Submit to Antibiotics Review for Antibiotics Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Plant Extracts

Print Special Issue Flyer
Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Keywords
Published Papers

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382). This special issue belongs to the section "Novel Antimicrobial Agents".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 27184

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Delia Muntean

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Microbiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
Interests: antibacterial resistance; hospital-acquired infections; new antimicrobial compounds
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Silvana Vulpie

E-Mail
Guest Editor

Department of Microbiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
Interests: antibacterial resistance; hospital-acquired infections; new antimicrobial compounds

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Medicinal plants have been a very important source of medicinal products for millennia. A significant number of drugs used in the medicine of the 21st century have been developed from vegetal sources. Traditionally, plants have been used for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects. Identifying, testing, and implementing the use of new molecules in the current therapeutic protocols is a very complex, time-consuming, and expensive process. In many situations, the attention is directed towards the study of plant extracts as it is very well known that in some cases the activity of the phytocomplex is superior to that of pure phytochemicals due to the synergism of the molecular structures.

The purpose of this Special Issue, entitled Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of from Plant Extracts, is to provide an update regarding the phytochemical composition of plant extracts, along with studies regarding their antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Original articles based on experimental or clinical research and reviews are welcome.

The main topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plant extracts;
Natural compounds with antioxidant and antibacterial activity;
New therapeutic alternatives for infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria.

Prof. Dr. Delia Muntean
Dr. Silvana Vulpie
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antibiotics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

plant extracts
essential oils
bioactive molecules
antibacterial activity
antioxidant activity
infections
multidrug resistant organisms
biofilm

Published Papers (10 papers)

Download All Papers

Order results

Result details

Show export options Show export options

Select all

Export citation of selected articles as:

Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

2 pages, 174 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Plant Extracts

by Delia Muntean and Silvana Vulpie

Antibiotics 2023, 12(7), 1176; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12071176 - 12 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2030

Abstract

Medicinal plants have been a very important source of medicinal products for millennia [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Plant Extracts)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

11 pages, 509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition of the Cinnamomum malabatrum Leaf Essential Oil and Analysis of Its Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitory and Antibacterial Activities

by Aswathi Moothakoottil Kuttithodi, Arunaksharan Narayanankutty, Naduvilthara U. Visakh, Joice Tom Job, Berin Pathrose, Opeyemi Joshua Olatunji, Ahmed Alfarhan and Varsha Ramesh

Antibiotics 2023, 12(5), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050940 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1706

Abstract

Cinnamomum species are a group of plants belonging to the Lauraceae family. These plants are predominantly used as spices in various food preparations and other culinary purposes. Furthermore, these plants are attributed to having cosmetic and pharmacological potential. Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm. f.) J. Presl is an underexplored plant in the Cinnamomum genus. The present study evaluated the chemical composition by a GC-MS analysis and antioxidant properties of the essential oil from C. malabatrum (CMEO). Further, the pharmacological effects were determined as radical quenching, enzyme inhibition and antibacterial activity. The results of the GC-MS analysis indicated the presence of 38.26 % of linalool and 12.43% of caryophyllene in the essential oil. Furthermore, the benzyl benzoate (9.60%), eugenol (8.75%), cinnamaldehyde (7.01%) and humulene (5.32%) were also present in the essential oil. The antioxidant activity was indicated by radical quenching properties, ferric-reducing potential and lipid peroxidation inhibition ex vivo. Further, the enzyme-inhibitory potential was confirmed against the enzymes involved in diabetes and diabetic complications. The results also indicated the antibacterial activity of these essential oils against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration analysis revealed a higher antibacterial potential for C. malabatrum essential oil. Overall, the results identified the predominant chemical compounds of C. malabatrum essential oil and its biological and pharmacological effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Plant Extracts)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 3462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Bioactive De-Chlorophyll Rhein-Rich Senna alata Extract

by Wah Wah Aung, Kanokpon Panich, Suchawalee Watthanophas, Sutada Naridsirikul, Juthaporn Ponphaiboon, Wantanwa Krongrawa, Pattranit Kulpicheswanich, Sontaya Limmatvapirat and Chutima Limmatvapirat

Antibiotics 2023, 12(1), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010181 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2379

Abstract

Senna alata leaves display various biological activities as a result of their rhein and phenolic composition. The objective of this study was to develop bioactive de-chlorophyll rhein-rich S. alata extracts. The rhein content was quantified using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC–DAD) method. The best process parameters for maximizing rhein were established using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The optimal conditions for the parameters were determined using the Box–Behnken design (BBD); 95% v/v ethanol was used as the extraction solvent at 59.52 °C for 18.4 min with a solvent-to-solid ratio of 25.48:1 (mL/g) to obtain the predicted value of rhein at 10.44 mg/g extract. However, the color of the rhein-rich extract remained dark brown. For the removal of chlorophyll, liquid–liquid extraction with vegetable oils and adsorption with bleaching agents were employed. The bleaching agents were significantly more effective at removing chlorophyll and had less of an effect on the reduction in rhein content than vegetable oils. The presence of rhein and phenolics in the de-chlorophyll extracts might be responsible for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. These findings indicate that rhein-rich extract and its de-chlorophyll extracts possess sufficient biological activities for the further development of cosmeceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Plant Extracts)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition, Antioxidants, Antibacterial, and Insecticidal Activities of Origanum elongatum (Bonnet) Emberger & Maire Aerial Part Essential Oil from Morocco

by Imane Tagnaout, Hannou Zerkani, Noureddine Bencheikh, Smail Amalich, Mohamed Bouhrim, Ramzi A. Mothana, Mohammed R. Alhuzani, Rachid Bouharroud, Christophe Hano and Touriya Zair

Antibiotics 2023, 12(1), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010174 - 14 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2341

Abstract

The aim of this research is to profile the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) extracted from the aerial parts of Origanum elongatum (O. elongatum) and to evaluate its antioxidant, antibacterial and insecticidal activities on Ceratitis capitata adults. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed a total of 27 constituents in EO of O. elongatum, which accounted for 99.08% of its constituents. Carvacrol (57.32%) was a main component, followed by p-cymene (14.70%) and γ-terpinene (9.84%). The antioxidant activity of O. elongatum EO was investigated using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power), and TCA (the total antioxidant capacity) methods. This EO exhibited a remarkable antiradical and reducing power against DPPH (IC₅₀ = 2.855 ± 0.018μL/mL), FRAP (EC_0.5 = 0.124 ± 0.013µL/mL) and TCA (IC₅₀ = 14.099 ± 0.389 mg AAE/g of the EO). The antibacterial tests in vitro, using the disc and dilution methods, were carried out on nine pathogenic bacteria isolated from the hospital patients, such as Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia fonticola, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinétobacter baumannii, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae sensible, E.coli sensible, E.coli resistante, and Enterobacter aerogenes. The EO demonstrated a considerable antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) from 2 to 8 µL/mL against all strains except Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 32 µL/mL). Regarding the insecticidal activity, the fumigation test indicated a high efficacy (100% mortality), and a lethal dose of LD₅₀ = 17 ± 0.53 μL/L air was found after 24 h of exposureTherefore, O. elongatum EO could be utilized as a natural antioxidant, antibiotic and biopesticides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Plant Extracts)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Effect of 16 Essential Oils and Modulation of mex Efflux Pumps Gene Expression on Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates: Is Cinnamon a Good Fighter?

by Răzvan Lucian Coșeriu, Camelia Vintilă, Mirela Pribac, Anca Delia Mare, Cristina Nicoleta Ciurea, Radu Ovidiu Togănel, Anca Cighir, Anastasia Simion and Adrian Man

Antibiotics 2023, 12(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010163 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3787

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to describe the antimicrobial activity of 16 common essential oils (EOs) on multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates, including the determination of the effects on mex efflux pumps gene expression. Seventy-two clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa collected between 2020–2022 were screened for susceptibility to EOs using Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion to identify potential candidates for future alternative therapies. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was further determined for the EO that proved antibacterial activity following the disk diffusion screening. Positive and negative controls were also used for method validation. Since cinnamon EO exhibited the best antimicrobial activity, it was further used to evaluate its influence on mex A, B, C, E, and X efflux pumps gene expression using real-time RT-PCR. Cinnamon EO inhibited all P. aeruginosa strains, followed by thyme EO (37.5%, n = 27) and lavender EO (12.5%, n = 9). The other EOs were less efficient. The MIC detection showed that cinnamon at a concentration of 0.05% v/v inhibited all MDR P. aeruginosa isolates. Thyme, turmeric, peppermint, basil, clove, and lavender EOs presented various results, most of them having activity at concentrations higher than 12.5% v/v. By studying the activity of cinnamon EO on mex efflux pumps, it was found that mexA and mexB (66.5%) were generally under-expressed. The remarkable results produced using the very low concentrations of cinnamon EO, with 100% antimicrobial activity against multi-, extended-, and pan- drug-resistant (MDR, XDR, PDR) P. aeruginosa clinical isolates, completed with the severe alteration of the RNA messaging system, supports its potential to be used as adjuvant treatment, with impact on therapeutic results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Plant Extracts)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 4080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Studies Regarding the Antimicrobial Behavior of Clotrimazole and Limonene

by Verginica Schroder, Nicoleta Radu, Petruta Calina Cornea, Oana Andreia Coman, Lucia Camelia Pirvu, Mohammed Shaymaa Omar Mohammed, Amalia Stefaniu, Lucia Pintilie, Marinela Bostan, Mihai Dan Caramihai and Viviana Roman

Antibiotics 2022, 11(12), 1816; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121816 - 14 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2026

Abstract

The paper presents the results of the studies performed to establish the effect of the mixtures between limonene and clotrimazole against microbial pathogens involved in dermatological diseases, such as Candida albicans, Staphyloccocus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Preliminary data obtained from the studies performed in microplates revealed a possible synergism between the mixture of clotrimazole and limonene for Staphylococcus aureus. Studies performed “in silico” with programs such as CLC Drug Discovery Workbench and MOLEGRO Virtual Docker, gave favorable scores for docking each compound on a specific binding site for each microorganism. The tests performed for validation, with the clotrimazole (0.1%) and different sources of limonene (1.9% citrus essential oils), showed a synergistic effect on Staphylococcus aureus in the case of the mixtures between clotrimazole and the essential oils of Citrus reticulata or Citrus paradisi. The studies performed on Staphylococcus aureus MRSA showed a synergistic effect between clotrimazole and the essential oils obtained from Citrus bergamia, Citrus aurantium, or Citrus paradisi. In the case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, essential oils and clotrimazole used alone did not exhibit antimicrobial activities, but the mixtures between clotrimazole and the essential oils of Citrus bergamia or Citrus sinensis exhibited a synergistic antimicrobial effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Plant Extracts)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3851 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effects of Glycyrrhiza Total Flavones on Liver Injury Induced by Streptococcus agalactiae in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

by Jinliang Du, Liping Cao, Jiancao Gao, Rui Jia, Haojun Zhu, Zhijuan Nie, Bingwen Xi, Guojun Yin, Yuzhong Ma and Gangchun Xu

Antibiotics 2022, 11(11), 1648; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111648 - 18 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1584

Abstract

Clinical studies have confirmed that Glycyrrhiza total flavones (GTFs) have good anti-hepatic injury, but whether they have a good protective effect on anti-hepatic injury activity induced by Streptococcus agalactiae in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is unknown. The aims of this study were to investigate the protective effects of Glycyrrhiza total flavones on liver injury induced by S. agalactiae (SA) and its underlying mechanism in fish. A total of 150 tilapia were randomly divided into five groups, each with three replicates containing 10 fish: normal control group, S. agalactiae infection group, and three Glycyrrhiza total flavone treatment groups (addition of 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 g of GTF to 1 kg of feed). The normal control group was only fed with basic diet, after 60 d of feeding, and intraperitoneal injection of the same volume of normal saline (0.05 mL/10 g body weight); the S. agalactiae infection group was fed with basic diet, and the S. agalactiae solution was intraperitoneally injected after 60 d of feeding (0.05 mL/10 g body weight); the three GTF treatment groups were fed with a diet containing 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 g/kg of GTF, and the S. agalactiae solution was intraperitoneally injected after 60 d of feeding (0.05 mL/10 g body weight). After 48 h injection, blood and liver tissues were collected to measure biochemical parameters and mRNA levels to evaluate the liver protection of GTFs. Compared with the control group, the serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and glucose (GLU) in the streptococcal infection group increased significantly, while the levels of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) decreased significantly; observations of pathological sections showed obvious damage to the liver tissue structure in response to streptococcal infection. S. agalactiae can also cause fatty liver injury, affecting the function of fatty acid β-oxidation and biosynthesis in the liver of tilapia, and also causing damage to function of the immune system. The addition of GTFs to the diet could improve oxidative stress injury caused by S. agalactiae in tilapia liver tissue to different degrees, promote the β-oxidation of fatty acids in the liver, accelerate the lipid metabolism in the liver, and repair the damaged liver tissue. GTFs have a good protective effect on liver injury caused by streptococcus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Plant Extracts)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 20287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Eruca sativa Miller Leaf Extract Exhibits Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Anti-Quorum-Sensing, Antibiofilm, and Anti-Metastatic Activities

by Amir Mahgoub Awadelkareem, Eyad Al-Shammari, AbdElmoneim O. Elkhalifa, Mohd Adnan, Arif Jamal Siddiqui, Mitesh Patel, Mohammad Idreesh Khan, Khalid Mehmood, Fauzia Ashfaq, Riadh Badraoui and Syed Amir Ashraf

Antibiotics 2022, 11(7), 853; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070853 - 25 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2671

Abstract

Worldwide, the primary problem today is the proliferation of cancer and secondary bacterial infections caused by biofilms, as they are the principal causes of death due to the lack of effective drugs. A great deal of biological activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have made them a brilliant choice for the development of new drugs in recent years. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anticancer, antibacterial, anti-QS, and antibiofilm effects of AgNPs synthesized from Eruca sativa (E. sativa) leaf extract. The ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectra showed a peak of surface plasmon resonance at 424 nm λmax, which corresponded to AgNP formation. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed that biological moieties are involved for the development of AgNPs. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses confirmed the spherical shape and uniform size (8.11 to 15 nm) of the AgNPs. In human lung cancer cells (A549), the anticancer potential of AgNPs was examined by the MTT [3-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay, scratch assay, and invasion assay. The results indicated that AgNPs inhibit the migration of A549 cells. The synthesized AgNPs showed MIC values of 12.5 µg/mL against Chromobacterium violaceum (C. violaceum) and 25 µg/mL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), which demonstrated their antibacterial abilities. Biological compounds that disable the QS system are being investigated as potential strategies for preventing bacterial infections. Thus, we analyzed the potential effectiveness of synthesized AgNPs in inhibiting QS-regulated virulence factors and biofilm formation in both strains of bacteria. In C. violaceum, the synthesized AgNPs significantly inhibited both violacein (85.18% at 1/2 × MIC) and acyl homoserine lactone (78.76% at 1/2 × MIC). QS inhibitory activity was also demonstrated in P. aeruginosa at a sub-MIC concentration (1/2 × MIC) by a reduction in pyocyanin activity (68.83%), total protease (68.50%), LasA activity (63.91%), and LasB activity (56.40%). Additionally, the exopolysaccharide production was significantly reduced in both C. violaceum (65.79% at 1/2 × MIC) and P. aeruginosa (57.65% at 1/2 × MIC). The formation of biofilm was also significantly inhibited at 1/2 × MIC in C. violaceum (76.49%) and in P. aeruginosa (65.31%). Moreover, a GC–MS analysis confirmed the presence of different classes of bioactive phytochemical constituents present in the leaf extract of E. sativa. On the basis of our results, we conclude that biologically synthesized AgNPs showed numerous multifunctional properties and have the potential to be used against human cancer and bacterial biofilm-related infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Plant Extracts)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

25 pages, 437 KiB

Open AccessReview

Antioxidative and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Bark Extracts from Common European Trees in Light of Dermal Applications

by Sissy Häsler Gunnarsdottir, Lukas Sommerauer, Thomas Schnabel, Gertie Janneke Oostingh and Anja Schuster

Antibiotics 2023, 12(1), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010130 - 09 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3314

Abstract

Plant species have developed effective defense strategies for colonizing diverse habitats and protecting themselves from numerous attacks from a wide range of organisms, including insects, vertebrates, fungi, and bacteria. The bark of trees in particular constitutes a number of components that protect against unwanted intruders. This review focuses on the antioxidative, dermal immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial properties of bark extracts from European common temperate trees in light of various skin pathogens, wound healing, and the maintenance of skin health. The sustainability aspect, achieved by utilizing the bark, which is considered a byproduct in the forest industry, is addressed, as are various extraction methods applied to retrieve extracts from bark. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Plant Extracts)

20 pages, 3210 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Up-To-Date Review Regarding Cutaneous Benefits of Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oil

by Larisa Bora, Stefana Avram, Ioana Zinuca Pavel, Delia Muntean, Sergio Liga, Valentina Buda, Daniela Gurgus and Corina Danciu

Antibiotics 2022, 11(5), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050549 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4245

Abstract

Due to the plethora of pharmacological activities reported in the literature, Origanum vulgare L. is a valuable aromatic plant for the medicine of the XXI century. Recent studies highlight that Origanum vulgare L. essential oil (OvEo) has gained attention in the dermatological field due to the cosmeceutical potential correlated with the presence of thymol and carvacrol. As a result of the fulminant expansion of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the aggressiveness of skin infections, OvEo was extensively studied for its antimicrobial activity against Staphyloccocus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, researchers have also assessed the anti-inflammatory activity of OvEo, suggesting its tissue remodeling and wound healing potential. Whereas OvEo comprises important biological activities that are used in a wide range of pathologies, recently, essential oils have shown great potential in the development of new therapeutic alternatives for skin disorders, such as acne, wounds or aging. Furthermore, substantial efforts have been committed to the development of modern formulations, such as microemulsions and nanoemulsions, in order to create the possibility for topical application. The review brings to the fore the most recent findings in the dermatological field regarding potential plant-based therapies involving OvEo, emphasizing the modern pharmaceutical formulation approaches and the cutaneous benefits in skin disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Plant Extracts)

► Show Figures

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Plant Extracts

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (10 papers)

Editorial

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI