Antioxidants

Research

28 pages, 2788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Benzylaminopurine and Abscisic Acid Mitigates Cadmium and Copper Toxicity by Boosting Plant Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, Reducing Metal Accumulation and Translocation in Bamboo [Pleioblastus pygmaeus (Miq.)] Plants

by Abolghassem Emamverdian, Yulong Ding, Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni, James Barker, Guohua Liu, Yang Li, Farzad Mokhberdoran and Parvaiz Ahmad

Antioxidants 2022, 11(12), 2328; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122328 - 24 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1889

Abstract

An in vitro experiment was conducted to determine the influence of phytohormones on the enhancement of bamboo resistance to heavy metal exposure (Cd and Cu). To this end, one-year-old bamboo plants (Pleioblastus pygmaeus (Miq.) Nakai.) contaminated by 100 µM Cd and 100 [...] Read more.

An in vitro experiment was conducted to determine the influence of phytohormones on the enhancement of bamboo resistance to heavy metal exposure (Cd and Cu). To this end, one-year-old bamboo plants (Pleioblastus pygmaeus (Miq.) Nakai.) contaminated by 100 µM Cd and 100 µM Cu both individually and in combination were treated with 10 µM, 6-benzylaminopurine and 10 µM abscisic acid. The results revealed that while 100 µM Cd and 100 µM Cu accelerated plant cell death and decreased plant growth and development, 10 µM 6-benzylaminopurine and 10 µM abscisic acid, both individually and in combination, increased plant growth by boosting antioxidant activities, non-antioxidants indices, tyrosine ammonia-lyase activity (TAL), as well as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (PAL). Moreover, this combination enhanced protein thiol, total thiol, non-protein, glycine betaine (GB), the content of proline (Pro), glutathione (GSH), photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophyll and Carotenoids), fluorescence parameters, dry weight in shoot and root, as well as length of the shoot. It was then concluded that 6-benzyl amino purine and abscisic acid, both individually and in combination, enhanced plant tolerance under Cd and Cu through several key mechanisms, including increased antioxidant activity, improved photosynthesis properties, and decreased metals accumulation and metal translocation from root to shoot. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Biology in Plant Growth, Defence and Metabolism)

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20 pages, 6629 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitochondrial HSC70-1 Regulates Polar Auxin Transport through ROS Homeostasis in Arabidopsis Roots

by Tingting Shen, Ning Jia, Shanshan Wei, Wenyan Xu, Tingting Lv, Jiaoteng Bai and Bing Li

Antioxidants 2022, 11(10), 2035; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102035 - 15 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1710

Abstract

Arabidopsis mitochondrial-localized heat shock protein 70-1 (mtHSC70-1) modulates vegetative growth by assisting mitochondrial complex IV assembly and maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. In addition, mtHSC70-1 affects embryo development, and this effect is mediated by auxin. However, whether mtHSC70-1 regulates vegetative growth through [...] Read more.

Arabidopsis mitochondrial-localized heat shock protein 70-1 (mtHSC70-1) modulates vegetative growth by assisting mitochondrial complex IV assembly and maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. In addition, mtHSC70-1 affects embryo development, and this effect is mediated by auxin. However, whether mtHSC70-1 regulates vegetative growth through auxin and knowledge of the link between ROS homeostasis and auxin distribution remain unclear. Here, we found that mtHSC70-1 knockout seedlings (mthsc70-1a) displayed shortened roots, decreased fresh root weight and lateral root number, increased root width and abnormal root morphology. The introduction of the mtHSC70-1 gene into mthsc70-1a restored the growth and development of roots to the level of the wild type. However, sugar and auxin supplementation could not help the mutant roots restore to normal. Moreover, mthsc70-1a seedlings showed a decrease in meristem length and activity, auxin transport carrier (PINs and AUX1) and auxin abundances in root tips. The application of exogenous reducing agents upregulated the levels of PINs in the mutant roots. The introduction of antioxidant enzyme genes (MSD1 or CAT1) into the mthsc70-1a mutant rescued the PIN and local auxin abundances and root growth and development. Taken together, our data suggest that mtHSC70-1 regulates polar auxin transport through ROS homeostasis in Arabidopsis roots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Biology in Plant Growth, Defence and Metabolism)

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18 pages, 2634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolite Profiling of Paraquat Tolerant Arabidopsis thaliana Radical-induced Cell Death1 (rcd1)—A Mediator of Antioxidant Defence Mechanisms

by Nina Sipari, Jenna Lihavainen and Markku Keinänen

Antioxidants 2022, 11(10), 2034; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102034 - 15 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1498

Abstract

RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH1 (RCD1) is an Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear protein that is disrupted during oxidative stress. RCD1 is considered an important integrative node in development and stress responses, and the rcd1 plants have several phenotypes and altered resistance to a variety of abiotic [...] Read more.

RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH1 (RCD1) is an Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear protein that is disrupted during oxidative stress. RCD1 is considered an important integrative node in development and stress responses, and the rcd1 plants have several phenotypes and altered resistance to a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses. One of the phenotypes of rcd1 is resistance to the herbicide paraquat, but the mechanisms behind it are unknown. Paraquat causes a rapid burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) initially in the chloroplast. We performed multi-platform metabolomic analyses in wild type Col-0 and paraquat resistant rcd1 plants to identify pathways conveying resistance and the function of RCD1 in this respect. Wild type and rcd1 plants were clearly distinguished by their abundance of antioxidants and specialized metabolites and their responses to paraquat. The lack of response in rcd1 suggested constitutively active defense against ROS via elevated flavonoid, glutathione, β-carotene, and tocopherol levels, whereas its ascorbic acid levels were compromised under non-stressed control conditions when compared to Col-0. We propose that RCD1 acts as a hub that maintains basal antioxidant system, and its inactivation induces defense responses by enhancing the biosynthesis and redox cycling of low molecular weight antioxidants and specialized metabolites with profound antioxidant activities alleviating oxidative stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Biology in Plant Growth, Defence and Metabolism)

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24 pages, 5870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The NIN-Like Protein OsNLP2 Negatively Regulates Ferroptotic Cell Death and Immune Responses to Magnaporthe oryzae in Rice

by Yafei Chen, Juan Wang, Nam Khoa Nguyen, Byung Kook Hwang and Nam Soo Jwa

Antioxidants 2022, 11(9), 1795; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091795 - 12 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2238

Abstract

Nodule inception (NIN)-like proteins (NLPs) have a central role in nitrate signaling to mediate plant growth and development. Here, we report that OsNLP2 negatively regulates ferroptotic cell death and immune responses in rice during Magnaporthe oryzae infection. OsNLP2 was localized to the plant [...] Read more.

Nodule inception (NIN)-like proteins (NLPs) have a central role in nitrate signaling to mediate plant growth and development. Here, we report that OsNLP2 negatively regulates ferroptotic cell death and immune responses in rice during Magnaporthe oryzae infection. OsNLP2 was localized to the plant cell nucleus, suggesting that it acts as a transcription factor. OsNLP2 expression was involved in susceptible disease development. ΔOsnlp2 knockout mutants exhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron-dependent ferroptotic hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in response to M. oryzae. Treatments with the iron chelator deferoxamine, lipid-ROS scavenger ferrostatin-1, actin polymerization inhibitor cytochalasin A, and NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium suppressed the accumulation of ROS and ferric ions, lipid peroxidation, and HR cell death, which ultimately led to successful M. oryzae colonization in ΔOsnlp2 mutants. The loss-of-function of OsNLP2 triggered the expression of defense-related genes including OsPBZ1, OsPIP-3A, OsWRKY104, and OsRbohB in ΔOsnlp2 mutants. ΔOsnlp2 mutants exhibited broad-spectrum, nonspecific resistance to diverse M. oryzae strains. These combined results suggest that OsNLP2 acts as a negative regulator of ferroptotic HR cell death and defense responses in rice, and may be a valuable gene source for molecular breeding of rice with broad-spectrum resistance to blast disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Biology in Plant Growth, Defence and Metabolism)

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13 pages, 3414 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Antioxidant Cyclic 3-Hydroxymelatonin Promotes the Growth and Flowering of Arabidopsis thaliana

by Hyoung Yool Lee and Kyoungwhan Back

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061157 - 13 Jun 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1853

Abstract

In plants, melatonin is metabolized into several compounds, including the potent antioxidant cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin (3-OHM). Melatonin 3-hydroxylase (M3H), a member of the 2-oxo-glutarate-dependent enzyme family, is responsible for 3-OHM biosynthesis. Although rice M3H has been cloned, its roles are unclear, and no homologs [...] Read more.

In plants, melatonin is metabolized into several compounds, including the potent antioxidant cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin (3-OHM). Melatonin 3-hydroxylase (M3H), a member of the 2-oxo-glutarate-dependent enzyme family, is responsible for 3-OHM biosynthesis. Although rice M3H has been cloned, its roles are unclear, and no homologs in other plant species have been characterized. Here, we cloned and characterized Arabidopsis thaliana M3H (AtM3H). The purified recombinant AtM3H exhibited K_m and V_max values of 100 μM and 20.7 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. M3H was localized to the cytoplasm, and its expression peaked at night. Based on a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 3-OHM exhibited 15-fold higher antioxidant activity than melatonin. An Arabidopsis M3H knockout mutant (m3h) produced less 3-OHM than the wildtype (WT), thus reducing antioxidant activity and biomass and delaying flowering. These defects were caused by reduced expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and gibberellin-related genes, which are responsible for flowering and growth. Exogenous 3-OHM, but not exogenous melatonin, induced FT expression. The peak of M3H expression at night matched the FT expression pattern. The WT and m3h exhibited similar responses to salt stress and pathogens. Collectively, our findings indicate that 3-OHM promotes growth and flowering in Arabidopsis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Biology in Plant Growth, Defence and Metabolism)

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20 pages, 3229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multifactorial Regulation of Glutathione Metabolism behind Salt Tolerance in Rice

by Sara Cimini, Vittoria Locato, Valentina Giacinti, Michela Molinari and Laura De Gara

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061114 - 03 Jun 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2095

Abstract

Knowledge of the stress-induced metabolic alterations in tolerant and sensitive plants is pivotal for identifying interesting traits that improve plant resilience toward unfavorable environmental conditions. This represents a hot topic area of plant science, particularly for crops, due to its implication in food [...] Read more.

Knowledge of the stress-induced metabolic alterations in tolerant and sensitive plants is pivotal for identifying interesting traits that improve plant resilience toward unfavorable environmental conditions. This represents a hot topic area of plant science, particularly for crops, due to its implication in food security. Two rice varieties showing dissimilar resistance to salt, Baldo and Vialone Nano, have been studied to investigate the mechanisms underpinning tolerance toward salinity, and these studies have focused on the root system. A detailed analysis of the salt stress-dependent modulation of the redox network is here presented. The different phenotype observed after salt exposure in the two rice varieties is coherent with a differential regulation of cell-cycle progression and cell-death patterns observed at root level. Baldo, the tolerant variety, already showed a highly responsive antioxidative capacity in control conditions. Consistently, stressed Baldo plants showed a different pattern of H₂O₂ accumulation compared to Vialone Nano. Moreover, glutathione metabolism was finely modulated at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels in Baldo. These results contribute to highlight the role of ROS and antioxidative pathways as a part of a complex redox network activated in rice toward salt stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Biology in Plant Growth, Defence and Metabolism)

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19 pages, 3001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog D as a Modulating Component of Oxidative Response under Ammonium Toxicity

by Maria Burian, Anna Podgórska, Monika Ostaszewska-Bugajska and Bożena Szal

Antioxidants 2022, 11(4), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040703 - 02 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2174

Abstract

Delayed growth, a visible phenotypic component of the so-called ammonium syndrome, occurs when ammonium is the sole inorganic nitrogen source. Previously, we have shown that modification of apoplastic reactive oxygen species (apROS) metabolism is a key factor contributing to plant growth retardation under [...] Read more.

Delayed growth, a visible phenotypic component of the so-called ammonium syndrome, occurs when ammonium is the sole inorganic nitrogen source. Previously, we have shown that modification of apoplastic reactive oxygen species (apROS) metabolism is a key factor contributing to plant growth retardation under ammonium nutrition. Here, we further analyzed the changes in apROS metabolism in transgenic plants with disruption of the D isoform of the respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) that is responsible for apROS production. Ammonium-grown Arabidopsisrbohd plants are characterized by up to 50% lower contents of apoplastic superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. apROS sensing markers such as OZF1 and AIR12 were downregulated, and the ROS-responsive signaling pathway, including MPK3, was also downregulated in rbohd plants cultivated using ammonium as the sole nitrogen source. Additionally, the expression of the cell-wall-integrity marker FER and peroxidases 33 and 34 was decreased. These modifications may contribute to phenomenon wherein ammonium inhibited the growth of transgenic plants to a greater extent than that of wild-type plants. Overall, this study indicated that due to disruption of apROS metabolism, rbohd plants cannot adjust to ammonium toxicity and are more sensitive to these conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Biology in Plant Growth, Defence and Metabolism)

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37 pages, 43958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unraveling Microbial Volatile Elicitors Using a Transparent Methodology for Induction of Systemic Resistance and Regulation of Antioxidant Genes at Expression Levels in Chili against Bacterial Wilt Disease

by Abhijeet Shankar Kashyap, Nazia Manzar, Suresh M. Nebapure, Mahendra Vikram Singh Rajawat, Man Mohan Deo, Jyoti Prakash Singh, Amit Kumar Kesharwani, Ravinder Pal Singh, S. C. Dubey and Dinesh Singh

Antioxidants 2022, 11(2), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020404 - 16 Feb 2022

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 3101

Abstract

Microbial volatiles benefit the agricultural ecological system by promoting plant growth and systemic resistance against diseases without harming the environment. To explore the plant growth-promoting efficiency of VOCs produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens PDS1 and Bacillus subtilis KA9 in terms of chili plant growth [...] Read more.

Microbial volatiles benefit the agricultural ecological system by promoting plant growth and systemic resistance against diseases without harming the environment. To explore the plant growth-promoting efficiency of VOCs produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens PDS1 and Bacillus subtilis KA9 in terms of chili plant growth and its biocontrol efficiency against Ralstonia solanacearum, experiments were conducted both in vitro and in vivo. A closure assembly was designed using a half-inverted plastic bottle to demonstrate plant–microbial interactions via volatile compounds. The most common volatile organic compounds were identified and reported; they promoted plant development and induced systemic resistance (ISR) against wilt pathogen R. solanacearum. The PDS1 and KA9 VOCs significantly increased defensive enzyme activity and overexpressed the antioxidant genes PAL, POD, SOD, WRKYa, PAL1, DEF-1, CAT-2, WRKY40, HSFC1, LOX2, and NPR1 related to plant defense. The overall gene expression was greater in root tissue as compared to leaf tissue in chili plant. Our findings shed light on the relationship among rhizobacteria, pathogen, and host plants, resulting in plant growth promotion, disease suppression, systemic resistance-inducing potential, and antioxidant response with related gene expression in the leaf and root tissue of chili. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Biology in Plant Growth, Defence and Metabolism)

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15 pages, 12489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of γ-aminobutyric Acid on Phenolics Metabolism in Barley Seedlings under Low NaCl Treatment

by Mian Wang, Yahui Zhu, Pei Wang, Zhenxin Gu and Runqiang Yang

Antioxidants 2021, 10(9), 1421; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091421 - 06 Sep 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1916

Abstract

It has been revealed that high NaCl stress (>60 mmol L⁻¹) induced phenolics accumulation in barley seedlings, with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) playing a key role. Interestingly, low NaCl stimulus (20 mmol L⁻¹) enhancing phenolics synthesis and growth of barley [...] Read more.

It has been revealed that high NaCl stress (>60 mmol L⁻¹) induced phenolics accumulation in barley seedlings, with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) playing a key role. Interestingly, low NaCl stimulus (20 mmol L⁻¹) enhancing phenolics synthesis and growth of barley seedlings was also reported recently. Hence, exogenous GABA and its bio-synthesis inhibitor 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP) were applied to reveal the mechanism of GABA regulating phenolics metabolism in barley seedlings treated with 20 mmol L⁻¹ NaCl. The contents of total phenolics and flavonoids significantly increased by 11.64% and 14.52% under NaCl, respectively. The addition of GABA further increased phenolics and flavonoids contents, especially for gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, and quercetin, compared with NaCl treatment. Simultaneously, GABA increased the activities and mRNA levels of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), and 4-coumalyl CoA ligase (4CL). The addition of 3-MP suppressed the above effects, except for increasing the protein levels of PAL, C4H, and 4CL. Low concentration of NaCl not only promoted growth, but also stimulated endogenous GABA metabolism to affect key enzymes activities and mRNA levels for phenolics synthesis in barley seedlings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Biology in Plant Growth, Defence and Metabolism)

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18 pages, 4143 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Demyristoylation of the Cytoplasmic Redox Protein Trx-h2 Is Critical for Inducing a Rapid Cold Stress Response in Plants

by Eun Seon Lee, Joung Hun Park, Seong Dong Wi, Ho Byoung Chae, Seol Ki Paeng, Su Bin Bae, Kieu Anh Thi Phan, Min Gab Kim, Sang-Soo Kwak, Woe-Yeon Kim, Dae-Jin Yun and Sang Yeol Lee

Antioxidants 2021, 10(8), 1287; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081287 - 13 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2427 | Correction

Abstract

In Arabidopsis, the cytosolic redox protein thioredoxin h2 (Trx-h2) is anchored to the cytoplasmic endomembrane through the myristoylated second glycine residue (Gly²). However, under cold stress, the cytosolic Trx-h2 is rapidly translocated to the nucleus, where it interacts with and reduces [...] Read more.

In Arabidopsis, the cytosolic redox protein thioredoxin h2 (Trx-h2) is anchored to the cytoplasmic endomembrane through the myristoylated second glycine residue (Gly²). However, under cold stress, the cytosolic Trx-h2 is rapidly translocated to the nucleus, where it interacts with and reduces the cold-responsive C-repeat-binding factors (CBFs), thus activating cold-responsive (COR) genes. In this study, we investigated the significance of fatty acid modification of Trx-h2 under cold conditions by generating transgenic Arabidopsis lines in the trx-h2 mutant background, overexpressing Trx-h2 (Trx-h2^OE/trx-h2) and its point mutation variant Trx-h2(G/A) [Trx-h2(G/A)^OE/trx-h2], in which the Gly² was replaced by alanine (Ala). Due to the lack of Gly², Trx-h2(G/A) was incapable of myristoylation, and a part of Trx-h2(G/A) localized to the nucleus even under warm temperature. As no time is spent on the demyristoylation and subsequent nuclear translocation of Trx-h2(G/A) under a cold snap, the ability of Trx-h2(G/A) to protect plants from cold stress was greater than that of Trx-h2. Additionally, COR genes were up-regulated earlier in Trx-h2(G/A)2^OE/trx-h2 plants than in Trx-h2^OE/trx-h2 plants under cold stress. Consequently, Trx-h2(G/A)2^OE/trx-h2 plants showed greater cold tolerance than Col-0 (wild type) and Trx-h2^OE/trx-h2 plants. Overall, our results clearly demonstrate the significance of the demyristoylation of Trx-h2 in enhancing plant cold/freezing tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Biology in Plant Growth, Defence and Metabolism)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

25 pages, 3039 KiB

Open AccessReview

Redox Signaling in Plant Heat Stress Response

by Stefania Fortunato, Cecilia Lasorella, Nunzio Dipierro, Federico Vita and Maria Concetta de Pinto

Antioxidants 2023, 12(3), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030605 - 01 Mar 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3252

Abstract

The increase in environmental temperature due to global warming is a critical threat to plant growth and productivity. Heat stress can cause impairment in several biochemical and physiological processes. Plants sense and respond to this adverse environmental condition by activating a plethora of [...] Read more.

The increase in environmental temperature due to global warming is a critical threat to plant growth and productivity. Heat stress can cause impairment in several biochemical and physiological processes. Plants sense and respond to this adverse environmental condition by activating a plethora of defense systems. Among them, the heat stress response (HSR) involves an intricate network of heat shock factors (HSFs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs). However, a growing amount of evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS), besides potentially being responsible for cellular oxidative damage, can act as signal molecules in HSR, leading to adaptative responses. The role of ROS as toxic or signal molecules depends on the fine balance between their production and scavenging. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants represent the first line of defense against oxidative damage and their activity is critical to maintaining an optimal redox environment. However, the HS-dependent ROS burst temporarily oxidizes the cellular environment, triggering redox-dependent signaling cascades. This review provides an overview of the redox-activated mechanisms that participate in the HSR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Biology in Plant Growth, Defence and Metabolism)

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Jump to: Research, Review

2 pages, 801 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Lee et al. Demyristoylation of the Cytoplasmic Redox Protein Trx-h2 Is Critical for Inducing a Rapid Cold Stress Response in Plants. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1287

by Eun Seon Lee, Joung Hun Park, Seong Dong Wi, Ho Byoung Chae, Seol Ki Paeng, Su Bin Bae, Kieu Anh Thi Phan, Min Gab Kim, Sang-Soo Kwak, Woe-Yeon Kim, Dae-Jin Yun and Sang Yeol Lee

Antioxidants 2022, 11(11), 2223; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112223 - 11 Nov 2022

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Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Biology in Plant Growth, Defence and Metabolism)

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