Antioxidants

Editorial

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5 pages, 211 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods

by Monica Rosa Loizzo and Rosa Tundis

Antioxidants 2022, 11(5), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050797 - 19 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1965

Abstract

Food is processed to make it safe, to make its shelf-life more stable, and to make it more desirable [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review, Other

14 pages, 1080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Different Contributors to Antioxidant Activity in Thermally Dried Flesh and Peel of Astringent Persimmon Fruit

by You Jin Lim and Seok Hyun Eom

Antioxidants 2022, 11(3), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030597 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2435

Abstract

In the thermal-drying processing of astringent persimmon fruit, the tissue-specific changes in the key antioxidants have hardly been investigated, while they have been well investigated in the flesh. We report here the different patterns of the antioxidant activities in the thermally processed flesh [...] Read more.

In the thermal-drying processing of astringent persimmon fruit, the tissue-specific changes in the key antioxidants have hardly been investigated, while they have been well investigated in the flesh. We report here the different patterns of the antioxidant activities in the thermally processed flesh and peel of astringent persimmon, with analyses of the carotenoids, the condensed and hydrolysable tannins, and the total phenolics and flavonoids. The persimmon powders presented different colors on the basis of the drying temperatures: brown in 30 °C; light yellow in 60 °C; and dark brown in 90 °C, respectively. Non-maillard reaction and reduction of carotenoids caused the light-yellow color of 60 °C dried persimmon. Thermal drying reduced the antioxidant activities of the flesh in a temperature-dependent manner, with decreases in the carotenoids, the condensed and hydrolysable tannins, and the total phenolics and flavonoids, whereas it enhanced the antioxidant activities of the peel. The increase in the antioxidant activities in the peel were mainly the result of the increase in the total phenolics by the thermal effect, and especially in the content of the hydrolysable tannins, although the thermal processing decreased the other components. The heat-induced increase of antioxidant activity in the peel showed a strong significant correlation only with the contents of total phenolics (r² = 0.9493) and total hydrolysable tannins (r² = 0.9288), suggesting that the main antioxidant contributors differ from the flesh. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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17 pages, 347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Crushing Peanuts on Fatty Acid and Phenolic Bioaccessibility: A Long-Term Study

by Isabella Parilli-Moser, Inés Domínguez-López, Camila Arancibia-Riveros, María Marhuenda-Muñoz, Anna Vallverdú-Queralt, Sara Hurtado-Barroso and Rosa M. Lamuela-Raventós

Antioxidants 2022, 11(2), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020423 - 19 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3125

Abstract

Background: Peanuts are consumed worldwide and have been linked to multiple health benefits. Processing may affect the bioavailability of peanut bioactive compounds. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the effects of crushing peanuts on the bioavailability of fatty acids and phenolic compounds in healthy [...] Read more.

Background: Peanuts are consumed worldwide and have been linked to multiple health benefits. Processing may affect the bioavailability of peanut bioactive compounds. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the effects of crushing peanuts on the bioavailability of fatty acids and phenolic compounds in healthy adults. Methods: 44 participants from the ARISTOTLE study consumed 25 g/day of whole peanuts (WP) or 32 g/day of peanut butter (PB) for 6 months. Fatty acids and phenolic compounds in peanut products and biological samples were assessed by gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detection and liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry, respectively. Results: Plasma concentrations of very long chain saturated fatty acids (VLCSFAs) increased significantly after 6 months of WP or PB intake (p < 0.001 in both cases). Participants in the WP group excreted twice as many VLCSFAs in feces as those in the PB group (p = 0.012). The most abundant polyphenols found in WP and PB were p-coumaric and isoferulic acids. Urinary excretion of isoferulic acid increased after the intake of WP and PB (p = 0.032 and p = 0.048, respectively), with no significant difference observed between interventions. Conclusion: The crushing step in peanut butter production seems to enhance the bioavailability of bioactive compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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15 pages, 2512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contribution of Hydrolysis and Drying Conditions to Whey Protein Hydrolysate Characteristics and In Vitro Antioxidative Properties

by Thanyaporn Kleekayai, Aileen O’Neill, Stephanie Clarke, Niamh Holmes, Brendan O’Sullivan and Richard J. FitzGerald

Antioxidants 2022, 11(2), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020399 - 16 Feb 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2555

Abstract

During the generation of functional food ingredients by enzymatic hydrolysis, parameters such as choice of enzyme, reaction pH and the drying process employed may contribute to the physicochemical and bio-functional properties of the resultant protein hydrolysate ingredients. This study characterised the properties of [...] Read more.

During the generation of functional food ingredients by enzymatic hydrolysis, parameters such as choice of enzyme, reaction pH and the drying process employed may contribute to the physicochemical and bio-functional properties of the resultant protein hydrolysate ingredients. This study characterised the properties of spray- (SD) and freeze-dried (FD) whey protein hydrolysates (WPHs) generated using Alcalase^® and Prolyve^® under pH-stat and free-fall pH conditions. The enzyme preparation used affected the physicochemical and antioxidative properties but had no impact on powder composition, morphology or colour. SD resulted in spherical particles with higher moisture content (~6%) compared to the FD powders (~1%), which had a glass shard-like structure. The SD-WPHs exhibited higher antioxidative properties compared to the FD-WPHs, which may be linked to a higher proportion of peptides <1 kDa in the SD-WPHs. Furthermore, the SD- and FD-WPHs had similar peptide profiles, and no evidence of Maillard reaction product formation during the SD processing was evident. The most potent in vitro antioxidative WPH was generated using Alcalase^® under free-fall pH conditions, followed by SD, which had oxygen radical absorbance capacity and Trolox equivalent (TE) antioxidant capacity values of 1132 and 686 µmol TE/g, respectively. These results demonstrate that both the hydrolysis and the drying process impact the biofunctional (antioxidant) activity of WPHs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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15 pages, 2216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioavailability Study of Isothiocyanates and Other Bioactive Compounds of Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica Boiled or Steamed: Functional Food or Dietary Supplement?

by Patrick Orlando, Ancuta Nartea, Sonia Silvestri, Fabio Marcheggiani, Ilenia Cirilli, Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla, Rosamaria Fiorini, Deborah Pacetti, Monica Rosa Loizzo, Paolo Lucci and Luca Tiano

Antioxidants 2022, 11(2), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020209 - 22 Jan 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3596

Abstract

The levels of bioactive compounds in broccoli and their bioavailability following broccoli intake can be affected by the cooking procedures used for vegetable preparation. In the present pilot study, we compared the human plasma bioavailability of antioxidant compounds (β-carotene, lutein and isothiocyanate) and [...] Read more.

The levels of bioactive compounds in broccoli and their bioavailability following broccoli intake can be affected by the cooking procedures used for vegetable preparation. In the present pilot study, we compared the human plasma bioavailability of antioxidant compounds (β-carotene, lutein and isothiocyanate) and of phylloquinone (vitamin K) on seven volunteers before and after the administration of boiled and steamed broccoli. Moreover, plasma isothiocyanate (ITCs) levels were also evaluated after the administration of a single dose of BroccoMax^®, a dietary supplement containing GLSs with active myrosinase. Steam-cooking has been demonstrated to promote higher plasma bioavailability in ITCs than boiling (AUC_STEAMED = 417.4; AUC_BOILED = 175.3) and is comparable to that reached following the intake of BroccoMax^®, a supplement containing glucoraphanin and active myrosinase (AUC = 450.1). However, the impact of boiling and steaming treatment on plasma bioavailability of lipophilic antioxidants (lutein and β-carotene) and of phylloquinone was comparable. The lutein and β-carotene plasma levels did not change after administration of steamed or boiled broccoli. Conversely, both treatments led to a similar increase of phylloquinone plasma levels. Considering the antioxidant action and the potential chemopreventive activity of ITCs, steaming treatments can be considered the most suitable cooking method to promote the health benefits of broccoli in the diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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16 pages, 2322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Deep Frying of Potatoes and Tofu on Thermo-Oxidative Changes of Cold Pressed Rapeseed Oil, Cold Pressed High Oleic Rapeseed Oil and Palm Olein

by Małgorzata Wroniak, Marianna Raczyk, Bartosz Kruszewski, Edyta Symoniuk and Dominika Dach

Antioxidants 2021, 10(10), 1637; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101637 - 18 Oct 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3363

Abstract

One of the commonly used food preparation methods is frying. Fried food is admired by consumers due to its unique taste and texture. Deep frying is a process of dipping food in oil at high temperature, usually 170–190 °C, and it requires a [...] Read more.

One of the commonly used food preparation methods is frying. Fried food is admired by consumers due to its unique taste and texture. Deep frying is a process of dipping food in oil at high temperature, usually 170–190 °C, and it requires a relatively short time. The aim of this study was to analyze the thermo-oxidative changes occurring during the deep frying of products such as potatoes and tofu in cold pressed rapeseed oils and palm olein. Cold pressed rapeseed oil from hulled seeds (RO), cold pressed high oleic rapeseed oil from hulled seeds (HORO), and palm olein (PO) (for purposes of comparison) were used. Characterization of fresh oils (after purchase) and oils after 6, 12, and 18 h of deep frying process of a starch product (potatoes) and a protein product (tofu) was performed. The quality of oils was analyzed by determining peroxide value, acid value, p-anisidine value, content of carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments, polar compounds, smoke point, color (CIE L*a*b*), fatty acids content and profile, calculation of lipid nutritional quality indicators, and oxidative stability index (Rancimat). Cold pressed high oleic rapeseed oil was more stable during deep frying compared to cold pressed rapeseed oil, but much less stable than palm olein. In addition, more thermo-oxidative changes occurred in the tested oils when deep frying the starch product (potatoes) compared to the deep frying of the protein product (tofu). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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25 pages, 8836 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Sensory Characterization of Commercial Pomegranate Juices

by Sonia Esposto, Gianluca Veneziani, Agnese Taticchi, Stefania Urbani, Roberto Selvaggini, Beatrice Sordini, Luigi Daidone, Giacomo Gironi and Maurizio Servili

Antioxidants 2021, 10(9), 1381; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091381 - 29 Aug 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3615

Abstract

We undertook a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the bioactive compounds, volatile substances, sensory profile, and antioxidant activity of eight different commercial pomegranate juices (PJs) differing by cultivation area, processing (from concentrate (CPJ) or not (NCPJ)), and microbial stabilization. Punicalins were the main [...] Read more.

We undertook a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the bioactive compounds, volatile substances, sensory profile, and antioxidant activity of eight different commercial pomegranate juices (PJs) differing by cultivation area, processing (from concentrate (CPJ) or not (NCPJ)), and microbial stabilization. Punicalins were the main ellagitannins, whereas the predominant anthocyanin was cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, followed by cyanidin 3-glucoside. Total phenols, tannins, hydrolyzable tannins, and anthocyanins in the investigated juices ranged from 1379.9 to 3748.8 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/L, 394.8 to 895.2 mg GAE/L, 150.8 to 2374.2 mg ellagic acid/L, and 0 to 281 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside/L, respectively. Antioxidant activity, determined by DPPH^•, FRAP, and ABTS, was positively correlated with the total phenolic compounds and hydrolyzable tannins. Alcohols, acids, and furans were the volatile groups that best described the differences between juices. The most abundant volatile compound was 3-Furfural (8.6–879.9 µg/L) in those juices subjected to the concentration process and to high-temperature short-time (HTST) treatment, whereas it was not present in juice subjected to high-pressure processing (HPP). Processing also affected the juices’ sensory attributes: NCPJs were characterized by ‘red–purple’, ‘pomegranate fruit’, ‘fresh fruit’, and ‘overall intensity’ notes, while in CPJs these notes were not revealed or were masked by those related to heat treatment. Our results provide useful information on the importance of extraction methods and on the overall quality of PJ for the food industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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37 pages, 2859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Drying Processes on the Nutritional Composition, Volatile Profile, Phytochemical Content and Bioactivity of Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods

by Sheila C. Oliveira-Alves, Fábio Andrade, Inês Prazeres, Andreia B. Silva, Jorge Capelo, Bernardo Duarte, Isabel Caçador, Júlio Coelho, Ana Teresa Serra and Maria R. Bronze

Antioxidants 2021, 10(8), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081312 - 20 Aug 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4457

Abstract

Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods is a halophyte plant recognized as a promising natural ingredient and will eventually be recognized a salt substitute (NaCl). However, its shelf-life and applicability in several food matrices requires the use of drying processes, which may have an impact [...] Read more.

Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods is a halophyte plant recognized as a promising natural ingredient and will eventually be recognized a salt substitute (NaCl). However, its shelf-life and applicability in several food matrices requires the use of drying processes, which may have an impact on its nutritional and functional value. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of oven and freeze-drying processes on the nutritional composition, volatile profile, phytochemical content, and bioactivity of S. ramosissima using several analytical tools (LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS and SPME-GC-MS) and bioactivity assays (ORAC, HOSC, and ACE inhibition and antiproliferative effect on HT29 cells). Overall, results show that the drying process changes the chemical composition of the plant. When compared to freeze-drying, the oven-drying process had a lower impact on the nutritional composition but the phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity were significantly reduced. Despite this, oven-dried and freeze-dried samples demonstrated similar antiproliferative (17.56 mg/mL and 17.24 mg/mL, respectively) and antihypertensive (24.56 mg/mL and 18.96 mg/mL, respectively) activities. The volatile composition was also affected when comparing fresh and dried plants and between both drying processes: while for the freeze-dried sample, terpenes corresponded to 57% of the total peak area, a decrease to 17% was observed for the oven-dried sample. The oven-dried S. ramosissima was selected to formulate a ketchup and the product formulated with 2.2% (w/w) of the oven-dried plant showed a good consumer acceptance score. These findings support the use of dried S. ramosissima as a promising functional ingredient that can eventually replace the use of salt. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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14 pages, 1149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Ripening Stage and Extraction Conditions on the Phenolic Fingerprint of ‘Corbella’ Extra-Virgin Olive Oil

by Anallely López-Yerena, Antonia Ninot, Núria Jiménez-Ruiz, Julián Lozano-Castellón, Maria Pérez, Elvira Escribano-Ferrer, Agustí Romero-Aroca, Rosa M. Lamuela-Raventós and Anna Vallverdú-Queralt

Antioxidants 2021, 10(6), 877; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10060877 - 30 May 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3472

Abstract

The ancient ‘Corbella’ olive variety from the center-north of Catalonia is being recovered to obtain quality extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) with unique organoleptic properties. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of agronomic and technical factors on the phenolic fingerprint [...] Read more.

The ancient ‘Corbella’ olive variety from the center-north of Catalonia is being recovered to obtain quality extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) with unique organoleptic properties. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of agronomic and technical factors on the phenolic fingerprint of EVOO and to establish the optimum harvesting time and crushing and malaxation conditions for ‘Corbella’ olives. Therefore, three different ripening indices (0.3, 1.2, and 3.2) and three crushing temperatures (10, 18, and 25 OC) were studied. Additionally, a factorial design to optimize the phenolic concentration of the EVOO was developed, applying a range of sieve diameters (4 and 6 mm), and malaxation time (30 and 60 min) and temperature (27, 32, and 37 °C). The phenolic profile was analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in a tandem detector. The level of secoiridoids, the major phenolic compounds in the oil, was higher when using olives harvested earlier. Oleuropein aglycone and ligstroside aglycone were degraded during crushing at high temperatures, resulting in the formation of oleacein and oleocanthal. The best processing conditions in terms of total phenolic content were found to be 30 min of malaxation at 37 OC, the crushing size not having any affect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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21 pages, 3631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Broa, an Ethnic Maize Bread, as a Source of Phenolic Compounds

by Andreia Bento-Silva, Noélia Duarte, Elsa Mecha, Maria Belo, Ana Teresa Serra, Maria Carlota Vaz Patto and Maria Rosário Bronze

Antioxidants 2021, 10(5), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050672 - 26 Apr 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2438

Abstract

Maize is an important source of phenolic compounds, specially hydroxycinnamic acids, which are widely known for their antioxidant activity and associated health benefits. However, these effects depend on their bioaccessibility, which is influenced by the different techniques used for food processing. Several traditional [...] Read more.

Maize is an important source of phenolic compounds, specially hydroxycinnamic acids, which are widely known for their antioxidant activity and associated health benefits. However, these effects depend on their bioaccessibility, which is influenced by the different techniques used for food processing. Several traditional products can be obtained from maize and, in Portugal, it is used for the production of an ethnic bread called broa. In order to evaluate the effect of processing on maize phenolic composition, one commercial hybrid and five open-pollinated maize flours and broas were studied. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were evaluated by the Folin-Ciocalteu and ORAC assays, respectively. The major phenolics, namely ferulic and p-coumaric acids (in their soluble-free, soluble-conjugated and insoluble forms), insoluble ferulic acid dimers and soluble hydroxycinnamic acid amides were quantitated. Results show that the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and hydroxycinnamic acids resisted traditional processing conditions used in the production of broas. The content in soluble-free phenolics increased after processing, meaning that their bioaccessibility improved. Portuguese traditional broas, produced with open-pollinated maize varieties, can be considered an interesting dietary source of antioxidant compounds due to the higher content in hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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17 pages, 1952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Purple Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.): Varietal Comparisons and Physical Distribution

by Yeong Ran Im, Inhwan Kim and Jihyun Lee

Antioxidants 2021, 10(3), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030462 - 16 Mar 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5460

Abstract

The outer layer of purple sweet potato is removed during processing; however, this layer serves as a potential source of phenolics, especially anthocyanins. Herein, the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity were determined for the inner and outer layers of five purple sweet potato [...] Read more.

The outer layer of purple sweet potato is removed during processing; however, this layer serves as a potential source of phenolics, especially anthocyanins. Herein, the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity were determined for the inner and outer layers of five purple sweet potato cultivars (‘Sinjami’, ‘Jami’, ‘Danjami’, ‘Yeonjami’, and ‘Borami’) harvested in Korea. Anthocyanins were identified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-(ESI)-qTOF-MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (UHPLC-Ion trap-MS), and their composition was quantified using HPLC-coupled with diode array detector (DAD). Non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and flavonols) were quantified using UHPLC-(ESI)-triple quadrupole (QqQ). A total of 20 anthocyanins, including non-acylated or acylated peonidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin glycosides, were identified. Peonidin 3-caffeoyl-p-hydroxybenzoyl sophoroside-5-glucoside was the major anthocyanin, with the highest level in the ‘Sinjami’ cultivar (outer; 12,366 mg/kg DW, inner; 14,832 mg/kg DW). Additionally, 12 phenolic acids and 6 flavonols (quercetin derivatives) were identified, with the outer layers of all cultivars displaying higher total levels than the inner layers. ‘Sinjami’ and ‘Jami’ had higher phenolic acid and quercetin derivative content and antioxidant activities than the other three cultivars (p < 0.05). Thus, the outer layers of ‘Sinjami’ and ‘Jami’ cultivars could be potential sources of anthocyanins and other phenolics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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21 pages, 3976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Cooking Methods on the Antioxidant Capacity of Foods of Animal Origin Submitted to In Vitro Digestion-Fermentation

by Beatriz Navajas-Porras, Sergio Pérez-Burillo, Álvaro Valverde-Moya, Daniel Hinojosa-Nogueira, Silvia Pastoriza and José Ángel Rufián-Henares

Antioxidants 2021, 10(3), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030445 - 13 Mar 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2649

Abstract

The human body is exposed to oxidative damage to cells and though it has some endogenous antioxidant systems, we still need to take antioxidants from our diet. The main dietary source of antioxidants is vegetables due to their content of different bioactive molecules. [...] Read more.

The human body is exposed to oxidative damage to cells and though it has some endogenous antioxidant systems, we still need to take antioxidants from our diet. The main dietary source of antioxidants is vegetables due to their content of different bioactive molecules. However, there are usually other components of the diet, such as foods of animal origin, that are not often linked to antioxidant capacity. Still, these foods are bound to exert some antioxidant capacity thanks to molecules released during gastrointestinal digestion and gut microbial fermentation. In this work, the antioxidant capacity of 11 foods of animal origin has been studied, submitted to different culinary techniques and to an in vitro digestion and gut microbial fermentation. Results have shown how dairy products potentially provide the highest antioxidant capacity, contributing to 60% of the daily antioxidant capacity intake. On the other hand, most of the antioxidant capacity was released during gut microbial fermentation (90–98% of the total antioxidant capacity). Finally, it was found that the antioxidant capacity of the studied foods was much higher than that reported by other authors. A possible explanation is that digestion–fermentation pretreatment allows for a higher extraction of antioxidant compounds and their transformation by the gut microbiota. Therefore, although foods of animal origin cannot be compared to vegetables in the concentration of antioxidant molecules, the processes of digestion and fermentation can provide some, giving animal origin food some qualities that could have been previously unappreciated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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13 pages, 1006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Mild Oven Cooking Treatments on Carotenoids and Tocopherols of Cheddar and Depurple Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis)

by Ancuta Nartea, Benedetta Fanesi, Pasquale Massimiliano Falcone, Deborah Pacetti, Natale Giuseppe Frega and Paolo Lucci

Antioxidants 2021, 10(2), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020196 - 29 Jan 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2938

Abstract

The effect of steam and sous-vide oven procedures on liposoluble antioxidants of colored cauliflower (orange and purple) was assessed for the first time and compared with domestic practice (boiling). In raw samples, the total carotenoid content was 10-fold higher in Cheddar than in [...] Read more.

The effect of steam and sous-vide oven procedures on liposoluble antioxidants of colored cauliflower (orange and purple) was assessed for the first time and compared with domestic practice (boiling). In raw samples, the total carotenoid content was 10-fold higher in Cheddar than in Depurple (20.9 ± 2.1 vs. 2.3 ± 0.5 mg/kg dry weight), whereas the level of tocopherols was similar (28.5 ± 4.4 vs. 33 ± 5.2 mg/kg dry weight). The Cheddar liposoluble antioxidant matter contained violaxanthin, neoxanthin, α-carotene and δ-tocopherol, not detected in Depurple. All tests increased the bioactive compounds extractability with steam oven and sous-vide displaying similar effects, lower than boiling. In boiled Cheddar cauliflower, the total carotenoids and tocopherols contents increased with cooking time until they were 13-fold and 6-fold more than in raw cauliflower, respectively. Conversely, in the Depurple variety, contents increased by half with respect to the orange variety. However, from a nutritional point of view, no differences were revealed among the three different cooking treatments in terms of vitamin A and E levels expressed in μg/100 g of fresh vegetable because of the higher water content of boiled samples that must be considered when evaluating the effect of thermal treatment on cauliflower nutritional traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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23 pages, 3206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Cooking Methods on the Antioxidant Capacity of Plant Foods Submitted to In Vitro Digestion–Fermentation

by Beatriz Navajas-Porras, Sergio Pérez-Burillo, Álvaro Jesús Valverde-Moya, Daniel Hinojosa-Nogueira, Silvia Pastoriza and José Ángel Rufián-Henares

Antioxidants 2020, 9(12), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121312 - 21 Dec 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4469

Abstract

The antioxidant capacity of foods is essential to complement the body’s own endogenous antioxidant systems. The main antioxidant foods in the regular diet are those of plant origin. Although every kind of food has a different antioxidant capacity, thermal processing or cooking methods [...] Read more.

The antioxidant capacity of foods is essential to complement the body’s own endogenous antioxidant systems. The main antioxidant foods in the regular diet are those of plant origin. Although every kind of food has a different antioxidant capacity, thermal processing or cooking methods also play a role. In this work, the antioxidant capacity of 42 foods of vegetable origin was evaluated after in vitro digestion and fermentation. All foods were studied both raw and after different thermal processing methods, such as boiling, grilling roasting, frying, toasting and brewing. The cooking methods had an impact on the antioxidant capacity of the digested and fermented fractions, allowing the release and transformation of antioxidant compounds. In general, the fermented fraction accounted for up to 80–98% of the total antioxidant capacity. The most antioxidant foods were cocoa and legumes, which contributed to 20% of the daily antioxidant capacity intake. Finally, it was found that the antioxidant capacity of the studied foods was much higher than those reported by other authors since digestion–fermentation pretreatment allows for a higher extraction of antioxidant compounds and their transformation by the gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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16 pages, 2932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Near UV-Vis and NMR Spectroscopic Methods for Rapid Screening of Antioxidant Molecules in Extra-Virgin Olive Oil

by Giulia Vicario, Alessandra Francini, Mario Cifelli, Valentina Domenici and Luca Sebastiani

Antioxidants 2020, 9(12), 1245; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121245 - 08 Dec 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4344

Abstract

Several spectroscopic techniques have been optimized to check extra-virgin olive oil quality and authenticity, as well as to detect eventual adulterations. These methods are usually complementary and can give information about different olive oil chemical components with bioactive and antioxidant properties. In the [...] Read more.

Several spectroscopic techniques have been optimized to check extra-virgin olive oil quality and authenticity, as well as to detect eventual adulterations. These methods are usually complementary and can give information about different olive oil chemical components with bioactive and antioxidant properties. In the present work, a well-characterized set of extra-virgin olive oil (cultivar Frantoio) samples from a specific area of Tuscany (Italy) were investigated by combining near UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to identify and quantify different chemical components, such as pigments, secoiridoids and squalene, related to the nutritional and quality properties of olive oils. Moreover, the pigmentation index of olives, organoleptic and sensory properties, total phenolic compound contents and the lipidic fractions of olive oils were investigated. The results obtained are, finally, compared and discussed in order to correlate several properties of both olives and olive oils with specific features of the cultivation area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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8 pages, 1144 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

A Lesson Learnt from Food Chemistry—Elevated Temperature Triggers the Antioxidant Action of Two Edible Isothiocyanates: Erucin and Sulforaphane

by Jakub Cedrowski, Kajetan Dąbrowa, Agnieszka Krogul-Sobczak and Grzegorz Litwinienko

Antioxidants 2020, 9(11), 1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111090 - 06 Nov 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2412

Abstract

In this communication we demonstrate that two natural isothiocyanates, sulforaphane (SFN) and erucin (ERN), inhibit autoxidation of lipids at 140 °C but not below 100 °C. This effect is due to thermal decomposition of ERN and SFN to sulfenic acids and methylsulfinyl radicals, [...] Read more.

In this communication we demonstrate that two natural isothiocyanates, sulforaphane (SFN) and erucin (ERN), inhibit autoxidation of lipids at 140 °C but not below 100 °C. This effect is due to thermal decomposition of ERN and SFN to sulfenic acids and methylsulfinyl radicals, species able to trap lipidperoxyl radicals. Our observations shed new light on thermal processing of vegetables containing these two isothiocyanates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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14 pages, 1961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent as Extraction Media for the Main Phenolic Compounds from Olive Oil Processing Wastes

by Sonia Bonacci, Maria Luisa Di Gioia, Paola Costanzo, Loredana Maiuolo, Sofia Tallarico and Monica Nardi

Antioxidants 2020, 9(6), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060513 - 11 Jun 2020

Cited by 63 | Viewed by 5668

Abstract

In this new century, sustainable development challenges chemical sciences to develop new and clean technological processes. The agri-food industry produces significant quantities of waste, raising significant economic and environmental concerns. Food waste valorization using environmentally friendly procedures is of increasing importance. This study [...] Read more.

In this new century, sustainable development challenges chemical sciences to develop new and clean technological processes. The agri-food industry produces significant quantities of waste, raising significant economic and environmental concerns. Food waste valorization using environmentally friendly procedures is of increasing importance. This study describes the use of several Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) for the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of valuable bioactive phenolic compounds from olive oil processing wastes. The extracted samples were characterized by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF/MS) analysis and the quantification of the phenolic compounds was performed by HPLC analysis. The obtained data were compared with those obtained using water as the solvent in the same extraction conditions. The extraction process is nontoxic, simple and selective and meets most of the criteria to be considered as a sustainable process, with the solvents arising directly from nature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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32 pages, 1049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Citrus × Clementina Hort. Juice Enriched with Its By-Products (Peels and Leaves): Chemical Composition, In Vitro Bioactivity, and Impact of Processing

by Mariarosaria Leporini, Monica Rosa Loizzo, Vincenzo Sicari, Teresa Maria Pellicanò, Antonella Reitano, Annabelle Dugay, Brigitte Deguin and Rosa Tundis

Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040298 - 03 Apr 2020

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4634

Abstract

This work investigated a model for the reuse of Citrus × clementina Hort. by-products for the development of a functional drink able to exert antioxidant, hypoglycaemic, and hypolipidemic effects. Juice obtained from fruits collected in three different areas of Calabria (Italy) was analysed. [...] Read more.

This work investigated a model for the reuse of Citrus × clementina Hort. by-products for the development of a functional drink able to exert antioxidant, hypoglycaemic, and hypolipidemic effects. Juice obtained from fruits collected in three different areas of Calabria (Italy) was analysed. C. × clementina juice from Corigliano Calabro (JF), characterized by the highest content of bioactive compounds and bioactivity, was chosen as a matrix to be enrichment with hydroalcoholic ultrasound-assisted maceration of C. × clementina leaf from Corigliano Calabro (CO2) and ethanol ultrasound-assisted maceration of C. × clementina peel from Cetraro (BC3) extracts at different concentrations. The highest phytochemical content and bioactivities were found in juice enriched with leaf and leaf + peel extracts, with particular reference to antioxidant activity. In order to estimate the effects of pasteurization, 20% (mg/100 mL) enriched juice was subjected to this process. Based on obtained data of bioactivity and sensorial analysis, C. × clementina by-products could be proposed as a promising source of bioactive compounds useful for the formulation of a functional drink for preventing diseases associated with oxidative stress such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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Review

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18 pages, 2909 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Emerging Technologies on Virgin Olive Oil Processing, Consumer Acceptance, and the Valorization of Olive Mill Wastes

by Maria Pérez, Anallely López-Yerena, Julián Lozano-Castellón, Alexandra Olmo-Cunillera, Rosa M. Lamuela-Raventós, Olga Martin-Belloso and Anna Vallverdú-Queralt

Antioxidants 2021, 10(3), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030417 - 09 Mar 2021

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4785

Abstract

There is a growing consumer preference for high quality extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) with health-promoting and sensory properties that are associated with a higher content of phenolic and volatile compounds. To meet this demand, several novel and emerging technologies are being under [...] Read more.

There is a growing consumer preference for high quality extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) with health-promoting and sensory properties that are associated with a higher content of phenolic and volatile compounds. To meet this demand, several novel and emerging technologies are being under study to be applied in EVOO production. This review provides an update of the effect of emerging technologies (pulsed electric fields, high pressure, ultrasound, and microwave treatment), compared to traditional EVOO extraction, on yield, quality, and/or content of some minor compounds and bioactive components, including phenolic compounds, tocopherols, chlorophyll, and carotenoids. In addition, the consumer acceptability of EVOO is discussed. Finally, the application of these emerging technologies in the valorization of olive mill wastes, whose generation is of concern due to its environmental impact, is also addressed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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19 pages, 354 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Innovative Technologies on the Content of Vitamin C and Its Bioavailability from Processed Fruit and Vegetable Products

by Monika Mieszczakowska-Frąc, Karolina Celejewska and Witold Płocharski

Antioxidants 2021, 10(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010054 - 05 Jan 2021

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 7814

Abstract

Nowadays, thermal treatments are used for extending the shelf-life of vegetable and fruit products by inactivating microorganisms and enzymes. On the other hand, heat treatments often induce undesirable changes in the quality of the final product, e.g., losses of nutrients, color alterations, changes [...] Read more.

Nowadays, thermal treatments are used for extending the shelf-life of vegetable and fruit products by inactivating microorganisms and enzymes. On the other hand, heat treatments often induce undesirable changes in the quality of the final product, e.g., losses of nutrients, color alterations, changes in flavor, and smell. Therefore, the food industry is opening up to new technologies that are less aggressive than thermal treatment to avoid the negative effects of thermal pasteurization. Non-thermal processing technologies have been developed during the last decades as an alternative to thermal food preservation. Processing changes the structure of fruit and vegetables, and hence the bioavailability of the nutrients contained in them. In this review, special attention has been devoted to the effects of modern technologies of fruit and vegetable processing, such as minimal processing (MPFV), high-pressure processing (HPP), high-pressure homogenization (HPH), ultrasounds (US), pulsed electric fields (PEF), on the stability and bioavailability of vitamin C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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Other

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12 pages, 645 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Antioxidants, Food Processing and Health

by Borut Poljsak, Vito Kovač and Irina Milisav

Antioxidants 2021, 10(3), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030433 - 11 Mar 2021

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5776

Abstract

The loss and/or modification of natural antioxidants during various food processing techniques and storage methods, like heat/thermal, UV, pulsed electric field treatment, drying, blanching and irradiation is well described. Antioxidants in their reduced form are modified mainly by oxidation, and less by pyrolysis [...] Read more.

The loss and/or modification of natural antioxidants during various food processing techniques and storage methods, like heat/thermal, UV, pulsed electric field treatment, drying, blanching and irradiation is well described. Antioxidants in their reduced form are modified mainly by oxidation, and less by pyrolysis and hydrolysis. Thus, they are chemically converted from the reduced to an oxidized form. Here we describe the neglected role of the oxidized forms of antioxidants produced during food processing and their effect on health. While natural antioxidants in their reduced forms have many well studied health-promoting characteristics, much less is known about the effects of their oxidized forms and other metabolites, which may have some health benefits as well. The oxidized forms of natural antioxidants affect cell signaling, the regulation of transcription factor activities and other determinants of gene expression. Very low doses may trigger hormesis, resulting in specific health benefits by the activation of damage repair processes and antioxidative defense systems. Functional studies determining the antioxidants’ effects on the organisms are important, especially as reduced or oxidized antioxidants and their metabolites may have additional or synergistic effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods)

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