Antioxidants

Editorial

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4 pages, 213 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Olive Oil Antioxidants

by Catalina Alarcón-de-la-Lastra

Antioxidants 2022, 11(5), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050996 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1301

Abstract

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is the typical source of fats in the Mediterranean diet [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olive Oil Antioxidants)

Research

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19 pages, 4307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactive Compound Profiling of Olive Fruit: The Contribution of Genotype

by Soraya Mousavi, Vitale Stanzione, Roberto Mariotti, Valerio Mastio, Aristotelis Azariadis, Valentina Passeri, Maria Cristina Valeri, Luciana Baldoni and Marina Bufacchi

Antioxidants 2022, 11(4), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040672 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2258

Abstract

The health, therapeutic, and organoleptic characteristics of olive oil depend on functional bioactive compounds, such as phenols, tocopherols, squalene, and sterols. Genotype plays a key role in the diversity and concentration of secondary compounds peculiar to olive. In this study, the most important [...] Read more.

The health, therapeutic, and organoleptic characteristics of olive oil depend on functional bioactive compounds, such as phenols, tocopherols, squalene, and sterols. Genotype plays a key role in the diversity and concentration of secondary compounds peculiar to olive. In this study, the most important bioactive compounds of olive fruit were studied in numerous international olive cultivars during two consecutive seasons. A large variability was measured for each studied metabolite in all 61 olive cultivars. Total phenol content varied on a scale of 1–10 (3831–39,252 mg kg⁻¹) in the studied cultivars. Squalene values fluctuated over an even wider range (1–15), with values of 274 to 4351 mg kg⁻¹. Total sterols ranged from 119 to 969 mg kg⁻¹, and total tocopherols varied from 135 to 579 mg kg⁻¹ in fruit pulp. In the present study, the linkage among the most important quality traits highlighted the scarcity of cultivars with high content of at least three traits together. This work provided sound information on the fruit metabolite profile of a wide range of cultivars, which will facilitate the studies on the genomic regulation of plant metabolites and development of new olive genotypes through genomics-assisted breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olive Oil Antioxidants)

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22 pages, 4893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Squalene Loaded Nanoparticles Effectively Protect Hepatic AML12 Cell Lines against Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in a TXNDC5-Dependent Way

by Seyed Hesamoddin Bidooki, Teresa Alejo, Javier Sánchez-Marco, Roberto Martínez-Beamonte, Roubi Abuobeid, Juan Carlos Burillo, Roberto Lasheras, Victor Sebastian, María J. Rodríguez-Yoldi, Manuel Arruebo and Jesús Osada

Antioxidants 2022, 11(3), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030581 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3557

Abstract

Virgin olive oil, the main source of fat in the Mediterranean diet, contains a substantial amount of squalene which possesses natural antioxidant properties. Due to its highly hydrophobic nature, its bioavailability is reduced. In order to increase its delivery and potentiate its actions, [...] Read more.

Virgin olive oil, the main source of fat in the Mediterranean diet, contains a substantial amount of squalene which possesses natural antioxidant properties. Due to its highly hydrophobic nature, its bioavailability is reduced. In order to increase its delivery and potentiate its actions, squalene has been loaded into PLGA nanoparticles (NPs). The characterization of the resulting nanoparticles was assessed by electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential and high-performance liquid chromatography. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell viability assays were carried out in AML12 (alpha mouse liver cell line) and a TXNDC5-deficient AML12 cell line (KO), which was generated by CRISPR/cas9 technology. According to the results, squalene was successfully encapsulated in PLGA NPs, and had rapid and efficient cellular uptake at 30 µM squalene concentration. Squalene reduced ROS in AML12, whereas ROS levels increased in KO cells and improved cell viability in both when subjected to oxidative stress by significant induction of Gpx4. Squalene enhanced cell viability in ER-induced stress by decreasing Ern1 or Eif2ak3 expressions. In conclusion, TXNDC5 shows a crucial role in regulating ER-induced stress through different signaling pathways, and squalene protects mouse hepatocytes from oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses by several molecular mechanisms depending on TXNDC5. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olive Oil Antioxidants)

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13 pages, 1833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does A Flavoured Extra Virgin Olive Oil Have Higher Antioxidant Properties?

by Enrique Jacobo Díaz-Montaña, María Barbero-López, Ramón Aparicio-Ruiz and María T. Morales

Antioxidants 2022, 11(3), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030550 - 14 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1973

Abstract

Extra virgin olive oil is highly appreciated worldwide for its healthy and organoleptic properties. From the variety of compounds present in the oil, phenols stand out, not only for producing the bitter-pungent perception but also for their antioxidant properties, which contribute to human [...] Read more.

Extra virgin olive oil is highly appreciated worldwide for its healthy and organoleptic properties. From the variety of compounds present in the oil, phenols stand out, not only for producing the bitter-pungent perception but also for their antioxidant properties, which contribute to human health protection. The addition of plants can change the phenolic profile due to a migration of plant antioxidants to the oil. The aim of this work was to study the evolution of the oxidative process of extra virgin olive oil under mild storage conditions for 8 months, monitoring the individual content of 15 phenols by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and the changes of the phenolic profile of the non-flavoured oil compared with the same flavoured (rosemary and basil) oil. The oxidative alteration was more marked in virgin than in flavoured oils, where it happened slowly. Throughout storage, the behaviour of the phenols varied, resulting in a decrease in their concentration, except in the case of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol. The addition of plants had an antioxidant effect, slowing down the oxidative process, which prolongs the shelf life of the flavoured oil compared to the unflavoured oil. Furthermore, multivariate statistical analyses allowed the classification and differentiation of the different samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olive Oil Antioxidants)

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16 pages, 2540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling Virgin Olive Oil Potential Shelf-Life from Antioxidants and Lipid Oxidation Progress

by Vanessa Mancebo-Campos, María Desamparados Salvador and Giuseppe Fregapane

Antioxidants 2022, 11(3), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030539 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2740

Abstract

The development of effective shelf-life prediction models is extremely important for the olive oil industry. This research is the continuation of a previous accelerated shelf-life test at mild temperature (40–60 °C), applied in this case to evaluate the oxidation effect of temperature on [...] Read more.

The development of effective shelf-life prediction models is extremely important for the olive oil industry. This research is the continuation of a previous accelerated shelf-life test at mild temperature (40–60 °C), applied in this case to evaluate the oxidation effect of temperature on minor components (phenols, tocopherol, pigments) to properly complete a shelf-life predictive model. The kinetic behaviour of phenolic compounds, α-tocopherol and pigments during storage of different virgin olive oil samples at different temperatures (25–60 °C) is reported. Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and α-tocopherol fitted to pseudo-zero-order kinetics, whereas secoiridoid derivatives of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, o-diphenols and total phenols apparently followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The temperature-dependent kinetic of phenolic compounds and α-tocopherol were well described by the linear Arrhenius model. The apparent activation energy was calculated. Principal component analysis was used to transform the considered compositional and degradation variables into fewer uncorrelated principal components resulting in 4: “no oxidizable substrate”, “initial oxidation state and conditions”, “free simple phenols”, and “degradation rates”. In addition, multivariate linear regression was used to yield several modelling equations for shelf-life prediction, considering initial composition and experimental variables easily determined in accelerated storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olive Oil Antioxidants)

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22 pages, 3153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extra Virgin Olive Oil Extracts of Indigenous Southern Tuscany Cultivar Act as Anti-Inflammatory and Vasorelaxant Nutraceuticals

by Luca Pozzetti, Francesca Ferrara, Ludovica Marotta, Sandra Gemma, Stefania Butini, Mascia Benedusi, Fabio Fusi, Amer Ahmed, Serena Pomponi, Stefano Ferrari, Matteo Perini, Anna Ramunno, Giacomo Pepe, Pietro Campiglia, Giuseppe Valacchi, Gabriele Carullo and Giuseppe Campiani

Antioxidants 2022, 11(3), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030437 - 22 Feb 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2111

Abstract

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is the typical source of fats in the Mediterranean diet. While fatty acids are essential for the EVOO nutraceutical properties, multiple biological activities are also due to the presence of polyphenols. In this work, autochthonous Tuscany EVOOs were [...] Read more.

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is the typical source of fats in the Mediterranean diet. While fatty acids are essential for the EVOO nutraceutical properties, multiple biological activities are also due to the presence of polyphenols. In this work, autochthonous Tuscany EVOOs were chemically characterized and selected EVOO samples were extracted to obtain hydroalcoholic phytocomplexes, which were assayed to establish their anti-inflammatory and vasorelaxant properties. The polar extracts were characterized via ¹H-NMR and UHPLC-HRMS to investigate the chemical composition and assayed in CaCo-2 cells exposed to glucose oxidase or rat aorta rings contracted by phenylephrine. Apigenin and luteolin were found as representative flavones; other components were pinoresinol, ligstroside, and oleuropein. The extracts showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties via modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways, respectively, and good vasorelaxant activity, both in the presence and absence of an intact endothelium. In conclusion, this study evaluated the nutraceutical properties of autochthonous Tuscany EVOO cv., which showed promising anti-inflammatory and vasorelaxant effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olive Oil Antioxidants)

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12 pages, 4293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenolic Extracts from Extra Virgin Olive Oils Inhibit Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Activity: In Vitro, Cellular, and In Silico Molecular Modeling Investigations

by Carmen Lammi, Martina Bartolomei, Carlotta Bollati, Lorenzo Cecchi, Maria Bellumori, Emanuela Sabato, Vistoli Giulio, Nadia Mulinacci and Anna Arnoldi

Antioxidants 2021, 10(7), 1133; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071133 - 16 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2465

Abstract

Two extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) phenolic extracts (BUO and OMN) modulate DPP-IV activity. The in vitro DPP-IV activity assay was performed at the concentrations of 1, 10, 100, 500, and 1000 μg/mL, showing a dose-dependent inhibition by 6.8 ± 1.9, 17.4 ± [...] Read more.

Two extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) phenolic extracts (BUO and OMN) modulate DPP-IV activity. The in vitro DPP-IV activity assay was performed at the concentrations of 1, 10, 100, 500, and 1000 μg/mL, showing a dose-dependent inhibition by 6.8 ± 1.9, 17.4 ± 6.1, 37.9 ± 2.4, 57.8 ± 2.9, and 81 ± 1.4% for BUO and by 5.4 ± 1.7, 8.9 ± 0.4, 28.4 ± 7.2, 52 ± 1.3, and 77.5 ± 3.5% for OMN. Moreover, both BUO and OMN reduced the DPP-IV activity expressed by Caco-2 cells by 2.9 ± 0.7, 44.4 ± 0.7, 61.2 ± 1.8, and 85 ± 4.2% and by 3 ± 1.9, 35 ± 9.4, 60 ± 7.2, and 82 ± 2.8%, respectively, at the same doses. The concentration of the most abundant and representative secoiridoids within both extracts was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR). Oleuropein, oleacein, oleocanthal, hydroxytyrosol, and tyrosol, tested alone, reduced the DPP-IV activity, with IC₅₀ of 472.3 ± 21.7, 187 ± 11.4, 354.5 ± 12.7, 741.6 ± 35.7, and 1112 ± 55.6 µM, respectively. Finally, in silico molecular docking simulations permitted the study of the binding mode of these compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olive Oil Antioxidants)

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18 pages, 17193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Oleocanthal Supplementation Prevents Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice

by Tatiana Montoya, Marina Sánchez-Hidalgo, María Luisa Castejón, María Ángeles Rosillo, Alejandro González-Benjumea and Catalina Alarcón-de-la-Lastra

Antioxidants 2021, 10(5), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050650 - 23 Apr 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3666

Abstract

Oleocanthal (OLE), a characteristic and exclusive secoiridoid of Oleoaceae family, is mainly found in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Previous studies have reported its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer and neuroprotective effects. Since the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) involves inflammatory and oxidative components, [...] Read more.

Oleocanthal (OLE), a characteristic and exclusive secoiridoid of Oleoaceae family, is mainly found in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Previous studies have reported its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer and neuroprotective effects. Since the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) involves inflammatory and oxidative components, this study was designed to evaluate the preventive role of dietary OLE-supplemented effects in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) murine model. Animals were fed with a preventive OLE-enriched dietary during 6 weeks previous to CIA induction and until the end of experiment time. At day 43 after first immunization, mice were sacrificed: blood was recollected and paws were histological and biochemically processed. Dietary OLE prevented bone, joint and cartilage rheumatic affections induced by collagen. Levels of circulatory matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17, IFN-γ) were significantly decreased in secoiridoid fed animals. Besides, dietary OLE was able to diminish COX-2, mPGES-1 and iNOS protein expressions and, also, PGE₂ levels. The mechanisms underlying these protective effects could be related to Nrf-2/HO-1 axis activation and the inhibition of relevant signaling pathways including JAK-STAT, MAPKs and NF-κB, thus controlling the production of inflammatory and oxidative mediators. Overall, our results exhibit preliminary evidences about OLE, as a novel dietary tool for the prevention of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, such as RA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olive Oil Antioxidants)

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22 pages, 3677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oleacein Attenuates the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis through Both Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects

by Beatriz Gutiérrez-Miranda, Isabel Gallardo, Eleni Melliou, Isabel Cabero, Yolanda Álvarez, Prokopios Magiatis, Marita Hernández and María Luisa Nieto

Antioxidants 2020, 9(11), 1161; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111161 - 21 Nov 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4896

Abstract

Oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines are factors affecting multiple sclerosis (MS) disease progression. Oleacein (OLE), an olive secoiridoid, possesses powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which suggests its potential application to treat neuroinflammatory disorders. Herein, we investigated the impact of OLE on the main [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines are factors affecting multiple sclerosis (MS) disease progression. Oleacein (OLE), an olive secoiridoid, possesses powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which suggests its potential application to treat neuroinflammatory disorders. Herein, we investigated the impact of OLE on the main clinic-pathological features of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS, including paralysis, demyelination, central nervous system (CNS) inflammation/oxidative stress and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Methods: Mice were immunized with the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide, MOG_35-55, to induce EAE, and OLE was administrated from immunization day. Serum, optic nerve, spinal cord and cerebellum were collected to evaluate immunomodulatory activities at a systemic level, as well as within the CNS. Additionally, BV2 microglia and the retinal ganglion cell line RGC-5 were used to confirm the direct effect of OLE on CNS-resident cells. Results: We show that OLE treatment effectively reduced clinical score and histological signs typical of EAE. Histological evaluation confirmed a decrease in leukocyte infiltration, demyelination, BBB disruption and superoxide anion accumulation in CNS tissues of OLE-treated EAE mice compared to untreated ones. OLE significantly decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-13, TNFα, GM-CSF, MCP-1 and IL-1β), while it increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Serum levels of anti-MOG_35-55 antibodies were also lower in OLE-treated EAE mice. Further, OLE significantly diminished the presence of oxidative system parameters, while upregulated the ROS disruptor, Sestrin-3. Mechanistically, OLE prevented NLRP3 expression, phosphorylation of p65-NF-κB and reduced the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators induced by relevant inflammatory stimuli in BV2 cells. OLE did not affect viability or the phagocytic capabilities of BV2 microglia. In addition, apoptosis of RGC-5 induced by oxidative stressors was also prevented by OLE. Conclusion: Altogether, our results show that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory OLE has neuroprotective effects in the CNS of EAE mice, pointing out this natural product as a candidate to consider for research on MS treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olive Oil Antioxidants)

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12 pages, 1269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Evidence of Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Response of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 to Hydroxytyrosol

by Inés Reverón, Laura Plaza-Vinuesa, Laura Santamaría, Juan Carlos Oliveros, Blanca de las Rivas, Rosario Muñoz and Félix López de Felipe

Antioxidants 2020, 9(5), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050442 - 20 May 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2860

Abstract

This study was aimed to gain new insights into the molecular mechanisms used by Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 to respond to hydroxytyrosol (HXT), one of the main and health-relevant plant phenolics present in olive oil. To this goal, whole genome transcriptomic profiling was used [...] Read more.

This study was aimed to gain new insights into the molecular mechanisms used by Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 to respond to hydroxytyrosol (HXT), one of the main and health-relevant plant phenolics present in olive oil. To this goal, whole genome transcriptomic profiling was used to better understand the contribution of differential gene expression in the adaptation to HXT by this microorganism. The transcriptomic profile reveals an HXT-triggered antioxidant response involving genes from the ROS (reactive oxygen species) resistome of L. plantarum, genes coding for H₂S-producing enzymes and genes involved in the response to thiol-specific oxidative stress. The expression of a set of genes involved in cell wall biogenesis was also upregulated, indicating that this subcellular compartment was a target of HXT. The expression of several MFS (major facilitator superfamily) efflux systems and ABC-transporters was differentially affected by HXT, probably to control its transport across the membrane. L. plantarum transcriptionally reprogrammed nitrogen metabolism and involved the stringent response (SR) to adapt to HXT, as indicated by the reduced expression of genes involved in cell proliferation or related to the metabolism of (p)ppGpp, the molecule that triggers the SR. Our data have identified, at genome scale, the antimicrobial mechanisms of HXT action as well as molecular mechanisms that potentially enable L. plantarum to cope with the effects of this phenolic compound. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olive Oil Antioxidants)

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15 pages, 1556 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolomic Study to Evaluate the Transformations of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil’s Antioxidant Phytochemicals during In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion

by Gabriele Rocchetti, Biancamaria Senizza, Gianluca Giuberti, Domenico Montesano, Marco Trevisan and Luigi Lucini

Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040302 - 06 Apr 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3429

Abstract

In this work, different commercial extra-virgin olive oils (EVOO) were subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and the changes in bioactive compounds were evaluated by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, using untargeted metabolomics. As expected, raw EVOO samples were abundant [...] Read more.

In this work, different commercial extra-virgin olive oils (EVOO) were subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and the changes in bioactive compounds were evaluated by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, using untargeted metabolomics. As expected, raw EVOO samples were abundant in total sterols (on average: 3007.4 mg equivalents/kg) and tyrosol equivalents (on average: 334.1 mg equivalents/kg). However, the UHPLC-QTOF screening allowed us to annotate 309 compounds, with a large abundance of sterols (219 compounds), followed by polyphenols (67 compounds) and terpenoids. The in vitro gastrointestinal digestion was found to affect the phytochemical composition of the different EVOO samples. In particular, both unsupervised and supervised statistics depicted the modifications of the bioactive profile following gastric and pancreatic phases. Overall, the compounds which resulted as the most affected by the in vitro digestion were flavonoids (cyanidin and luteolin equivalents), whilst relatively high % bioaccessibility values were recorded for tyrosol equivalents during the pancreatic phase (on average, 66%). In this regard, oleuropein-aglycone (i.e., the major phenolic compound in EVOO) was converted to hydroxytyrosol, moving from an average value of 1.3 (prior to the in vitro digestion) up to 9.7 mg equivalents/kg during the pancreatic step. As proposed in the literature, the increase in hydroxytyrosol might be the result of the combined effect of lipase(s) activity and acidic conditions. Taken together, the present findings corroborate the suitability of untargeted metabolomics coupled to in vitro digestion methods to investigate the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds. In this regard, a significant impact of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on polyphenolic profiles has been detected, thus suggesting the need to account for actual bioaccessibility values rather than just considering the amounts in the raw commodity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olive Oil Antioxidants)

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Review

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19 pages, 1514 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evolution of Flavors in Extra Virgin Olive Oil Shelf-Life

by Paula Garcia-Oliveira, Cecilia Jimenez-Lopez, Catarina Lourenço-Lopes, Franklin Chamorro, Antia Gonzalez Pereira, Anxo Carrera-Casais, Maria Fraga-Corral, Maria Carpena, Jesus Simal-Gandara and Miguel Angel Prieto

Antioxidants 2021, 10(3), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030368 - 28 Feb 2021

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4692

Abstract

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is one of the most distinctive ingredients of the Mediterranean diet. There are many properties related to this golden ingredient, from supreme organoleptic characteristics to benefits for human health. EVOO contains in its composition molecules capable of exerting [...] Read more.

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is one of the most distinctive ingredients of the Mediterranean diet. There are many properties related to this golden ingredient, from supreme organoleptic characteristics to benefits for human health. EVOO contains in its composition molecules capable of exerting bioactivities such as cardio protection, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer activity, among others, mainly caused by unsaturated fatty acids and certain minor compounds such as tocopherols or phenolic compounds. EVOO is considered the highest quality vegetable oil, which also implies a high sensory quality. The organoleptic properties related to the flavor of this valued product are also due to the presence of a series of compounds in its composition, mainly some carbonyl compounds found in the volatile fraction, although some minor compounds such as phenolic compounds also contribute. However, these properties are greatly affected by the incidence of certain factors, both intrinsic, such as the olive variety, and extrinsic, such as the growing conditions, so that each EVOO has a particular flavor. Furthermore, these flavors are susceptible to change under the influence of other factors throughout the oil’s shelf-life, such as oxidation or temperature. This work offers a description of some of the most remarkable compounds responsible for EVOO’s unique flavor and aroma, the factors affecting them, the mechanism that lead to the degradation of EVOO, and how flavors can be altered during the shelf-life of the oil, as well as several strategies suggested for the preservation of this flavor, on which the quality of the product also depends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olive Oil Antioxidants)

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