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Nutritional Management to Promote Responsible Aquaculture

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A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Aquatic Animals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2023) | Viewed by 18957

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Dr. Ali Hamidoghli

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Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, 3059-F National Fish Hatchery Rd., Hagerman, ID, 83332, USA
Interests: aquaculture; nutrition; feed additives; nutritional requirements; sustainable ingredients

Prof. Dr. Seunghyung Lee

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Major of Aquaculture and Applied Life Sciences, Division of Fisheries Life Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
Interests: aquaculture; fish nutrition; stress physiology; nutritional modeling; fish meal replacement; feed additives

Dr. Silvia Torrecillas

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Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, Telde, 35214 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
Interests: fish nutrition; functional aquafeeds; feed additives; alternative/emergent raw materials; mucosal health; welfare; disease resistance; nutritional pathologies; oxidative stress
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Fernando Yugo Yamamoto

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Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
Interests: fish nutrition; intestinal health; intestinal microbiome; fish immunology; alternative ingredients

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Aquaculture has been the fastest-growing animal-protein-producing sector in the world, with 120.1 million tons of production in 2019. This has highlighted the great potential of aquaculture to play a significant role in global food security. With the expected increase in world population by 2050 (reaching over 9 billion) and the stagnant capture fisheries, aquaculture will play a major role in meeting the demand for healthy seafood. However, aquaculture development needs to comply with environmental, economic and social sustainability measures. Sustainable aquaculture development faces challenges such as climate change, environmental pollution, disease outbreaks and the provision of suitable feed. Feed accounts for a great portion of production costs in aquaculture. Through proper nutritional management, production quantity, quality and environmental footprints can be enhanced.

This Special Issue aims to present novel research that promotes the responsible development of aquaculture from a nutritional perspective. We invite researchers to submit their work that reflects the relation between nutrition and aquaculture sustainability to this Special Issue.

Dr. Ali Hamidoghli
Dr. Seunghyung Lee
Dr. Silvia Torrecillas
Dr. Fernando Yugo Yamamoto
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

aquaculture
nutrition
feed
sustainability
fish culture

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 1763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Yeast Hydrolysate in a Low-Fishmeal Diet for Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

by Ali Hamidoghli, Yein Lee, Soyeon Hwang, Wonsuk Choi, Youn-Hee Choi and Sungchul C. Bai

Animals 2023, 13(11), 1877; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13111877 - 05 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1361

Abstract

An eight-week feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effects of yeast hydrolysate (YH) supplementation in a low-fishmeal diet on the growth, immune responses, intestinal histology and disease resistance of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Five experimental diets were produced by supplementing YH at 0 (CON), 0.5 (YH_0.5), 1 (YH₁), 2 (YH₂) and 4 (YH₄) % to a basal diet containing 10% fishmeal and compared with a positive control with 25% fishmeal (FM₂₅). Shrimp with an initial average weight of 0.43 ± 0.005 g (mean ± SD) were stocked in 18 tanks and fed the experimental diets (38% protein and 8% lipid) four times a day. Results showed that shrimp fed the FM₂₅ diet exhibited significantly higher final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio than those fed CON, YH_0.5, YH₁ and YH₂ diets (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between shrimp fed the YH₄ and FM₂₅ diets (p > 0.05). In addition, there were no significant differences in whole-body proximate composition, hemolymph biochemical parameters and non-specific immune responses among treatments. Intestinal villi length and muscular layer thickness of shrimp fed the YH₄ and FM₂₅ diets were significantly higher than the other groups. At the end of the bacterial (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) challenge test, shrimp fed YH₄ and FM₂₅ diets showed a significantly higher survival rate than those of shrimp fed CON, YH_0.5 and YH₁ (p < 0.05). These results suggest that supplementing 4% YH in diet containing 10% fishmeal could beneficially influence growth, intestinal morphology and disease resistance of whiteleg shrimp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Management to Promote Responsible Aquaculture)

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16 pages, 2805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Phospholipid Sources on Growth and Gill Health in Atlantic Salmon in Freshwater Pre-Transfer Phase

by Renate Kvingedal, Jannicke Vigen, Dominic Nanton, Kari Ruohonen and Kiranpreet Kaur

Animals 2023, 13(5), 835; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13050835 - 24 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1514

Abstract

Growth and histological parameters were evaluated in Atlantic salmon (74 g) that were fed alternative phospholipid (PL) sources in freshwater (FW) up to 158 g and were transferred to a common seawater (SW) tank with crowding stress after being fed the same commercial diet up to 787 g. There were six test diets in the FW phase: three diets with different doses of krill meal (4%, 8%, and 12%), a diet with soy lecithin, a diet with marine PL (from fishmeal), and a control diet. The fish were fed a common commercial feed in the SW phase. The 12% KM diet was compared against the 2.7% fluid soy lecithin and 4.2% marine PL diets, which were formulated to provide the same level of added 1.3% PL in the diet similar to base diets with 10% fishmeal in the FW period. A trend for increased weight gain with high variability was associated with an increased KM dose in the FW period but not during the whole trial, whereas the 2.7% soy lecithin diet tended to decrease growth during the whole trial. A trend for decreased hepatosomatic index (HSI) was associated with an increased KM dose during transfer but not during the whole trial. The soy lecithin and marine PL diets showed similar HSI in relation to the control diet during the whole trial. No major differences were observed in liver histology between the control, 12% KM, soy lecithin, and marine PL diets during transfer. However, a minor positive trend in gill health (lamella inflammation and hyperplasia histology scores) was associated with the 12% KM and control diets versus the soy lecithin and marine PL diets during transfer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Management to Promote Responsible Aquaculture)

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13 pages, 551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Full-Fat Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal in Diet for Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum: Digestibility, Growth Performance and Economic Analysis of Feeds

by Driely Kathriny Monteiro dos Santos, Odair Rodrigues de Freitas, Cesar Augusto Oishi, Flávio Augusto Leão da Fonseca, Giuliana Parisi and Ligia Uribe Gonçalves

Animals 2023, 13(3), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13030360 - 20 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2792

Abstract

Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae is a prominent ingredient in aquafeeds due to its high protein and energy contents. This study evaluated the digestibility of full-fat BSF larvae meal (FF-BSFL) and its inclusion in diets for tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum. The apparent digestibility coefficient of FF-BSFL for protein and energy was around of 88%, corresponding to 33.55% and 21.61 MJ kg⁻¹ of digestible protein and energy, respectively. For the feeding trial, tambaqui juveniles (53.23 ± 1.07 g) were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design (n = 4; 150 L tanks; 10 fish per tank). Fish were fed diets including 0%, 5.25%, 10.50%, and 15.75% FF-BSFL to apparent satiation for 60 days. Fish fed 10.50% FF-BSFL dietary inclusion showed higher weight gain, feed intake, final biomass, and relative growth rate. The 10.50% FF-BSFL diet presented the highest index of economic profitability. Weight gain fitted a third-degree equation and the optimum FF-BSFL inclusion level was estimated at 11.6%. However, FF-BSFL dietary inclusion up to 15.75% did not impair growth fish performance. FF-BSFL seems to be a promising source of protein and energy for omnivorous fish aquafeed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Management to Promote Responsible Aquaculture)

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17 pages, 731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Hermetia illucens Larvae Meal Dietary Inclusion on Growth Performance, Gut Histological Traits and Stress Parameters in Sparus aurata

by Ambra Rita Di Rosa, Letteria Caccamo, Lidia Pansera, Marianna Oteri, Biagina Chiofalo and Giulia Maricchiolo

Animals 2023, 13(3), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13030339 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1555

Abstract

This study provided new data and knowledge on the potential use of Hermetia illucens meal (HIM) as a new sustainable ingredient for Sparus aurata diet. The effect of HIM dietary inclusion on fish growth performance, stress indicators and gut histology was studied. For 131 days, 312 fish were fed a basal diet containing fishmeal as animal protein source, and three diets containing 25%, 35% and 50% HIM as a partial replacement for fishmeal. The main findings indicated that fishmeal can be replaced by HIM up to 110 g/kg of substitution (35% of inclusion in diet) without negative effects on growth performance, stress parameters or histological traits of the posterior gut tract, and with positive effects (p < 0.05) on the histological and morphometric characteristics of the anterior gut tract. At the same time, the results showed that the effect of Hermetia illucens meal at 50% inclusion level caused morphometric and histopathological alterations in the anterior gut tract of seabream. In conclusion, this preliminary study suggested that the dietary inclusion level of HIM35 was the most tolerated by fish showing the best gut morphometric parameters and histological conditions, with fewer signs of inflammation, as well as good nutritional and health status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Management to Promote Responsible Aquaculture)

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11 pages, 1332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Effects of Two Different Feeding Frequencies on the Digestive Biochemistry of Two Mullet Species (Chelon labrosus and Liza aurata)

by Raquel Quirós-Pozo, Francisco Javier Moyano, Khalida Bainour, Sara Ramírez-Bolaños, Anais Ventura-Castellano, Javier Roo and Lidia Robaina

Animals 2023, 13(2), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13020287 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1290

Abstract

Mullets (Mugilidae) present significant potential for sustainable aquaculture diversification due to their eurythermal, euryhaline, and low-trophic nature. However, the physiological differences and optimal cultured conditions among the diverse mullet species are quite unknown. For these reasons, the present study aimed to address two main objectives: (1) to characterize the differences in digestive biochemistry, somatic indexes, and body composition between two mullet species (Liza aurata and Chelon labrosus); and (2) to evaluate the interactions of two different feeding frequencies (one against three meals per day) on the above-mentioned parameters, and also on the potential bioavailability of nutrients determined using in vitro assays. The results evidenced higher protease and amylase activities for Chelon labrosus than for Liza aurata, while the latter species presented a higher percentage of eviscerated weight and muscle lipids. Furthermore, the results from in vitro assays supported the higher enzyme activity of Chelon labrosus by an observed increase in the release of amino acids and reducing sugars measured for this species. Regarding feeding patterns, the results of the in vitro assays simulating enzyme: substrate (E:S) ratios corresponding to one or three meals per day point to a clear increase of nutrient bioavailability when the daily ration is split into several meals. The present results improve the physiological knowledge of mullet species and define criteria to develop better management protocols by producers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Management to Promote Responsible Aquaculture)

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10 pages, 820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytase Supplementation under Commercially Intensive Rearing Conditions: Impacts on Nile Tilapia Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility

by Edgar Junio Damasceno Rodrigues, Paulo Incane Ito, Lucas Franco Miranda Ribeiro, Pedro Luiz Pucci Figueiredo de Carvalho, William dos Santos Xavier, Matheus Gardim Guimarães, Ademir Calvo Fernandes Junior, Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato and Margarida Maria Barros

Animals 2023, 13(1), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010136 - 29 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1736

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of phytase supplementation on growth performance and apparent digestibility of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in a commercial fish farm setting. Nile tilapia (6300 male, 57.48 ± 1.04 g) were randomly stocked into 42 floating cages. The experimental design was completely randomized, comprising six treatments and seven replications. Fish were fed five phosphorus deficient plant-based diets with graded levels of phytase supplementation (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 UF kg⁻¹) and an additional diet containing phosphorus supplementation to meet the requirement of this fish species (positive control). After 97 days of feeding, growth performance data were collected and 900 fish (500 ± 10 g) were relocated to 6 floating cages for the digestibility assessment. Quadratic polynomial regression analysis indicated 1537.5 and 1593.2 UF kg⁻¹ as the optimum dietary levels for daily weight gain and feed conversion rate, respectively. Including 2000 UF kg⁻¹ resulted in the higher dry matter, crude protein, energy, and ash apparent digestibility coefficient values. Therefore, phytase supplementation from 1500 to 2000 UF kg⁻¹ is recommended to enhance growth performance and nutrient bioavailability of Nile tilapia reared according to industry practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Management to Promote Responsible Aquaculture)

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16 pages, 2398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Supplementation of a Commercial Prebiotic, Probiotic and Their Combination Affected Growth Performance and Transient Intestinal Microbiota of Red Drum (Sciaenops ocellatus L.)

by Fernando Y. Yamamoto, Matthew Ellis, Paul R. Bowles, Blaine A. Suehs, Pedro L. P. F. Carvalho, Caitlin E. Older, Michael E. Hume and Delbert M. Gatlin III

Animals 2022, 12(19), 2629; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192629 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1747

Abstract

In the present study, the potential synergism between beneficial lactic acid bacteria (Pediococcus acidilactici) contained in a probiotic and a mixture of fermentable complex carbohydrates and autolyzed brewer’s yeast (or prebiotic) were explored in red drum. Four experimental diets were formulated from practical ingredients, and the basal diet was supplemented with either probiotic, prebiotic, or both supplements. Red drum juveniles (~5.5 g) were offered the four experimental diets for 56 days, and at the end of the feeding trial fish fed diets supplemented with probiotic had significantly better weight gain than those fed the non-supplemented diets, and higher protein content in their whole-body composition. Transient intestinal microbiome alpha and beta diversity were significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Interestingly, a higher relative abundance of the lactic acid genus Pediococcus was observed for fish fed diets supplemented with the prebiotic. A higher relative abundance was also observed for the predicted functions of the microbial metagenome, and many of these pathways involved the biosynthesis of essential amino acids, vitamins, and nucleotides. Even though no potential synergistic effect was observed, the individual inclusion of these prebiotic and probiotic supplements positively affected the intestinal health and growth performance of red drum, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Management to Promote Responsible Aquaculture)

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15 pages, 2286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Decreasing Fishmeal as Main Source of Protein on Growth, Digestive Physiology, and Gut Microbiota of Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

by Bong-Seung Seo, Su-Jin Park, So-Yeon Hwang, Ye-In Lee, Seung-Han Lee, Sang-Woo Hur, Kyeong-Jun Lee, Taek-Jeong Nam, Jin-Woo Song, Jae-Sig Kim, Won-Je Jang and Youn-Hee Choi

Animals 2022, 12(16), 2043; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12162043 - 11 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1883

Abstract

In olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), growth performance, expression of growth-related factors, digestive physiology, and gut microbiota were assessed under farm conditions in the fish fed diets with low levels of fishmeal. Four experimental diets were prepared, FM70 [control (CON), 70% fishmeal], FM45 (45% fishmeal), FM35A (35% fishmeal), and FM35B (35% fishmeal + insect meal), and fed to the fish for five months. The CON-fed fish had the highest plasma GH, but IGF-1 and hepatic IGF-1 mRNA expression of the olive flounder fed diets with low-fishmeal levels did not significantly differ among diets. The intestinal villus length, muscular thickness, and the number of goblet cells were statistically similar, and ocular examination of hepatopancreas showed no discernable difference in all experimental diets. The chymotrypsin content of FM35B-fed fish is significantly lower, but trypsin and lipase contents are similar. The diversity of gut microbiota did not differ among groups, although the FM35B group had a higher composition of Firmicutes. Thus, a diet with reduced fishmeal content and several alternative protein sources can be used as feed ingredients in feed formulation for olive flounder reared under typical aquaculture farm conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Management to Promote Responsible Aquaculture)

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13 pages, 469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Preliminary Study on the Effects of Taurine-Enriched Rotifers on the Growth and Survival of the Small Yellow Croaker Larimichthys polyactis Larvae

by Jeong-Hyeon Cho, Jae-Hoon Kim and Jin Woo Park

Animals 2022, 12(11), 1403; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12111403 - 30 May 2022

Viewed by 1592

Abstract

The effect of feeding with taurine-enriched rotifers on larval growth and survival in the small yellow croaker Larimichthys polyactis was investigated. Rotifers, control (without taurine enrichment) or enriched with a commercial taurine supplement at two concentrations (400, and 800 mg/L), were used. The larvae (initial notochord length = 3.83 mm) were fed taurine-enriched rotifers in triplicate, from 3 days after hatching for 12 days. The average taurine contents of the rotifers were 0.31, 5.34, and 8.55 mg/g dry matter, respectively. The rotifers from all treatments had similar fatty acid composition. The growth and survival rates of the larvae fed rotifers enriched with 800 mg/L taurine supplementation were significantly higher than those of larvae fed rotifers without taurine enrichment (p = 0.005 and 0.002, respectively). The whole-body taurine content in the fish increased significantly with the increase in taurine level in the rotifers: 1.02, 3.48, and 4.11 mg/g in larvae fed control rotifers, and rotifers enriched with 400, and 800 mg/L taurine supplementation, respectively. The results of this study indicate that small yellow croaker larvae benefit from taurine concentrations above those typically reported in non-taurine-enriched rotifers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Management to Promote Responsible Aquaculture)

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13 pages, 567 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Partial Substitution of Fish Oil with Microalgae (Schizochytrium sp.) Can Improve Growth Performance, Nonspecific Immunity and Disease Resistance in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

by Seunghan Lee, Cheol-Oh Park, Wonsuk Choi, Jinho Bae, Jiyoung Kim, Sera Choi, Kumar Katya, Kang-Woong Kim and Sungchul C. Bai

Animals 2022, 12(9), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091220 - 09 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2175

Abstract

The price of fish oil has reached a historical peak due to a consistent downward production trend, and therefore, the search for sustainable alternative sources has received great attention. This research was conducted to evaluate dietary micro-algae, Schizochytrium sp. (SC) as fish oil (FO) replacer in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. In the first trial, apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) was 92.4% for dry matter, 91.4% for crude protein, and 94.2% for crude lipid in rainbow trout. In the second trial, six diets were formulated to replace FO at 0% (CON), 20% (T20), 40% (T40), 60% (T60), 80% (T80), and 100% (T100) with SC in the rainbow trout (3.0 ± 0.4 g, mean ± SD) diet. After eight weeks’ feeding trial, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed efficiency (FE) of fish fed the T20 diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed other diets (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in these parameters among those of fish fed CON, T40, T60, and T80 diets. Lysozyme activity of fish fed the T20 diet was significantly higher than those of fish fed other experimental diets (p < 0.05). After 10 days of disease challenge testing with pathogenic bacteria (Lactococcus garvieae 1 × 10⁸ CFU/mL), the cumulative survival rate of fish fed the T20 diet was significantly higher than those of fish fed the CON, T80, and T100 diets. Therefore, these results suggest dietary microalgae SC is well-digested and could replace up to 80% of fish oil in the diet of rainbow trout without negative effects on growth and immune responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Management to Promote Responsible Aquaculture)

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