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The Mobilization, Speciation and Transformation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants...
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The Mobilization, Speciation and Transformation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Soil-Groundwater Ecosystems

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2024 | Viewed by 9029

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yizhi Sheng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
Interests: microbial biogeochemistry; microbe-mineral interaction; soil and groundwater contamination; microbial ecology; hydrogeochemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Wanjun Jiang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1.Tianjin Center, China Geological Survey, Tianjin 300170, China
2. North China Center for Geoscience Innovation, China Geological Survey, Tianjin 300170, China
Interests: environment; water quality; hydrogeochemistry; environmental geochemistry; hydrochemistry; water chemistry
Prof. Dr. Min Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Hebei 050803, China
Interests: pollution hydrogeology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The soil and groundwater system serves as a crucial link between the hydrosphere, pedosphere, atmosphere, and anthroposphere. The well-being of soil and groundwater is vital for the health of the biosphere and human life under different land-use types. However, in regions such as arid and semi-arid inland basins, plateau grassland areas, and hilly mountainous areas, intensive human activities pose significant risks of contamination to soil and groundwater systems. Some contaminants, such as heavy metals, organic pollutants, and nitrogen, are highly mobile and resistant to rapid microbial degradation, resulting in their prolonged retention in the soil and groundwater system. The fate of these pollutants is influenced by various geogenic and anthropogenic factors, including local precipitation, groundwater flow system, vadose zone and aquifer lithology, land-use type, and functional microbial activities. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the sources, migration, and transformation of these pollutants in soil-groundwater systems across different media and interfaces. This issue focuses on the spatiotemporal evolution of soil-groundwater contamination in different typical regions/sites, the associated ecological and human health risks, and natural attenuation and hydrogeochemical models for soil-groundwater systems.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

  • Transportation and fate of soil and groundwater contaminants
  • Assessment of soil and groundwater contaminant
  • Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater resources
  • Remediation strategy of contaminants at different land-use sites
  • Biogeochemical activity of soil and groundwater systems

Dr. Yizhi Sheng
Dr. Wanjun Jiang
Prof. Dr. Min Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • contaminant hydrogeochemistry
  • isotopic hydrogeochemistry
  • remediation of contaminants in soil and groundwater
  • biogeochemical processes in multi-interfaces

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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6 pages, 242 KiB  
Editorial
Mobilization, Speciation, and Transformation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Soil–Groundwater Ecosystems
by Yizhi Sheng, Wanjun Jiang and Min Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11454; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011454 - 19 Oct 2023
Viewed by 856
Abstract
The delicate balance of our ecosystems is under threat from the unrelenting release of contaminants into the environment [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Mobilization, Speciation and Transformation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Soil-Groundwater Ecosystems)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

20 pages, 5676 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Pathogen-Microbiota Indicator Responses in Surface Karst Springs under Various Conditions in a Rocky Desertification Area: A Case Study of the Xiaojiang Watershed in Yunnan
by Weichao Sun, Xiuyan Wang, Zhuo Ning, Lin Sun and Shuaiwei Wang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 1933; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051933 - 27 Feb 2024
Viewed by 496
Abstract
The Xiaojiang watershed in Luxi, Yunnan, is a typical rocky desertification area, in which karst groundwater pollution is severe and water resources are scarce. This article takes the watershed as an example and investigates the response mechanisms of surface karst spring water quality [...] Read more.
The Xiaojiang watershed in Luxi, Yunnan, is a typical rocky desertification area, in which karst groundwater pollution is severe and water resources are scarce. This article takes the watershed as an example and investigates the response mechanisms of surface karst spring water quality to agricultural pollution in rocky desertification areas. Specifically, the study was conducted as follows: (I) A total of 108 water samples from 54 sources were collected during the dry and wet seasons for analysis. (i) Principal component and correlation analyses identified the main pollution indicators in the soil surface karst zone of the area, including total bacterial count, total coliforms, COD, pH, and redox potential. (ii) It was also discovered that surface soil, impacted by agricultural activities, directly contributes to groundwater pollution in the soil surface karst zone. (II) Local soil was used to prepare soil columns under various conditions for simulation. The findings indicate: (i) Temperature significantly affects the surface karst springs, with higher temperatures leading to more pronounced water quality responses, increased enrichment of pathogen-microbiota indicators, and degraded water quality. (ii) Soil porosity substantially influences the water quality of surface karst springs. Increased porosity results in looser soil, more oxidizing conditions in the storage matrix, reduced pathogen-microbiota development, and consequently, less water pollution. This study offers theoretical and technical references for evaluating, monitoring, and issuing early warnings for pathogenic bacteria-microbiota pollution in groundwater in rocky desertification areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Mobilization, Speciation and Transformation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Soil-Groundwater Ecosystems)
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21 pages, 12067 KiB  
Article
The Role of Geological Methods in the Prevention and Control of Urban Flood Disaster Risk: A Case Study of Zhengzhou
by Shuaiwei Wang, Weichao Sun, Xiuyan Wang, Lin Sun and Songbo Liu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 1839; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051839 - 23 Feb 2024
Viewed by 451
Abstract
The frequent occurrence of urban flood disasters is a major and persistent problem threatening the safety of cities in China and elsewhere in the world. As this issue is so pervasive, exploring new methods for more effective risk prevention and urban flood disaster [...] Read more.
The frequent occurrence of urban flood disasters is a major and persistent problem threatening the safety of cities in China and elsewhere in the world. As this issue is so pervasive, exploring new methods for more effective risk prevention and urban flood disaster control is now being prioritized. Taking the case of the city of Zhengzhou as an example, this paper proposes using geological, hydrogeological, ecological, and environmental conditions together with appropriate engineering designs to address the problem of urban flooding. The strategy includes integrating urban sponge–hydrogeological conditions, ecological engineering, and the construction of deep underground water storage facilities. Field investigations, data collection and analysis, in situ observations, testing, and laboratory experiments, are analyzed to explain the formation mechanism and means to mitigate flood disasters in Zhengzhou. Our results suggest that the appropriate use of geological, ecological, and hydrogeological aspects, combined with effective engineering practices, can significantly improve the city’s flood control capacity. These measures can solve the problem of the “once-in-a-millennium” occurrence of torrential rain disasters such as the “720” torrential rainstorm that has affected the city of Zhengzhou. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Mobilization, Speciation and Transformation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Soil-Groundwater Ecosystems)
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11 pages, 7545 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation about Oil Recovery by Using Low-Salinity Nanofluids Solutions in Sandstone Reservoirs
by Nannan Liu, Shanazar Yagmyrov, Hengchen Qi and Lin Sun
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010023 - 19 Dec 2023
Viewed by 610
Abstract
Production of crude oil from matured oil reservoirs has major issues due to decreased oil recovery with water channeling; however, the low-salinity water flooding technique is more commonly used to maximize recovery of the remaining oil. In this study, we demonstrated a new [...] Read more.
Production of crude oil from matured oil reservoirs has major issues due to decreased oil recovery with water channeling; however, the low-salinity water flooding technique is more commonly used to maximize recovery of the remaining oil. In this study, we demonstrated a new hybridization technique of combining low-salinity water and nanofluids; this was achieved by using experiments such as contact angle measurement with water of different salinity levels and nanofluid concentrations, core displacement, and NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) between low-/high-permeability rock. The trial results demonstrated that the test with KCl-1+NF outperformed those with other compositions by changing the original contact angle from 112.50° to 53.3° and increasing formation production up to 15 cc. In addition, we saw that when 2 PV of KCl-1+NF was injected at a rate of 5 mL/min, the middle pores’ water saturation dropped quickly to 73% and then steadily stabilized in the middle and late stages. Regarding the novel application of the hybridization technique, the insights presented in this paper serve as a helpful resource for future studies in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Mobilization, Speciation and Transformation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Soil-Groundwater Ecosystems)
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18 pages, 16502 KiB  
Article
Quantitative Assessment of Organic Mass Fluxes and Natural Attenuation Processes in a Petroleum-Contaminated Subsurface Environment
by Yubo Xia, Bing Wang, Yuesuo Yang, Xinqiang Du and Mingxing Yang
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(23), 12782; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312782 - 28 Nov 2023
Viewed by 449
Abstract
We perceived a trend in the study and practice of petroleum-contaminate sites. Monitored natural attenuation (MNA) can reduce the contaminant concentrations in the soil and groundwater, and it is a method that can remediate the petroleum-contaminated site effectively. MNA is becoming a research [...] Read more.
We perceived a trend in the study and practice of petroleum-contaminate sites. Monitored natural attenuation (MNA) can reduce the contaminant concentrations in the soil and groundwater, and it is a method that can remediate the petroleum-contaminated site effectively. MNA is becoming a research focus. This study evaluated MNA using a series of lab-based bench-scale experiments and a large amount of monitoring data from field samplings. Based on the in-site total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) results, we used statistical methods, the Mann-Kendall test, and mass fluxes in order to evaluate the MNA of petroleum-contaminated sites in groundwater. The results showed that the TPH concentrations were decreasing, and the plume became smaller. The attenuation rate was from 0.00876 mg/d to 0.10095 mg/d; remediating the petroleum contamination site would cost 1.3 years to 10.6 years. The plume reached a quasi-steady state, and mass flux declined. The most essential process of MNA was biodegradation, and the second was sorption. During the monitoring period, 393 g of TPH was attenuated, including 355 g of TPH gradated by microbes. Biodegradation upstream of the plume was more serious. Iron(Ⅲ) and manganese were the main electron acceptors utilized by microbes during the monitored period. MNA was in progress, and it can be an effective method to remediate the petroleum-contaminated site. Lab-based bench-scale experiments were performed with much monitoring data from the field samplings in order to understand the fate and transport mechanism of the petroleum contamination from the land surface to shallow groundwater according to site conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Mobilization, Speciation and Transformation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Soil-Groundwater Ecosystems)
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16 pages, 5651 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Toluene Mineralization under Denitrification Conditions on Carbonate Dissolution and Precipitation in Water: Mechanism and Model
by Shuang Gan, Min Zhang, Yahong Zhou, Caijuan Guo, Shuai Yang, Yan Xie, Xinzhe Wang, Lin Sun and Zhuo Ning
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(21), 11867; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132111867 - 30 Oct 2023
Viewed by 678
Abstract
The mineralization of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) into inorganic substances by microorganisms may affect the water–rock interaction. However, few studies have quantitatively analyzed the processes. To quantitatively reveal this mechanism, in this study, nitrate and toluene were taken as the typical [...] Read more.
The mineralization of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) into inorganic substances by microorganisms may affect the water–rock interaction. However, few studies have quantitatively analyzed the processes. To quantitatively reveal this mechanism, in this study, nitrate and toluene were taken as the typical electron acceptor and BTEX, respectively. Based on hydro-geochemical theory, the mechanism and mathematical model were established. In addition, the model was verified with a toluene mineralization experiment. The mechanism model demonstrated that H+ was the main factor in the dissolution or precipitation of CaCO3. The mathematical model derived the equations quantitatively between the amount of toluene mineralization, CaCO3, and some biogeochemical indicators, including temperature, microbial consumption, and other major ions in groundwater. According to the model, the amount of dissolved CaCO3 increased with the increasing proportion of completely reduced nitrate. For a complete reaction, the greater the microorganisms’ consumption of toluene was, the smaller the precipitation of CaCO3. CaCO3 dissolution was a nonmonotonic function that varied with temperature and the milligram equivalent of other ions. Furthermore, the validation experiments agreed well with the mathematical model, indicating its practicality. The established model provides a tool for assessing the biodegradation of toluene by monitoring the concentration of groundwater ions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Mobilization, Speciation and Transformation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Soil-Groundwater Ecosystems)
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16 pages, 1025 KiB  
Article
Development and Application of an Integrated Site Remediation Technology Mix Method Based on Site Contaminant Distribution Characteristics
by Min Zhang, Shuai Yang, Zhifei Zhang, Caijuan Guo, Yan Xie, Xinzhe Wang, Lin Sun and Zhuo Ning
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(19), 11076; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131911076 - 08 Oct 2023
Viewed by 808
Abstract
Millions of contaminated sites worldwide need to be remediated to protect the environment and human health. Although numerous remediation technologies have been developed, selecting optimal technologies is challenging. Several multiple criteria decision-making methods for screening the optimal remediation technology have been proposed, but [...] Read more.
Millions of contaminated sites worldwide need to be remediated to protect the environment and human health. Although numerous remediation technologies have been developed, selecting optimal technologies is challenging. Several multiple criteria decision-making methods for screening the optimal remediation technology have been proposed, but they mostly focus on a specific area rather than the whole contaminated site. In recent years, the “contamination source control—process blocking—in situ remediation” technology mix model has gradually gained high appreciation. Nevertheless, the screening of technologies within each chain of this model relies heavily on arbitrary personal experience. To avoid such arbitrariness, a petroleum-contaminated site containing light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) was used as an example, and a scientific screening and combination procedure was developed in this study by considering the distribution characteristics of contaminants. Through the procedure, a technology mix, which includes institutional control, risk monitoring, emergency response, multiphase extraction, interception ditch, monitoring of natural attenuation, hydrodynamic control, as well as some alternative technologies, was found, aiming at different locations and strata. The clear spatial relationship concept promises to enhance the effectiveness of contaminated site remediation. The proposed method only gave us a technical framework and should be tested and enriched in future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Mobilization, Speciation and Transformation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Soil-Groundwater Ecosystems)
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17 pages, 3515 KiB  
Article
Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment and Protection Strategy in the Coastal Area of China: A GIS-Based DRASTIC Model Approach
by Qian Zhang, Qiang Shan, Feiwu Chen, Junqiu Liu and Yingwei Yuan
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(19), 10781; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910781 - 28 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 791
Abstract
Groundwater vulnerability reflects the risk level of groundwater contamination and its self-repairing ability, as well as its sustainability for use. Therefore, it provides significant scientific support for implementing measures to prevent groundwater contamination, especially in coastal areas. In this study, considering the lithology [...] Read more.
Groundwater vulnerability reflects the risk level of groundwater contamination and its self-repairing ability, as well as its sustainability for use. Therefore, it provides significant scientific support for implementing measures to prevent groundwater contamination, especially in coastal areas. In this study, considering the lithology of vadose in valley plains and the extent of karst subsidence areas, a GIS-based DRASTIC model was employed to assess groundwater vulnerability in Tangshan City, a coastal area in China. The assessment results were presented and mapped using GIS, based on a comprehensive evaluation of seven parameters, including “Depth of groundwater, Vertical net recharge, Aquifer thickness, Soil media, Topography, Impact of vadose zone, and Hydraulic conductivity”. The identified groundwater vulnerability zones included the highest, higher, moderate, low vulnerability those four zones, which accounted for 4%, 53%, 25%, and 18%, respectively. In addition, according to the results of field investigation, the karst subsidence area and the mined-out coastal area were directly classified as the highest vulnerable areas and covered 1.463 km2; more attention is required here in subsequent groundwater protection processes and strategies. Finally, the groundwater pollution index was used to validate the groundwater vulnerability distribution results, and these two were in high agreement, with an R2 coefficient of 0.961. The study is crucial for the rational utilization and protection of water resources in Tangshan City. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Mobilization, Speciation and Transformation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Soil-Groundwater Ecosystems)
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22 pages, 19640 KiB  
Article
Research on Suitability Evaluation of Urban Engineering Construction Based on Entropy Weight Hierarchy-Cloud Model: A Case Study in Xiongan New Area, China
by Yi-Hang Gao, Bo Han, Jin-Jie Miao, Shuang Jin and Hong-Wei Liu
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(19), 10655; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910655 - 25 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 588
Abstract
The development of Xiongan New Area in Hebei Province, China, as a significant national choice, has considerable strategic significance for the integrated growth of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei. This paper proposes a cloud model for the suitability evaluation of the construction of Xiongan [...] Read more.
The development of Xiongan New Area in Hebei Province, China, as a significant national choice, has considerable strategic significance for the integrated growth of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei. This paper proposes a cloud model for the suitability evaluation of the construction of Xiongan New Area based on entropy weight analysis, taking into account the geological conditions, groundwater environment, environmental geological problems, and other factors of the suitability of image city development. According to the research, the suitability evaluation findings for the project building employing the cloud model are in strong accord with those of the traditional model and have some application potential. The evaluation’s findings indicate that the project construction in Xiongan New Area is acceptable, with suitable and relatively suitable sites making up 81.4% of the total area and excellent circumstances for project development, construction, and usage. This study offers helpful direction for Xiongan New Area’s urban land-space design and serves as a useful point of comparison for studies looking at the viability of other deep Quaternary Plain region engineering buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Mobilization, Speciation and Transformation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Soil-Groundwater Ecosystems)
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24 pages, 11170 KiB  
Article
Suitability Assessment of Multilayer Urban Underground Space Based on Entropy and CRITIC Combined Weighting Method: A Case Study in Xiong’an New Area, China
by Hongwei Liu, Zhuang Li and Qingcheng He
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(18), 10231; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810231 - 12 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 608
Abstract
Suitability assessment is an essential initial step in the scientific utilization of underground space. It plays a significant role in providing valuable insights for optimizing planning and utilization strategies. Utilizing urban underground space has the potential to enhance the capacity of urban infrastructure [...] Read more.
Suitability assessment is an essential initial step in the scientific utilization of underground space. It plays a significant role in providing valuable insights for optimizing planning and utilization strategies. Utilizing urban underground space has the potential to enhance the capacity of urban infrastructure and public service facilities, as well as mitigate issues such as traffic congestion and land scarcity. To effectively plan and utilize urban underground space, it is crucial to conduct a suitability assessment. This assessment helps identify the factors that influence the utilization of underground space and their impacts, offering guidance on avoiding unfavorable conditions and ensuring the safety of planned underground facilities. To achieve objective and reasonable evaluation results, this paper proposed an assessment method that combines entropy and CRITIC (CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) weighting. Taking Xiong’an New Area as a study area, a suitability assessment indicator system for underground space was established. The system included criteria indicators and sub-criteria indicators. By analyzing the weights, the study identified the difference of suitability and critical affecting factors for shallow, sub-shallow, sub-deep, and deep underground space. The results showed that deep layers had better suitability than shallow layers in the study area. The regions with inferior and worse suitability were mostly located around Baiyangdian Lake, with proportions of acreage at 54.69% for shallow layer, 42.06% for sub-shallow layer, 41.69% for sub-deep layer, and 42.03% for deep layer. Additionally, the dominant affecting factors of suitability varied in different layers of underground space. These findings provide valuable evidence for the scientific planning and disaster prevention of underground space in Xiong’an New Area, and also serve as references for studying suitability in other areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Mobilization, Speciation and Transformation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Soil-Groundwater Ecosystems)
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17 pages, 8037 KiB  
Article
Geo-Environment Suitability Evaluation for Urban Construction in Rongcheng District of Xiong’an New Area, China
by Hongwei Liu and Bo Han
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(17), 9981; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179981 - 04 Sep 2023
Viewed by 740
Abstract
Xiong’an New Area is a national event and a project planned for a millennium of China. Its high-quality construction is of great significance to easing the noncapital functions of Beijing and the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. As an emerging city, the [...] Read more.
Xiong’an New Area is a national event and a project planned for a millennium of China. Its high-quality construction is of great significance to easing the noncapital functions of Beijing and the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. As an emerging city, the development and construction of Xiong’an New Area is bound to be restricted by geological and resource conditions. Therefore, geo-environment suitability analysis is the necessary basis of urban development and construction. Geo-environment suitability analysis of urban construction is a complex process that requires various geological indicator information, and relevant expertise to analyze their relevance. This paper focuses on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for the assessment of geo-environment suitability for urban construction in Rongcheng district, which is a Start Construction Region in Xiong’an New Area. Multiple factors, including the characteristic value of bearing capacity of foundation soil, land subsidence rate, geological faults, ground fissures, potential liquefied sands, quality of groundwater chemistry, quality of soil chemistry, chemical corrosion of concrete by groundwater, chemical corrosion of steel by groundwater, and enrichment of deep groundwater and geothermal resource, were used for the suitability assessments. From the evaluation achievements, the high and very high suitable lands for urban construction, with an acreage percentage of 89.2%, were located in most parts of the study area. Meanwhile, for another 9.1% of the land, the impacts of geological faults, land subsidence, and potential liquefied sands needed to be noted preferentially for urban construction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Mobilization, Speciation and Transformation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Soil-Groundwater Ecosystems)
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