighting. After the initial weighting, it evolves into a plate structure with three sides fixed and one side simply supported. After the periodic weighting, the overburden rock structure further evolves into a plate structure with one side fixed and three sides simply supported. After full mining, the overburden rock forms an arch structure, and the load is transmitted by the beam–plate–arch path. The findings of the study provide an important basis for exploring the nature of overburden transport and load transfer in deep high-stress quarries and strengthening overburden prevention and control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Tunnel Slope Stability and Land Subsidence)
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15 pages, 4148 KiB  
Article
Physical Modeling and Intelligent Prediction for Instability of High Backfill Slope Moisturized under the Influence of Rainfall Disasters
by Zhen Zhang, Liangkai Qin, Guanbao Ye, Wei Wang and Jiafeng Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(7), 4218; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074218 - 27 Mar 2023
Viewed by 984
Abstract
The stability of high backfill slopes emerges in practice due to the expansion of transportation infrastructures. The seepage and infiltration of rainfall into the backfills brings challenges to engineers in predicting the stability of the slope, weakening the shear strength and modulus of [...] Read more.
The stability of high backfill slopes emerges in practice due to the expansion of transportation infrastructures. The seepage and infiltration of rainfall into the backfills brings challenges to engineers in predicting the stability of the slope, weakening the shear strength and modulus of the soil. This study carried out a series of model tests under a plane strain condition to investigate the stability of a high backfill slope moisturized by rainfalls, considering the influences of rainfall duration and intensity. The slope displacements were monitored by a laser displacement sensor and the moisture content in the backfill mass were obtained by a soil moisture sensor. The test results show that increasing the rainfall intensity and duration caused the slope near the surface to be saturated, resulting in significant influences on the lateral displacement of the slope and the reduction of stability as well as the sizes of the sliding mass. Based on the model tests, the numerical analysis was adopted to extend the analysis cases, and the backpropagation (BP) neural network model was further adopted to build a model for predicting the stability of a high backfill slope under rainfall. The trained BP model shows the average relative error of 1.02% and the goodness of fitness of 0.999, indicating a good prediction effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Tunnel Slope Stability and Land Subsidence)
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