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17 pages, 3845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Association Study for Detecting Salt-Tolerance Loci and Candidate Genes in Rice

by San Mar Lar, Jeonghwan Seo, Seong-Gyu Jang, Hongjia Zhang, Ah-Rim Lee, Fang-Yuan Cao, Ja-Hong Lee, Na-Eun Kim, Yoonjung Lee, Yong-Jin Park, Joohyun Lee and Soon-Wook Kwon

Agriculture 2021, 11(11), 1174; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111174 - 21 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2586

Abstract

Salinity is one of the major constraints causing soil problems and is considered a limitation to increased rice production in rice-growing countries. This genome-wide association study (GWAS) experiment was conducted to understand the genetic basis of salt tolerance at the seedling stage in [...] Read more.

Salinity is one of the major constraints causing soil problems and is considered a limitation to increased rice production in rice-growing countries. This genome-wide association study (GWAS) experiment was conducted to understand the genetic basis of salt tolerance at the seedling stage in Korean rice. After 10 days of salt stress treatment, salt tolerance was evaluated with a standard evaluation system using a visual salt injury score. With 191 Korean landrace accessions and their genotypes, including 266,040 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), using a KNU Axiom Oryza 580K Genotyping Array, GWAS was conducted to detect three QTLs with significant SNPs with a −log10(P) threshold of ≥3.66. The QTL of qSIS2, showed −log10(P) = 3.80 and the lead SNP explained 7.87% of total phenotypic variation. The QTL of qSIS4, showed −log10(P) = 4.05 and the lead SNP explained 10.53% of total phenotypic variation. The QTL of qSIS8 showed −log10(P) = 3.78 and the lead SNP explained 7.83% of total phenotypic variation. Among the annotated genes located in these three QTL regions, five genes were selected as candidates (Os04g0481600, Os04g0485300, Os04g0493000, Os04g0493300, and Os08g0390200) for salt tolerance in rice seedlings based on the gene expression database and their previously known functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rice Breeding and Genetics)

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13 pages, 2584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

QTL Analysis of Rice Grain Size Using Segregating Populations Derived from the Large Grain Line

by Ja-Hong Lee, Jeonghwan Seo, San Mar Lar, Seong-Gyu Jang, Hongjia Zhang, Ah-Rim Lee, Fang-Yuan Cao, Na-Eun Kim, Joohyun Lee and Soon-Wook Kwon

Agriculture 2021, 11(6), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060565 - 20 Jun 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3289

Abstract

Grain size affects the yield and quality of rice. The large grain line (LGL), showing a large grain size and japonica-like genome, was selected in the breeding field. The 94 F₂ plants derived from a cross between LGL and Hanareum (a [...] Read more.

Grain size affects the yield and quality of rice. The large grain line (LGL), showing a large grain size and japonica-like genome, was selected in the breeding field. The 94 F₂ plants derived from a cross between LGL and Hanareum (a high-yielding tongil-type variety) were used for the quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of grain length (GL), grain width (GW), and grain thickness (GT). A linkage map of the F₂ population, covering 1312 cM for all 12 chromosomes, was constructed using 123 Fluidigm SNP markers. A total of nine QTLs for the three traits were detected on chromosomes two, three, four, six, and seven. Two QTLs for GL on chromosomes two and six explained 17.3% and 16.2% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. Two QTLs were identified for GW on chromosomes two and three, and explained 24.3% and 23.5% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. The five QTLs for GT detected on chromosomes two, three, five, six and seven, explained 13.2%, 14.5%, 16.6%, 10.9%, and 10.2% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. A novel QTL for GT, qGT2, was validated on the same region of chromosome two in the selected F₃ population. The QTLs identified in this study, and LGL, could be applied to the development of large-grain rice varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rice Breeding and Genetics)

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17 pages, 2874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcription Profile Analysis of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in Leaves of Wild-Type and Chlorophyll b-Deficient Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

by Minh Khiem Nguyen, Tin-Han Shih, Szu-Hsien Lin, Jun-Wei Lin, Hoang Chinh Nguyen, Zhi-Wei Yang and Chi-Ming Yang

Agriculture 2021, 11(5), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050401 - 28 Apr 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3122

Abstract

Photosynthesis is an essential biological process and a key approach for raising crop yield. However, photosynthesis in rice is not fully investigated. This study reported the photosynthetic properties and transcriptomic profiles of chlorophyll (Chl) b-deficient mutant (ch11) and wild-type rice [...] Read more.

Photosynthesis is an essential biological process and a key approach for raising crop yield. However, photosynthesis in rice is not fully investigated. This study reported the photosynthetic properties and transcriptomic profiles of chlorophyll (Chl) b-deficient mutant (ch11) and wild-type rice (Oryza sativa L.). Chl b-deficient rice revealed irregular chloroplast development (indistinct membranes, loss of starch granules, thinner grana, and numerous plastoglobuli). Next-generation sequencing approach application revealed that the differential expressed genes were related to photosynthesis machinery, Chl-biosynthesis, and degradation pathway in ch11. Two genes encoding PsbR (PSII core protein), FtsZ1, and PetH genes, were found to be down-regulated. The expression of the FtsZ1 and PetH genes resulted in disrupted chloroplast cell division and electron flow, respectively, consequently reducing Chl accumulation and the photosynthetic capacity of Chl b-deficient rice. Furthermore, this study found the up-regulated expression of the GluRS gene, whereas the POR gene was down-regulated in the Chl biosynthesis and degradation pathways. The results obtained from RT-qPCR analyses were generally consistent with those of transcription analysis, with the exception of the finding that MgCH genes were up-regulated which enhance the important intermediate products in the Mg branch of Chl biosynthesis. These results indicate a reduction in the accumulation of both Chl a and Chl b. This study suggested that a decline in Chl accumulation is caused by irregular chloroplast formation and down-regulation of POR genes; and Chl b might be degraded via the pheophorbide b pathway, which requires further elucidation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rice Breeding and Genetics)

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13 pages, 2649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals the Genetic Basis of Cold Tolerance in Rice at the Seedling Stage

by Tae-Ho Ham, Yebin Kwon, Yoonjung Lee, Jisu Choi and Joohyun Lee

Agriculture 2021, 11(4), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040318 - 04 Apr 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2436

Abstract

We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of cold tolerance in a collection of 127 rice accessions, including 57 Korean landraces at the seedling stage. Cold tolerance of rice seedlings was evaluated in a growth chamber under controlled conditions and scored on a [...] Read more.

We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of cold tolerance in a collection of 127 rice accessions, including 57 Korean landraces at the seedling stage. Cold tolerance of rice seedlings was evaluated in a growth chamber under controlled conditions and scored on a 0–9 scale, based on their low-temperature response and subsequent recovery. GWAS, together with principal component analysis (PCA) and kinship matrix analysis, revealed four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on chromosomes 1, 4, and 5 that explained 16.5% to 18.5% of the variance in cold tolerance. The genomic region underlying the QTL on chromosome four overlapped with a previously reported QTL associated with cold tolerance in rice seedlings. Similarly, one of the QTLs identified on chromosome five overlapped with a previously reported QTL associated with seedling vigor. Subsequent bioinformatic and haplotype analyses revealed three candidate genes affecting cold tolerance within the linkage disequilibrium (LD) block of these QTLs: Os01g0357800, encoding a pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) domain-containing protein; Os05g0171300, encoding a plastidial ADP-glucose transporter; and Os05g0400200, encoding a retrotransposon protein, Ty1-copia subclass. The detected QTLs and further evaluation of these candidate genes in the future will provide strategies for developing cold-tolerant rice in breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rice Breeding and Genetics)

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10 pages, 1136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Mapping of the Gamete Eliminator Locus, S₂, Causing Hybrid Sterility and Transmission Ratio Distortion Found between Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima Cross Combination

by Myint Zin Mar, Yohei Koide, Mei Ogata, Daichi Kuniyoshi, Yoshiki Tokuyama, Kiwamu Hikichi, Mitsuhiro Obara and Yuji Kishima

Agriculture 2021, 11(3), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030268 - 20 Mar 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3426

Abstract

Hybrid sterility is a reproductive barrier that prevents gene flow between species. In Oryza species, some hybrid sterility loci, which are classified as gamete eliminators, cause pollen and seed sterility and sex-independent transmission ratio distortion (siTRD) in hybrids. However, the molecular [...] Read more.

Hybrid sterility is a reproductive barrier that prevents gene flow between species. In Oryza species, some hybrid sterility loci, which are classified as gamete eliminators, cause pollen and seed sterility and sex-independent transmission ratio distortion (siTRD) in hybrids. However, the molecular basis of siTRD has not been fully characterized because of lacking information on causative genes. Here, we analyze one of the hybrid sterility loci, S₂, which was reported more than forty years ago but has not been located on rice chromosomes. Hybrids between African rice (Oryza glaberrima) and a near-isogenic line that possesses introgressed chromosomal segments from Asian rice (Oryza sativa) showed sterility and siTRD, which confirms the presence of the S₂ locus. Genome-wide SNP marker survey revealed that the near-isogenic line has an introgression on chromosome 4. Further substitution mapping located the S₂ locus between 22.60 Mb and 23.54 Mb on this chromosome. Significant TRD in this chromosomal region was also observed in a calli population derived from cultured anther in hybrids of another cross combination of African and Asian rice species. This indicates that the pollen abortion caused by the S₂ locus occurs before callus induction in anther culture. It also suggests the wide existence of the S₂-mediated siTRD in this interspecific cross combination. Chromosomal location of the S₂ locus will be valuable for identifying causative genes and for understanding of the molecular basis of siTRD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rice Breeding and Genetics)

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14 pages, 2985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Association Study Using a Multiparent Advanced Generation Intercross (MAGIC) Population Identified QTLs and Candidate Genes to Predict Shoot and Grain Zinc Contents in Rice

by Shilei Liu, Wenli Zou, Xiang Lu, Jianmin Bian, Haohua He, Jingguang Chen and Guoyou Ye

Agriculture 2021, 11(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010070 - 16 Jan 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3515

Abstract

Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element for the growth and development of both humans and plants. Increasing the accumulation of Zn in rice grains is important for the world’s nutrition and health. In this study, we used a multiparent advanced generation intercross [...] Read more.

Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element for the growth and development of both humans and plants. Increasing the accumulation of Zn in rice grains is important for the world’s nutrition and health. In this study, we used a multiparent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) population constructed using four parental lines and genotyped using a 55 K rice SNP array to identify QTLs related to Zn²⁺ concentrations in shoots at the seedling stage and grains at the mature stage. Five QTLs were detected as being associated with shoot Zn²⁺ concentration at the seedling stage, which explained 3.7–5.7% of the phenotypic variation. Six QTLs were detected as associated with grain Zn²⁺ concentration at the mature stage, which explained 5.5–8.9% of the phenotypic variation. Among the QTLs, qSZn2-1/qGZn2 and qSZn3/qGZn3 were identified as being associated with both the shoot and grain contents. Based on gene annotation and literature information, 16 candidate genes were chosen in the regions of qSZn1, qSZn2-1/qGZn2, qSZn3/qGZn3, qGZn7, and qGZn8. Analysis of candidate genes through qRT-PCR, complementation assay using the yeast Zn-uptake-deficient double-mutant ZHY3, and sequencing of the four parental lines suggested that LOC_Os02g06010 may play an important role in Zn²⁺ accumulation in indica rice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rice Breeding and Genetics)

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20 pages, 2774 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Drought Tolerant near Isogenic Lines (NILs) of Pusa 44 Developed through Marker Assisted Introgression of qDTY2.1 and qDTY3.1 Enhances Yield under Reproductive Stage Drought Stress

by Priyanka Dwivedi, Naleeni Ramawat, Gaurav Dhawan, Subbaiyan Gopala Krishnan, Kunnummal Kurungara Vinod, Madan Pal Singh, Mariappan Nagarajan, Prolay Kumar Bhowmick, Nimai Prasad Mandal, Puvvada Perraju, Haritha Bollinedi, Ranjith Kumar Ellur and Ashok Kumar Singh

Agriculture 2021, 11(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010064 - 14 Jan 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4077

Abstract

Reproductive stage drought stress (RSDS) is detrimental for rice, which affects its productivity as well as grain quality. In the present study, we introgressed two major quantitative trait loci (QTLs), namely, qDTY2.1 and qDTY3.1, governing RSDS tolerance in a popular high yielding [...] Read more.

Reproductive stage drought stress (RSDS) is detrimental for rice, which affects its productivity as well as grain quality. In the present study, we introgressed two major quantitative trait loci (QTLs), namely, qDTY2.1 and qDTY3.1, governing RSDS tolerance in a popular high yielding non-aromatic rice cultivar, Pusa 44, through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB). Pusa 44 is highly sensitive to RSDS, which restricts its cultivation across drought-prone environments. Foreground selection was carried out using markers, RM520 for qDTY3.1 and RM 521 for qDTY2.1. Background selection was achieved with 97 polymorphic SSR markers in tandem with phenotypic selection to achieve faster recurrent parent genome (RPG) recovery. Three successive backcrosses followed by three selfings aided RPG recoveries of 98.6% to 99.4% among 31 near isogenic lines (NILs). Fourteen NILs were found to be significantly superior in yield and grain quality under RSDS with higher drought tolerance efficiency (DTE) than Pusa 44. Among these, the evaluation of two promising NILs in the multilocational trial during Kharif 2019 showed that they were significantly superior to Pusa 44 under reproductive stage drought stress, while performing on par with Pusa 44 under normal irrigated conditions. These di-QTL pyramided drought-tolerant NILs are in the final stages of testing the All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project varietal trials for cultivar release. Alternately, the elite drought-tolerant Pusa 44 NILs will serve as an invaluable source of drought tolerance in rice improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rice Breeding and Genetics)

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16 pages, 2581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epistasis and Quantitative Resistance to Pyricularia oryzae Revealed by GWAS in Advanced Rice Breeding Populations

by Juan E. Rosas, Maia Escobar, Sebastián Martínez, Pedro Blanco, Fernando Pérez, Gastón Quero, Lucía Gutiérrez and Victoria Bonnecarrère

Agriculture 2020, 10(12), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120622 - 11 Dec 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2681

Abstract

Rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae is a major rice disease worldwide. Despite the detailed knowledge on major resistance genes available to date, little is known about how these genes interact with quantitative blast resistance loci and with the genetic background. Knowledge on [...] Read more.

Rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae is a major rice disease worldwide. Despite the detailed knowledge on major resistance genes available to date, little is known about how these genes interact with quantitative blast resistance loci and with the genetic background. Knowledge on these interactions is crucial for assessing the usefulness of introgressed resistance loci in breeding germplasm. Our goal was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for blast resistance in rice breeding populations and to describe how they interact among each other and with the genetic background. To that end, resistance to blast was mapped by genome-wide association study (GWAS) in two advanced rice breeding subpopulations, one made of 305 indica type inbred lines, and the other of 245 tropical japonica inbred lines. The interactions and main effects of blast resistance loci were assessed in a multilocus model. Well known, major effect blast resistance gene clusters were detected in both tropical japonica (Pii/Pi3/Pi5) and indica (Piz/Pi2/Pi9) subpopulations with the GWAS scan 1. When these major effect loci were included as fixed cofactors in subsequent GWAS scans 2 and 3, additional QTL and more complex genetic architectures were revealed. The multilocus model for the tropical japonica subpopulation showed that Pii/Pi3/Pi5 had significant interaction with two QTL in chromosome 1 and one QTL in chromosome 8, together explaining 64% of the phenotypic variance. In the indica subpopulation a significant interaction among the QTL in chromosomes 6 and 4 and the genetic background, together with Piz/Pi2/Pi9 and QTL in chromosomes 1, 4 and 7, explained 35% of the phenotypic variance. Our results suggest that epistatic interactions can play a major role modulating the response mediated by major effect blast resistance loci such as Pii/Pi3/Pi5. Furthermore, the additive and epistatic effects of multiple QTL bring additional layers of quantitative resistance with a magnitude comparable to that of major effect loci. These findings highlight the need of genetic background-specific validation of markers for molecular assisted blast resistance breeding and provide insights for developing quantitative resistance to blast disease in rice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rice Breeding and Genetics)

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11 pages, 18096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Early Vigor of a Pyramiding Line Containing Two Quantitative Trait Loci, Phosphorus Uptake 1 (Pup1) and Anaerobic Germination 1 (AG1) in Rice (O. Sativa L.)

by Na-Hyun Shin, Jae-Hyuk Han, Su Jang, Kihwan Song, Hee-Jong Koh, Jong-Hee Lee, Soocheul Yoo and Joong Hyoun Chin

Agriculture 2020, 10(10), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10100453 - 01 Oct 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2791

Abstract

Direct-seeded rice is one of the solutions against the issues of limited labor and time in the rice cropping system. Improved useful traits, such as fertilizer uptake and anaerobic germination, are needed to increase yield and efficiency in the direct seeding system in [...] Read more.

Direct-seeded rice is one of the solutions against the issues of limited labor and time in the rice cropping system. Improved useful traits, such as fertilizer uptake and anaerobic germination, are needed to increase yield and efficiency in the direct seeding system in rice. Pup1 (Phosphorous uptake1) containing PSTOL1 is useful in improving the phosphate uptake under rainfed/upland conditions. OsTPP7 is the major gene of AG1 (Anaerobic Germination), which shows anaerobic germination. IR64-Pup1-AG1 (I-PA) was developed by pyramiding Pup1 and AG1. Around 20% of the chromosomal segments from the donor remained in I-PA. Phenotypic analysis revealed that I-PA showed better phenotypic performance under low and normal P conditions by enhancing the root system and tiller numbers during the early stage. Significantly better P uptake capacity of I-PA was observed upon a P-supplied soil condition. The coleoptile length and germination rate of I-PA showed tolerance under anaerobic-germinated conditions. PSTOL1 and OsTPP7 were independently expressed under different P conditions of soils, as well as anaerobic conditions. The newly developed breeding lines, I-PA, showed early vigor capacity through a high number of tillers, better P uptake, and germination in low-oxygen conditions. It will be a useful and improved breeding line for direct seeding rice breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rice Breeding and Genetics)

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8 pages, 1698 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Multiple Allelic Combination to Determine Tiller Angle Variation in Rice

by Su Jang, Yoo Seok Kang, Yoon Kyung Lee and Hee-Jong Koh

Agriculture 2020, 10(10), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10100428 - 25 Sep 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2390

Abstract

Tiller angle is an important influencing factor in rice plant architecture that affects planting density and yield per unit area. Molecular tools to predict tiller angle contribute to breeding programs, which aim at optimizing rice plant architecture. In this study, several single-nucleotide polymorphism [...] Read more.

Tiller angle is an important influencing factor in rice plant architecture that affects planting density and yield per unit area. Molecular tools to predict tiller angle contribute to breeding programs, which aim at optimizing rice plant architecture. In this study, several single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers related to tiller angle were developed and used with a model population to define a linear regression model for the prediction of tiller angle in rice. The resulting linear regression model, consisting of eight SNP markers as independent variables, was assessed using an independent test population. Overall, the regression model achieved an adjusted R² of 0.51 and exhibited consistent predictive accuracy with an R² of 0.61. Three of the eight independent variables, namely, PIN2-1, LIC1-1, and TAC1, contributed substantially to the linear regression model. These three major effect markers were also major determinants of tiller angle in the independent test population. Allelic combinations of the three major effect markers modulated tiller angle in the range of 5.6–19°. The DNA markers and linear regression model developed in this study will facilitate rice breeding programs for improving plant architecture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rice Breeding and Genetics)

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16 pages, 2609 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of a Novel QTL for Chlorate Resistance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

by Nkulu Rolly Kabange, So-Yeon Park, Dongjin Shin, So-Myeong Lee, Su-Min Jo, Youngho Kwon, Jin-Kyung Cha, You-Chun Song, Jong-Min Ko and Jong-Hee Lee

Agriculture 2020, 10(8), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10080360 - 15 Aug 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4400

Abstract

Chlorate resistance analysis is an effective approach commonly used to distinguish the genetic variation between Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica and japonica, and predict the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). This study aimed at investigating the response of a doubled haploid (DH) population derived [...] Read more.

Chlorate resistance analysis is an effective approach commonly used to distinguish the genetic variation between Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica and japonica, and predict the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). This study aimed at investigating the response of a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from anther culture of 93-11 × Milyang352 exposed to 0.1% potassium chlorate (KClO₃) at the seedling stage. The results revealed that the parental rice lines 93-11 (indica) and Milyang352 (japonica) showed distinctive phenotypic responses. The parental line 93-11 scored highly sensitive (0% survival) and Milyang352 scored resistant (66.7% survival) 7 days after treatment. The DH lines reflected the differential phenotypic response observed in parental lines. Interestingly, we identified a novel quantitative trait locus (QTL) for chlorate resistance on chromosome 3 (qCHR-3, 136 cM, logarithm of the odds—LOD: 4.1) using Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers. The additive effect (−11.97) and phenotypic variation explained (PVE; 14.9%) indicated that the allele from Milyang352 explained the observed phenotypic variation. In addition, shoot growth showed a significant difference between parental lines, but not root growth. Moreover, in silico analysis identified candidate genes with diverse and interesting molecular and physiological functions. Therefore, this study suggested that the QTL qCHR-3 harbors promising candidate genes that could play a role in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism in rice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rice Breeding and Genetics)

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Review

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21 pages, 1708 KiB

Open AccessReview

Rice Breeding in Vietnam: Retrospects, Challenges and Prospects

by Tran Dang Khanh, Vu Xuan Duong, Phi Cong Nguyen, Tran Dang Xuan, Nguyen Thanh Trung, Khuat Huu Trung, Dong Huy Gioi, Nguyen Huy Hoang, Hoang-Dung Tran, Do Minh Trung and Bui Thi Thu Huong

Agriculture 2021, 11(5), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050397 - 27 Apr 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 10530

Abstract

Rice breeding was conducted for a long time during historical times and is an important job in Vietnam because rice is the major food for domestic consumption and export. In this review, we have provided a comprehensive insight into the importance of promising [...] Read more.

Rice breeding was conducted for a long time during historical times and is an important job in Vietnam because rice is the major food for domestic consumption and export. In this review, we have provided a comprehensive insight into the importance of promising rice germplasm resources, breeding achievements, and breeding approaches as well as discussed challenges and perspectives of rice breeding in this country. With rice germplasm and wild rice relative resources with rich and various genetic diversity, their useful genes and traits have been exploited and integrated into commercial varieties as the final outputs of rice breeding programs. New achievements of the modern genetics era have been approached and effectively contributed to breeding activities in this country. Genome sequences, molecular breeding, and mutation are powerful tools and playing vital roles in developing new varieties with characteristics of interest that should be followed by the current market demands. In the last decades, there has been a plethora of newly generated varieties by Vietnamese scientists and rice breeders and approved by the state authorities. However, very few domestic mega varieties have prevailed over the imported varieties. Therefore, rice breeding in this country is faced with big challenges, including limitations of backgrounds, budgets, and even talents in basic research to compete with other rice-producing countries. The target goals and long-term approaches for rice breeding should be paid explicitly in priority to ensure national food security and the advantage and development of rice breeding in this country. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rice Breeding and Genetics)

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