Research

18 pages, 993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Designing a National Veterinary Prescribing Champion Programme for Welsh Veterinary Practices: The Arwain Vet Cymru Project

by Gwen M. Rees, Alison Bard and Kristen K. Reyher

Antibiotics 2021, 10(3), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10030253 - 03 Mar 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2801

Abstract

Antimicrobial use in agriculture has been identified as an area of focus for reducing overall antimicrobial use and improving stewardship. In this paper, we outline the design of a complex antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) intervention aimed at developing a national Veterinary Prescribing Champion programme [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial use in agriculture has been identified as an area of focus for reducing overall antimicrobial use and improving stewardship. In this paper, we outline the design of a complex antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) intervention aimed at developing a national Veterinary Prescribing Champion programme for Welsh farm animal veterinary practices. We describe the process by which participants were encouraged to design and deliver bespoke individualised AMS activities at practice level by forging participant “champion” identities and communities of practice through participatory and educational online activities. We describe the key phases identified as important when designing this complex intervention, namely (i) involving key collaborators in government and industry to stimulate project engagement; (ii) grounding the design in the literature, the results of stakeholder engagement, expert panel input, and veterinary clinician feedback to promote contextual relevance and appropriateness; and (iii) taking a theoretical approach to implementing intervention design to foster critical psychological needs for participant motivation and scheme involvement. With recruitment of over 80% of all farm animal practices in Wales to the programme, we also describe demographic data of the participating Welsh Veterinary Prescribing Champions in order to inform recruitment and design of future AMS programmes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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13 pages, 1457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Impact of an Educational Antimicrobial Stewardship Program on Management of Patients with Hematological Diseases

by Ana Belén Guisado-Gil, Manuela Aguilar-Guisado, Germán Peñalva, José Antonio Lepe, Ildefonso Espigado, Eduardo Rodríguez-Arbolí, José González-Campos, Nancy Rodríguez-Torres, María Isabel Montero-Cuadrado, José Francisco Falantes-González, Juan Luis Reguera-Ortega, María Victoria Gil-Navarro, José Molina, José-Antonio Pérez-Simón and José Miguel Cisneros

Antibiotics 2021, 10(2), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10020136 - 30 Jan 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2369

Abstract

Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) in hematological patients are especially relevant. However, information about ASPs in this population is scarce. For 11 years, we quarterly assessed antimicrobial consumption and incidence and death rates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bloodstream infections (BSI) in the hematology Department. Healthcare [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) in hematological patients are especially relevant. However, information about ASPs in this population is scarce. For 11 years, we quarterly assessed antimicrobial consumption and incidence and death rates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bloodstream infections (BSI) in the hematology Department. Healthcare activity indicators were also monitored yearly. We performed an interrupted time-series analysis. Antimicrobials showed a sustained reduction with a relative effect of −62.3% (95% CI −84.5 to −40.1) nine years after the inception of the ASP, being especially relevant for antifungals (relative effect −80.4%, −90.9 to −69.9), quinolones (relative effect −85.0%, −102.0 to −68.1), and carbapenems (relative effect −68.8%, −126.0 to −10.6). Incidence density of MDR BSI remained low and stable (mean 1.10 vs. 0.82 episodes per 1000 occupied bed days for the pre-intervention and the ASP period, respectively) with a quarterly percentage of change of −0.3% (95% CI −2.0 to 1.4). Early and late mortality of MDR BSI presented a steady trend (quarterly percentage of change −0.7%, 95% CI −1.7 to 0.3 and −0.6%, 95% CI −1.5 to 0.3, respectively). Volume and complexity of healthcare activity increased over the years. The ASP effectively achieved long-term reductions in antimicrobial consumption and improvements in the prescription profile, without increasing the mortality of MDR BSI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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13 pages, 1552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Antimicrobial Stewardship Activities/Programs in the United Kingdom

by Diane Ashiru-Oredope, Frances Kerr, Stephen Hughes, Jonathan Urch, Marisa Lanzman, Ting Yau, Alison Cockburn, Rakhee Patel, Adel Sheikh, Cairine Gormley, Aneeka Chavda, Tejal Vaghela, Ceri Phillips, Nicholas Reid and Aaron Brady

Antibiotics 2021, 10(2), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10020110 - 23 Jan 2021

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 7569

Abstract

Since first identified in late 2019, the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) and the resulting coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has overwhelmed healthcare systems worldwide, often diverting key resources in a bid to meet unprecedented challenges. To measure its impact on national antimicrobial stewardship [...] Read more.

Since first identified in late 2019, the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) and the resulting coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has overwhelmed healthcare systems worldwide, often diverting key resources in a bid to meet unprecedented challenges. To measure its impact on national antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) activities, a questionnaire was designed and disseminated to antimicrobialstewardship leads in the United Kingdom (UK). Most respondents reported a reduction in AMS activity with 64% (61/95) reporting that COVID-19 had a negative impact on routine AMS activities. Activities reported to have been negatively affected by the pandemic include audit, quality improvement initiatives, education, AMS meetings, and multidisciplinary working including ward rounds. However, positive outcomes were also identified, with technology being increasingly used as a tool to facilitate stewardship, e.g., virtual meetings and ward rounds and increased the acceptance of using procalcitonin tests to distinguish between viral and bacterial infections. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the AMS activities undertaken across the UK. The long-term impact of the reduced AMS activities on incidence of AMR are not yet known. The legacy of innovation, use of technology, and increased collaboration from the pandemic could strengthen AMS in the post-pandemic era and presents opportunities for further development of AMS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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15 pages, 256 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Qualitative Investigation of the Acceptability and Feasibility of a Urinary Tract Infection Patient Information Leaflet for Older Adults and Their Carers

by Leah F. Jones, Heidi Williamson, Petronella Downing, Donna M. Lecky, Diana Harcourt and Cliodna McNulty

Antibiotics 2021, 10(1), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10010083 - 16 Jan 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3205

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can be life threatening in older adults. The aim of this study was to primarily understand the acceptability and feasibility of using a UTI leaflet for older adults in care homes and the community. Qualitative interviews and focus groups [...] Read more.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can be life threatening in older adults. The aim of this study was to primarily understand the acceptability and feasibility of using a UTI leaflet for older adults in care homes and the community. Qualitative interviews and focus groups informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework were conducted in 2019 with 93 participants from two English areas where a UTI leaflet for older adults had been introduced to improve self-care advice. Discussions were conducted with care staff (carers and nurses), older adults, general practice staff (GPs, nurses and health care assistants), and other relevant stakeholders and covered experiences of using the leaflet; its implementation; and barriers and facilitators to use. Participants deemed the leaflet an acceptable tool. Clinicians and care staff believed that having information in writing would reinforce their messages to older adults. Care staff reported that some older adults may find the information overwhelming. Where implemented, care staff used the leaflet as an educational guide. Clinicians requested the leaflet in electronic and paper formats to suit preferences. Implementation barriers included lack of awareness of the leaflet, lack of staffing and resource, and weak working relationships between care homes and general practices. It is recommended that regional strategies must include plans for dissemination to care homes, training, promotion and easy access to the leaflet. Improvements to the leaflet consisted of inclusion of antibiotic course length, D-mannose, atrophic vaginitis and replacement of less alarmist terminology such as ‘life threatening’. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

11 pages, 401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Factors for the Acquisition of Enterococcus faecium Infection and Mortality in Patients with Enterococcal Bacteremia: A 5-Year Retrospective Analysis in a Tertiary Care University Hospital

by Atsushi Uda, Katsumi Shigemura, Koichi Kitagawa, Kayo Osawa, Kenichiro Onuma, Yonmin Yan, Tatsuya Nishioka, Masato Fujisawa, Ikuko Yano and Takayuki Miyara

Antibiotics 2021, 10(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10010064 - 11 Jan 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3456

Abstract

The incidence of bacteremia caused by Enterococcus faecium, which is highly resistant to multiple antibiotics, is increasing in Japan. However, risk factors for the acquisition of E. faecium infection and mortality due to enterococcal bacteremia are not well known. We compared demographic, [...] Read more.

The incidence of bacteremia caused by Enterococcus faecium, which is highly resistant to multiple antibiotics, is increasing in Japan. However, risk factors for the acquisition of E. faecium infection and mortality due to enterococcal bacteremia are not well known. We compared demographic, microbiological, and clinical characteristics using a Cox regression model and univariate analysis. We performed a multivariate analysis to identify risk factors for patients treated between 2014 and 2018. Among 186 patients with enterococcal bacteremia, two groups included in the Kaplan–Meier analysis (E. faecalis (n = 88) and E. faecium (n = 94)) showed poor overall survival in the E. faecium group (HR: 1.92; 95% confidence interval: 1.01–3.66; p = 0.048). The median daily antibiotic cost per patient in the E. faecium group was significantly higher than that in the E. faecalis group ($23 ($13–$34) vs. $34 ($22–$58), p < 0.001). E. faecium strains were more frequently identified with previous use of antipseudomonal penicillins (OR = 4.04, p < 0.001) and carbapenems (OR = 3.33, p = 0.003). Bacteremia from an unknown source (OR = 2.79, p = 0.025) and acute kidney injury (OR = 4.51, p = 0.004) were associated with higher risks of 30-day mortality in patients with enterococcal bacteremia. Therefore, clinicians should provide improved medical management, with support from specialized teams such as those assisting antimicrobial stewardship programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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7 pages, 193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antimicrobial Stewardship: Development and Pilot of an Organisational Peer-to-Peer Review Tool to Improve Service Provision in Line with National Guidance

by Olaolu Oloyede, Emma Cramp and Diane Ashiru-Oredope

Antibiotics 2021, 10(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10010044 - 05 Jan 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1817

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance continues to be a considerable threat to global public health due to the persistent inappropriate use of antibiotics. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs are essential in reducing the growth and spread of antibiotic resistance, in an environment which lacks incentives for the [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance continues to be a considerable threat to global public health due to the persistent inappropriate use of antibiotics. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs are essential in reducing the growth and spread of antibiotic resistance, in an environment which lacks incentives for the development of new antibiotics. Over the years, a variety of resources have been developed to strengthen antimicrobial stewardship. However, the differences in resources available present a challenge for organisations/teams to establish the best resources to utilise for service provision. A peer review tool was formulated using four national documents on AMS and tested through three phases with feedback. A survey method was used to collect feedback on the validity, feasibility, and impact of the AMS peer review tool. Feedback received was positive from the earlier pilots. The tool was found to be useful at identifying areas of good practice and gaps in antimicrobial stewardship across various pilot sites. Feedback suggests the tool is useful for promoting improvements to AMS programs and highlights that the content and features of the tool are appropriate for evaluating stewardship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

11 pages, 629 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program for Wound and Burn Care in Three Hospitals in Nepal

by Varidhi Nauriyal, Shankar Man Rai, Rajesh Dhoj Joshi, Buddhi Bahadur Thapa, Linda Kaljee, Tyler Prentiss, Gina Maki, Basudha Shrestha, Deepak C. Bajracharya, Kshitij Karki, Nilesh Joshi, Arjun Acharya, Laxman Banstola, Suresh Raj Poudel, Anip Joshi, Abhinav Dahal, Niranjan Palikhe, Sachin Khadka, Piyush Giri, Apar Lamichhane and Marcus Zervos Show full author list Hide full author list

Antibiotics 2020, 9(12), 914; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9120914 - 16 Dec 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2889

Abstract

Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs can decrease non-optimal use of antibiotics in hospital settings. There are limited data on AMS programs in burn and chronic wound centers in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). A post-prescription review and feedback (PPRF) program was implemented in three [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs can decrease non-optimal use of antibiotics in hospital settings. There are limited data on AMS programs in burn and chronic wound centers in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). A post-prescription review and feedback (PPRF) program was implemented in three hospitals in Nepal with a focus on wound and burn care. A total of 241 baseline and 236 post-intervention patient chart data were collected from three hospitals. There was a significant decrease in utilizing days of therapy per 1000 patient days (DOT/1000 PD) of penicillin (p = 0.02), aminoglycoside (p < 0.001), and cephalosporin (p = 0.04). Increases in DOT/1000 PD at post-intervention were significant for metronidazole (p < 0.001), quinolone (p = 0.01), and other antibiotics (p < 0.001). Changes in use of antibiotics varied across hospitals, e.g., cephalosporin use decreased significantly at Kirtipur Hospital (p < 0.001) and Pokhara Academy of Health Sciences (p = 0.02), but not at Kathmandu Model Hospital (p = 0.59). An independent review conducted by infectious disease specialists at the Henry Ford Health System revealed significant changes in antibiotic prescribing practices both overall and by hospital. There was a decrease in mean number of intravenous antibiotic days between baseline (10.1 (SD 8.8)) and post-intervention (8.8 (SD 6.5)) (t = 3.56; p < 0.001), but no difference for oral antibiotics. Compared to baseline, over the 6-month post-intervention period, we found an increase in justified use of antibiotics (p < 0.001), de-escalation (p < 0.001), accurate documentation (p < 0.001), and adherence to the study antibiotic prescribing guidelines at 72 h (p < 0.001) and after diagnoses (p < 0.001). The evaluation data presented provide evidence that PPRF training and program implementation can contribute to hospital-based antibiotic stewardship for wound and burn care in Nepal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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12 pages, 216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility and Validity of a Framework for Antimicrobial Stewardship in General Practice: Key Stakeholder Interviews

by Lesley A. Hawes, Jaclyn Bishop, Kirsty Buising and Danielle Mazza

Antibiotics 2020, 9(12), 900; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9120900 - 13 Dec 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2398

Abstract

There is little guidance about developing systems for antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) for general practice. A literature review identified six key components: governance, monitoring of antibiotic prescribing and resistance with feedback to prescribers, consultation support, education of the public and general practitioners, pharmacist and [...] Read more.

There is little guidance about developing systems for antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) for general practice. A literature review identified six key components: governance, monitoring of antibiotic prescribing and resistance with feedback to prescribers, consultation support, education of the public and general practitioners, pharmacist and nurse involvement, and research, which were incorporated into a potential framework for the general practice context. Objectives: to determine the feasibility and validity of the proposed AMS framework. A secondary objective was to identify likely bodies responsible for implementation in Australia. We undertook interviews with 12 key stakeholders from government, research, and professional groups. Data were analysed with a thematic approach. The framework was considered valid and feasible. No clear organisation was identified to lead AMS implementation in general practice. The current volume-based antibiotic prescription monitoring system was considered insufficient. AMS education for the public, further development of GP education, and improved consultation support were strongly recommended. The role of community-based pharmacists and nurses is largely unexplored, but their involvement was recommended. A clear leader to drive AMS in general practice is essential for an action framework to gain traction. Monitoring and feedback of antibiotic prescribing require urgent development to include monitoring of prescribing appropriateness and patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

15 pages, 3278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact and Sustainability of Antibiotic Stewardship in Pediatric Emergency Departments: Why Persistence Is the Key to Success

by Elisa Barbieri, Maia De Luca, Marta Minute, Carmen D’Amore, Marta Luisa Ciofi Degli Atti, Stefano Martelossi, Carlo Giaquinto, Liviana Da Dalt, Theoklis Zaoutis and Daniele Dona

Antibiotics 2020, 9(12), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9120867 - 04 Dec 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2398

Abstract

Antibiotic stewardship programs proved to be effective in improving prescribing appropriateness. This multicenter quasi-experimental study, aimed to assesses the stewardship impact on antibiotics prescribing in different semesters from 2014 to 2019 in three pediatric emergency departments (Center A, B, and C) in Italy. [...] Read more.

Antibiotic stewardship programs proved to be effective in improving prescribing appropriateness. This multicenter quasi-experimental study, aimed to assesses the stewardship impact on antibiotics prescribing in different semesters from 2014 to 2019 in three pediatric emergency departments (Center A, B, and C) in Italy. All consecutive patients diagnosed with acute otitis media or pharyngitis were evaluated for inclusion. Two different stewardship were adopted: for Center A and B, clinical pathways were implemented and disseminated, and yearly lectures were held, for Center C, only pathways were implemented. Broad-spectrum prescription rates decreased significantly by 80% for pharyngitis and 29.5 to 55.2% for otitis after the implementation. In Center C, rates gradually increased from the year after the implementation. Amoxicillin dosage adjusted to pharyngitis recommendations in Center C (53.7 vs. 51.6 mg/kg/die; p = 0.011) and otitis recommendations in Center A increasing from 50.0 to 75.0 mg/kg/die (p < 0.001). Days of therapy in children < 24 months with otitis increased from 8.0 to 10.0 in Center A, while in older children decreased in Center A (8.0 vs. 7.0; p < 0.001) and Center B (10.0 vs. 8.0; p < 0.001). Clinical pathways combined with educational lectures is a feasible and sustainable program in reducing broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing with stable rates over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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13 pages, 2422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness and Acceptance of Multimodal Antibiotic Stewardship Program: Considering Progressive Implementation and Complementary Strategies

by Flavien Bouchet, Vincent Le Moing, Delphine Dirand, François Cros, Alexi Lienard, Jacques Reynes, Laurent Giraudon and David Morquin

Antibiotics 2020, 9(12), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9120848 - 27 Nov 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2153

Abstract

Multiple modes of interventions are available when implementing an antibiotic stewardship program (ASP), however, their complementarity has not yet been assessed. In a 938-bed hospital, we sequentially implemented four combined modes of interventions over one year, centralized by one infectious diseases specialist (IDS): [...] Read more.

Multiple modes of interventions are available when implementing an antibiotic stewardship program (ASP), however, their complementarity has not yet been assessed. In a 938-bed hospital, we sequentially implemented four combined modes of interventions over one year, centralized by one infectious diseases specialist (IDS): (1) on-request infectious diseases specialist consulting service (IDSCS), (2) participation in intensive care unit meetings, (3) IDS intervention triggered by microbiological laboratory meetings, and (4) IDS intervention triggered by pharmacist alert. We assessed the complementarity of the different cumulative actions through quantitative and qualitative analysis of all interventions traced in the electronic medical record. We observed a quantitative and qualitative complementarity between interventions directly correlating to a decrease in antibiotic use. Quantitatively, the number of interventions has doubled after implementation of IDS intervention triggered by pharmacist alert. Qualitatively, these kinds of interventions led mainly to de-escalation or stopping of antibiotic therapy (63%) as opposed to on-request IDSCS (32%). An overall decrease of 14.6% in antibiotic use was observed (p = 0.03). Progressive implementation of the different interventions showed a concrete complementarity of these actions. Combined actions in ASPs could lead to a significant decrease in antibiotic use, especially regarding critical antibiotic prescriptions, while being well accepted by prescribers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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9 pages, 511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of a Rapid Diagnostic Meningitis/Encephalitis Panel on Antimicrobial Use and Clinical Outcomes in Children

by Danielle McDonald, Christina Gagliardo, Stephanie Chiu and M. Cecilia Di Pentima

Antibiotics 2020, 9(11), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110822 - 18 Nov 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2232

Abstract

Rapid molecular diagnostic assays are increasingly used to guide effective antimicrobial therapy. Data on their effectiveness to decrease antimicrobial use in children have been limited and varied. We aimed to assess the impact of the implementation of the FilmArray Meningitis Encephalitis Panel (MEP) [...] Read more.

Rapid molecular diagnostic assays are increasingly used to guide effective antimicrobial therapy. Data on their effectiveness to decrease antimicrobial use in children have been limited and varied. We aimed to assess the impact of the implementation of the FilmArray Meningitis Encephalitis Panel (MEP) on antimicrobial use and outcomes in children. In an observational retrospective study performed at Atlantic Health System (NJ), we sought to evaluate the duration of intravenous antibiotic treatment (days of therapy (DoT)) for patients <21 years of age hospitalized and evaluated for presumptive meningitis or encephalitis before and after the introduction of the MEP. A secondary analysis was performed to determine if recovery of a respiratory pathogen influenced DoT. The median duration of antibiotic therapy prior to the implementation of the MEP was 5 DoT (interquartile range (IQR): 3–6) versus 3 DoT (IQR: 1–5) (p < 0.001) when MEP was performed. The impact was greatest on intravenous third-generation cephalosporin and ampicillin use. We found a reduction in the number of inpatient days associated with the MEP. In the regression analysis, a positive respiratory pathogen panel (RPP) was not a significant predictor of DoT (p = 0.08). Furthermore, we found no significant difference between DoT among patients with negative and positive RPP (p = 0.12). Our study supports the implementation of rapid diagnostics to decrease the utilization of antibiotic therapy among pediatric patients admitted with concerns related to meningitis or encephalitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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11 pages, 545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of a Delayed Prescribing Model to Reduce Antibiotic Prescribing for Suspected Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in a Hospital Outpatient Department, Ghana

by Sam Ghebrehewet, Wendi Shepherd, Edwin Panford-Quainoo, Saran Shantikumar, Valerie Decraene, Rajesh Rajendran, Menaal Kaushal, Afua Akuffo, Dinah Ayerh and George Amofah

Antibiotics 2020, 9(11), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110773 - 04 Nov 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3057

Abstract

Background: High levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Ghana require the exploration of new approaches to optimise antimicrobial prescribing. This study aims to establish the feasibility of implementation of different delayed/back-up prescribing models on antimicrobial prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). [...] Read more.

Background: High levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Ghana require the exploration of new approaches to optimise antimicrobial prescribing. This study aims to establish the feasibility of implementation of different delayed/back-up prescribing models on antimicrobial prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). Methods: This study was part of a quality improvement project at LEKMA Hospital, Ghana, (Dec 2019–Feb 2020). Patients meeting inclusion criteria were assigned to one of four groups (Group 0: No prescription given; Group 1; Patient received post-dated antibiotic prescription; Group 2: Offer of a rapid reassessment of patient by a nurse practitioner after 3 days; and Group 3: Post-dated prescription forwarded to hospital pharmacy). Patients were contacted 10 days afterwards to ascertain wellbeing and actions taken, and patients were asked rate the service on a Likert scale. Post-study informal discussions were conducted with hospital staff. Results: In total, 142 patients met inclusion criteria. Groups 0, 1, 2 and 3 had 61, 16, 44 and 21 patients, respectively. Common diagnosis was sore throat (73%). Only one patient took antibiotics after 3 days. Nearly all (141/142) patients were successfully contacted on day 10, and of these, 102 (72%) rated their experiences as good or very good. Informal discussions with staff revealed improved knowledge of AMR. Conclusions: Delayed/back-up prescribing can reduce antibiotic consumption amongst outpatient department patients with suspected URTIs. Delayed/back-up prescribing can be implemented safely in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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16 pages, 306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A One Health Approach to Strengthening Antimicrobial Stewardship in Wakiso District, Uganda

by David Musoke, Freddy Eric Kitutu, Lawrence Mugisha, Saba Amir, Claire Brandish, Deborah Ikhile, Henry Kajumbula, Ismail Musoke Kizito, Grace Biyinzika Lubega, Filimin Niyongabo, Bee Yean Ng, Jean O’Driscoll, Kate Russell-Hobbs, Jody Winter and Linda Gibson

Antibiotics 2020, 9(11), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110764 - 31 Oct 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6280

Abstract

Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), as one of the global strategies to promote responsible use of antimicrobials to prevent antimicrobial resistance (AMR), remains poor in many low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). We implemented a project aimed at strengthening AMS in Wakiso district, Uganda using a One [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), as one of the global strategies to promote responsible use of antimicrobials to prevent antimicrobial resistance (AMR), remains poor in many low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). We implemented a project aimed at strengthening AMS in Wakiso district, Uganda using a One Health approach. A total of 86 health practitioners (HPs), including animal health workers, and 227 community health workers (CHWs) participated in training workshops, and over 300 pupils from primary schools were sensitized on AMR, AMS, and infection prevention and control (IPC). We further established two multidisciplinary online communities of practice (CoPs) for health professionals and students, with a current membership of 321 and 162, respectively. In addition, a Medicine and Therapeutics Committee (MTC) was set up at Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital. The project evaluation, conducted three months after training, revealed that the majority of the HPs (92.2%) and CHWs (90.3%) reported enhanced practices, including improved hand washing (57.3% and 81.0%, respectively). In addition, 51.5% of the HPs reported a reduction in the quantity of unnecessary antibiotics given per patient. This project demonstrates that AMS interventions using a One Health approach can promote understanding of the prudent use of antimicrobials and improve practices at health facilities and in communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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12 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is Antimicrobial Dosing Adjustment Associated with Better Outcomes in Patients with Severe Obesity and Bloodstream Infections? An Exploratory Study

by Stéphanie Sirard, Claire Nour Abou Chakra, Marie-France Langlois, Julie Perron, Alex Carignan and Louis Valiquette

Antibiotics 2020, 9(10), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9100707 - 16 Oct 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2368

Abstract

The impact of adjusted treatment on clinical outcomes in patients with severe obesity is unclear. This study included adults with severe obesity admitted for bloodstream infections between 2005 and 2015. The patients were grouped according to the percentage of the appropriateness of the [...] Read more.

The impact of adjusted treatment on clinical outcomes in patients with severe obesity is unclear. This study included adults with severe obesity admitted for bloodstream infections between 2005 and 2015. The patients were grouped according to the percentage of the appropriateness of the dosage of their antimicrobial treatment: 80–100% = good, 20–79% = moderate, and 0–19% = poor. The association between antimicrobial adjustment and a composite of unfavourable outcomes [intensive care unit stay ≥72 h, duration of sepsis >3 days, length of stay ≥7 days or all-cause 30-day mortality] was assessed using logistic regression. Of 110 included episodes, the adjustment was rated good in 47 (43%) episodes, moderate in 31 (28%), and poor in 32 (29%). Older age, Pitt bacteremia score ≥2, sepsis on day 1, and infection site were independent risk factors for unfavourable outcomes. The level of appropriateness was not associated with unfavourable outcomes. The number of antimicrobials, consultation with an infectious disease specialist, blood urea nitrogen 7–10.9 mmol/L, and hemodialysis were significantly associated with adjusted antimicrobial dosing. While the severity of the infection had a substantial impact on the measured outcomes, we did not find an association between dosing optimization and better outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

11 pages, 234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing a Sustainable Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) Programme in Ghana: Replicating the Scottish Triad Model of Information, Education and Quality Improvement

by Jacqueline Sneddon, Daniel Afriyie, Israel Sefah, Alison Cockburn, Frances Kerr, Lucie Byrne-Davis and Elaine Cameron

Antibiotics 2020, 9(10), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9100636 - 23 Sep 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3733

Abstract

(1) Background: Our aim was to develop robust and reliable systems for antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) in Keta Municipal Hospital and Ghana Police Hospital. Objectives were to build capacity through training staff in each hospital, establish AMS teams, collect data on antibiotic use and [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Our aim was to develop robust and reliable systems for antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) in Keta Municipal Hospital and Ghana Police Hospital. Objectives were to build capacity through training staff in each hospital, establish AMS teams, collect data on antibiotic use and support local quality improvement initiatives. (2) Methods: The Scottish team visited Ghana hospitals on three occasions and the Ghanaian partners paid one visit to Scotland. Regular virtual meetings and email communication were used between visits to review progress and agree on actions. (3) Results: Multi-professional AMS teams established and met monthly with formal minutes and action plans; point prevalence surveys (PPS) carried out and data collected informed a training session; 60 staff participated in training delivered by the Scottish team and Ghanaian team cascaded training to over 100 staff; evaluation of training impact demonstrated significant positive change in knowledge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and appropriate antibiotic use as well as improved participant attitudes and behaviours towards AMR, their role in AMS, and confidence in using the Ghana Standard Treatment Guidelines and antimicrobial app. (4) Conclusions: Key objectives were achieved and a sustainable model for AMS established in both hospitals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

16 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility Study of the World Health Organization Health Care Facility-Based Antimicrobial Stewardship Toolkit for Low- and Middle-Income Countries

by Gina Maki, Ingrid Smith, Sarah Paulin, Linda Kaljee, Watipaso Kasambara, Jessie Mlotha, Pem Chuki, Priscilla Rupali, Dipendra R. Singh, Deepak C. Bajracharya, Lisa Barrow, Eliaser Johnson, Tyler Prentiss and Marcus Zervos

Antibiotics 2020, 9(9), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090556 - 29 Aug 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3596

Abstract

Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) has emerged as a systematic approach to optimize antimicrobial use and reduce antimicrobial resistance. To support the implementation of AMS programs, the World Health Organization developed a draft toolkit for health care facility AMS programs in low- and middle-income countries. [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) has emerged as a systematic approach to optimize antimicrobial use and reduce antimicrobial resistance. To support the implementation of AMS programs, the World Health Organization developed a draft toolkit for health care facility AMS programs in low- and middle-income countries. A feasibility study was conducted in Bhutan, the Federated States of Micronesia, Malawi, and Nepal to obtain local input on toolkit content and implementation of AMS programs. This descriptive qualitative study included semi-structured interviews with national- and facility-level stakeholders. Respondents identified AMS as a priority and perceived the draft toolkit as a much-needed document to further AMS program implementation. Facilitators for implementing AMS included strong national and facility leadership and clinical staff engagement. Barriers included lack of human and financial resources, inadequate regulations for prescription antibiotic sales, and insufficient AMS training. Action items for AMS implementation included improved laboratory surveillance, establishment of a stepwise approach for implementation, and mechanisms for reporting and feedback. Recommendations to improve the AMS toolkit’s content included additional guidance on defining the responsibilities of the committees and how to prioritize AMS programming based on local context. The AMS toolkit was perceived to be an important asset as countries and health care facilities move forward to implement AMS programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

14 pages, 382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Access to Antimicrobial Prescribing Guidelines in 4 African Countries: Development and Pilot Implementation of an App and Cross-Sectional Assessment of Attitudes and Behaviour Survey of Healthcare Workers and Patients

by Omotayo Olaoye, Chloe Tuck, Wei Ping Khor, Roisin McMenamin, Luke Hudson, Mike Northall, Edwin Panford-Quainoo, Derrick Mawuena Asima and Diane Ashiru-Oredope

Antibiotics 2020, 9(9), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090555 - 29 Aug 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5044

Abstract

Smartphone apps have proven to be an effective and acceptable resource for accessing information on antimicrobial prescribing. The purpose of the study is to highlight the development and implementation of a smartphone/mobile app (app) for antimicrobial prescribing guidelines (the Commonwealth Partnerships for Antimicrobial [...] Read more.

Smartphone apps have proven to be an effective and acceptable resource for accessing information on antimicrobial prescribing. The purpose of the study is to highlight the development and implementation of a smartphone/mobile app (app) for antimicrobial prescribing guidelines (the Commonwealth Partnerships for Antimicrobial Stewardship—CwPAMS App) in Ghana, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia and to evaluate patients’ and healthcare providers’ perspectives on the use of the App in one of the participating institutions. Two structured cross-sectional questionnaires containing Likert scale, multiple-choice, and open-ended questions were issued to patients and healthcare workers six months after the introduction of the app at one of the hospital sites. Metrics of the use of the app for a one-year period were also obtained. Download and use of the app peaked between September and November 2019 with pharmacists accounting for the profession that the most frequently accessed the app. More than half of the responding patients had a positive attitude to the use of the app by health professionals. Results also revealed that more than 80% of health care workers who had used the CwPAMS App were comfortable using a smartphone/mobile device on a ward round, considered the app very useful, and found it to improve their awareness of antimicrobial stewardship, including documentation of the indication and duration for antimicrobials on the drug chart. It also encouraged pharmacists and nurses to challenge inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing. Overall, our findings suggest that its use as a guide to antimicrobial prescribing sparked positive responses from patients and health professionals. Further studies will be useful in identifying the long-term consequences of the use of the CwPAMS App and scope to implement in other settings, in order to guide future innovations and wider use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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9 pages, 641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effective Treatment for Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections with Oral Fosfomycin, Single Center Four Year Retrospective Study

by Miroslav Fajfr, Michal Balik, Eva Cermakova and Pavel Bostik

Antibiotics 2020, 9(8), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080511 - 13 Aug 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3547

Abstract

Fosfomycin represents a relatively old antibiotic, but it is experiencing a comeback in recent years. According to some studies, the increasing therapeutic use of this drug led to a rapid increase in the levels of resistance in bacteria causing urinary tract infection. In [...] Read more.

Fosfomycin represents a relatively old antibiotic, but it is experiencing a comeback in recent years. According to some studies, the increasing therapeutic use of this drug led to a rapid increase in the levels of resistance in bacteria causing urinary tract infection. In the presented study, levels of resistance to fosfomycin in more than 3500 bacterial isolates before and after fosfomycin introduction into therapeutic use in the Czech Republic and the clinical efficacy of treatment in 300 patients using this drug were assessed. The results show that the resistance levels to fosfomycin in Escherichia coli isolates before and after the drug registration were not significantly different (3.4% and 4.4%, respectively). In some other Gram-negative rods, such as otherwise susceptible Enterobacter, resistance to fosfomycin increased significantly from 45.6% to 76.6%. Fosfomycin treatment of urinary tract infections showed an excellent seven-day clinical efficacy (79.7%). However, when used to treat recurrent or complicated urinary tract infections, fosfomycin treatment was associated with high levels of infection relapse, leading to relapse in a total of 20.4% of patients during the first two months. This indicates that fosfomycin exhibits good efficacy only for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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12 pages, 634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of the WHO Approved “Tailoring Antimicrobial Resistance Programs (TAP)” Reduces Patients’ Request for Antibiotics

by Nasser M. Kaplan, Yousef S. Khader, Mahmoud A. Alfaqih, Rami Saadeh and Lora Al Sawalha

Antibiotics 2020, 9(8), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080507 - 12 Aug 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6532

Abstract

The misuse of antibiotics is a worldwide public health concern. Behavioral Intervention programs that aim to reduce patients’ own request for antibiotics during their visit to primary care clinics is an attractive strategy to combat this problem. We tested the effectiveness of a [...] Read more.

The misuse of antibiotics is a worldwide public health concern. Behavioral Intervention programs that aim to reduce patients’ own request for antibiotics during their visit to primary care clinics is an attractive strategy to combat this problem. We tested the effectiveness of a behavioral modification method known as the Tailoring Antimicrobial resistance Programs (TAP) in reducing the request for antibiotics by patients visiting primary care clinics for mild upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). A stratified cluster randomized design with two groups pre-post, comparing intervention with the control, was conducted in six health centers. TAP was implemented for eight weeks. Request for antibiotics was assessed before (period 1) and after introducing TAP (period 2). The percentage of patients or their escorts who requested antibiotics in period 1 was 59.7% in the control group and 60.2% in the intervention group. The percentage of patients who requested antibiotics did not significantly change between period 1 and 2 in the control group, who continued to receive the standard of care. The above percentage significantly decreased in the intervention group from 60.2% to 38.5% (p < 0.05). We conclude that behavioral change programs including TAP are a viable alternative strategy to address antibiotic misuse in Jordan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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16 pages, 679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Veterinarians Towards Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship in Nigeria

by Usman O. Adekanye, Abel B. Ekiri, Erika Galipó, Abubakar Bala Muhammad, Ana Mateus, Roberto M. La Ragione, Aliyu Wakawa, Bryony Armson, Erik Mijten, Ruth Alafiatayo, Gabriel Varga and Alasdair J. C. Cook

Antibiotics 2020, 9(8), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080453 - 28 Jul 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5680

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health concern and the inappropriate use of antibiotics in animals and humans is considered a contributing factor. A cross-sectional survey to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of veterinarians regarding AMR and antimicrobial stewardship was conducted in [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health concern and the inappropriate use of antibiotics in animals and humans is considered a contributing factor. A cross-sectional survey to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of veterinarians regarding AMR and antimicrobial stewardship was conducted in Nigeria. A total of 241 respondents completed an online survey. Only 21% of respondents correctly defined the term antimicrobial stewardship and 59.8% were unaware of the guidelines provided by the Nigeria AMR National Action Plan. Over half (51%) of the respondents indicated that prophylactic antibiotic use was appropriate when farm biosecurity was poor. Only 20% of the respondents conducted antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) frequently, and the unavailability of veterinary laboratory services (82%) and the owner’s inability to pay (72%) were reported as key barriers to conducting AST. The study findings suggest strategies focusing on the following areas may be useful in improving appropriate antibiotic use and antimicrobial stewardship among veterinarians in Nigeria: increased awareness of responsible antimicrobial use among practicing and newly graduated veterinarians, increased dissemination of regularly updated antibiotic use guidelines, increased understanding of the role of good biosecurity and vaccination practices in disease prevention, and increased provision of laboratory services and AST at affordable costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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16 pages, 1910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Opportunities and Challenges for Improving Anti-Microbial Stewardship in Low- and Middle-Income Countries; Lessons Learnt from the Maternal Sepsis Intervention in Western Uganda

by Louise Ackers, Gavin Ackers-Johnson, Maaike Seekles, Joe Odur and Samuel Opio

Antibiotics 2020, 9(6), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9060315 - 09 Jun 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4455

Abstract

This paper presents findings from an action-research intervention designed to identify ways of improving antimicrobial stewardship in a Ugandan Regional Referral Hospital. Building on an existing health partnership and extensive action-research on maternal health, it focused on maternal sepsis. Sepsis is one of [...] Read more.

This paper presents findings from an action-research intervention designed to identify ways of improving antimicrobial stewardship in a Ugandan Regional Referral Hospital. Building on an existing health partnership and extensive action-research on maternal health, it focused on maternal sepsis. Sepsis is one of the main causes of maternal mortality in Uganda and surgical site infection, a major contributing factor. Post-natal wards also consume the largest volume of antibiotics. The findings from the Maternal Sepsis Intervention demonstrate the potential for remarkable changes in health worker behaviour through multi-disciplinary engagement. Nurses and midwives create the connective tissue linking pharmacy, laboratory scientists and junior doctors to support an evidence-based response to prescribing. These multi-disciplinary ‘huddles’ form a necessary, but insufficient, grounding for active clinical pharmacy. The impact on antimicrobial stewardship and maternal mortality and morbidity is ultimately limited by very poor and inconsistent access to antibiotics and supplies. Insufficient and predictable stock-outs undermine behaviour change frustrating health workers’ ability to exercise their knowledge and skill for the benefit of their patients. This escalates healthcare costs and contributes to anti-microbial resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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Review

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15 pages, 1447 KiB

Open AccessReview

Are Follow-Up Blood Cultures Useful in the Antimicrobial Management of Gram Negative Bacteremia? A Reappraisal of Their Role Based on Current Knowledge

by Francesco Cogliati Dezza, Ambrogio Curtolo, Lorenzo Volpicelli, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Alessandra Oliva and Mario Venditti

Antibiotics 2020, 9(12), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9120895 - 11 Dec 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5336

Abstract

Bloodstream infections still constitute an outstanding cause of in-hospital morbidity and mortality, especially among critically ill patients. Follow up blood cultures (FUBCs) are widely recommended for proper management of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. infections. On the other hand, their role is still [...] Read more.

Bloodstream infections still constitute an outstanding cause of in-hospital morbidity and mortality, especially among critically ill patients. Follow up blood cultures (FUBCs) are widely recommended for proper management of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. infections. On the other hand, their role is still a matter of controversy as far as Gram negative bacteremias are concerned. We revised, analyzed, and commented on the literature addressing this issue, to define the clinical settings in which the application of FUBCs could better reveal its value. The results of this review show that critically ill patients, endovascular and/or non-eradicable source of infection, isolation of a multi-drug resistant pathogen, end-stage renal disease, and immunodeficiencies are some factors that may predispose patients to persistent Gram negative bacteremia. An analysis of the different burdens that each of these factors have in this clinical setting allowed us to suggest which patients’ FUBCs have the potential to modify treatment choices, prompt an early source control, and finally, improve clinical outcome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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13 pages, 803 KiB

Open AccessReview

Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions of Medical Students on Antimicrobial Stewardship

by Panagiotis Efthymiou, Despoina Gkentzi and Gabriel Dimitriou

Antibiotics 2020, 9(11), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110821 - 17 Nov 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4161

Abstract

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is an ongoing threat to modern medicine throughout the world. The World Health Organisation has emphasized the importance of adequate and effective training of medical students in wise prescribing of antibiotics Furthermore, Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) has been recognized as a [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is an ongoing threat to modern medicine throughout the world. The World Health Organisation has emphasized the importance of adequate and effective training of medical students in wise prescribing of antibiotics Furthermore, Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) has been recognized as a rapidly growing field in medicine that sets a goal of rational use of antibiotics in terms of dosing, duration of therapy and route of administration. We undertook the current review to systematically summarize and present the published data on the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of medical students on AMS. We reviewed all studies published in English from 2007 to 2020. We found that although medical students recognize the problem of AMR, they lack basic knowledge regarding AMR. Incorporating novel and effective training methods on all aspects of AMS and AMR in the Medical Curricula worldwide is of paramount importance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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17 pages, 529 KiB

Open AccessReview

Transitioning of Helicobacter pylori Therapy from Trial and Error to Antimicrobial Stewardship

by David Y. Graham

Antibiotics 2020, 9(10), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9100671 - 03 Oct 2020

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 3262

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori is the only major infection for which antimicrobial therapy is not designed using the principles of antimicrobial stewardship. Traditionally, antimicrobial therapy is a susceptibility-based therapy, achieves high cure rates, and includes surveillance programs to regularly provide updated data regarding resistance, outcomes, [...] Read more.

Helicobacter pylori is the only major infection for which antimicrobial therapy is not designed using the principles of antimicrobial stewardship. Traditionally, antimicrobial therapy is a susceptibility-based therapy, achieves high cure rates, and includes surveillance programs to regularly provide updated data regarding resistance, outcomes, and treatment guidelines. Current H. pylori therapies identified by trial-and-error, and treatment recommendations and guidelines are based on comparisons among regimens that rarely take into account the prevalence or effect of resistance. The majority of patients currently treated achieve suboptimal results. A paradigm shift is required to abandon current approaches and embrace antimicrobial stewardship, and therefore reliably achieve high cure rates; develop, propagate, and update best practice guidelines; and provide surveillance of local or regional susceptibility/resistance patterns. These also require timely updates to clinicians regarding the current status of resistance, antimicrobial effectiveness, and ways to prevent antimicrobial misuse to extend the useful life of currently available antibiotics. Here, we discuss the differences among current approaches to H. pylori therapy and antimicrobial stewardship and identify what is required to achieve the transition. Conceptually, the differences are significant, and the transition will likely need to be both abrupt and complete. Recommendations for therapy during the transition period are given. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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13 pages, 253 KiB

Open AccessReview

Update on Acute Bone and Joint Infections in Paediatrics: A Narrative Review on the Most Recent Evidence-Based Recommendations and Appropriate Antinfective Therapy

by Giovanni Autore, Luca Bernardi and Susanna Esposito

Antibiotics 2020, 9(8), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080486 - 06 Aug 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5006

Abstract

Acute bone and joint infections (BJIs) in children may clinically occur as osteomyelitis (OM) or septic arthritis (SA). In clinical practice, one-third of cases present a combination of both conditions. BJIs are usually caused by the haematogenous dissemination of septic emboli carried to [...] Read more.

Acute bone and joint infections (BJIs) in children may clinically occur as osteomyelitis (OM) or septic arthritis (SA). In clinical practice, one-third of cases present a combination of both conditions. BJIs are usually caused by the haematogenous dissemination of septic emboli carried to the terminal blood vessels of bone and joints from distant infectious processes during transient bacteraemia. Early diagnosis is the cornerstone for the successful management of BJI, but it is still a challenge for paediatricians, particularly due to its nonspecific clinical presentation and to the poor specificity of the laboratory and imaging first-line tests that are available in emergency departments. Moreover, microbiological diagnosis is often difficult to achieve with common blood cultures, and further investigations require invasive procedures. The aim of this narrative review is to provide the most recent evidence-based recommendations on appropriate antinfective therapy in BJI in children. We conducted a review of recent literature by examining the MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) database using the search engines PubMed and Google Scholar. The keywords used were “osteomyelitis”, OR “bone infection”, OR “septic arthritis”, AND “p(a)ediatric” OR “children”. When BJI diagnosis is clinically suspected or radiologically confirmed, empiric antibiotic therapy should be started as soon as possible. The choice of empiric antimicrobial therapy is based on the most likely causative pathogens according to patient age, immunisation status, underlying disease, and other clinical and epidemiological considerations, including the local prevalence of virulent pathogens, antibiotic bioavailability and bone penetration. Empiric antibiotic treatment consists of a short intravenous cycle based on anti-staphylococcal penicillin or a cephalosporin in children aged over 3 months with the addition of gentamicin in infants aged under 3 months. An oral regimen may be an option depending on the bioavailability of antibiotic chosen and clinical and laboratory data. Strict clinical and laboratory follow-up should be scheduled for the following 3–5 weeks. Further studies on the optimal therapeutic approach are needed in order to understand the best first-line regimen, the utility of biomarkers for the definition of therapy duration and treatment of complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

12 pages, 236 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

The Need for Ongoing Antimicrobial Stewardship during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Actionable Recommendations

by Wei Ping Khor, Omotayo Olaoye, Nikki D’Arcy, Eva M. Krockow, Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy, Victoria Rutter and Diane Ashiru-Oredope

Antibiotics 2020, 9(12), 904; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9120904 - 14 Dec 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5519

Abstract

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which has significant impact on global health care delivery, occurs amid the ongoing global health crisis of antimicrobial resistance. Early data demonstrated that bacterial and fungal co-infection with COVID-19 remain low and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials during the [...] Read more.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which has significant impact on global health care delivery, occurs amid the ongoing global health crisis of antimicrobial resistance. Early data demonstrated that bacterial and fungal co-infection with COVID-19 remain low and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials during the pandemic may worsen antimicrobial resistance It is, therefore, essential to maintain the ongoing effort of antimicrobial stewardship activities in all sectors globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship, 1st Volume)

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