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Allergies
Volume 4
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Allergies, Volume 4, Issue 1 (March 2024) – 2 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Allergens can be subdivided into a limited number of families based on their structure, despite originating from various sources. However, this family affiliation does not necessarily indicate the allergen’s origin or route of administration, and the molecular basis of allergenicity remains unclear. Understanding the allergenicity of proteins requires their structural characterization and the study of conformational diversity. Allergic reactions are affected by pH, proteolytic susceptibility, and endosomal degradation, which are correlated with conformational changes and secondary structure rearrangement events. It is important to consider structural diversity, dynamics, proteolytic susceptibility, and pH-dependent factors to fully comprehend allergenicity. View this paper
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13 pages, 563 KiB  
Review
Mechanisms and Comparative Treatments of Allergic Rhinitis including Phototherapy
by Roy Kennedy
Allergies 2024, 4(1), 17-29; https://doi.org/10.3390/allergies4010002 - 16 Feb 2024
Viewed by 870
Abstract
The treatment of allergic conditions presents a challenge for both seasonal allergic rhinitis and perennial rhinitis sufferers. The increasing prevalence of both of these types of allergic responses requires the use of a range of treatments which can provide relief. The treatment of [...] Read more.
The treatment of allergic conditions presents a challenge for both seasonal allergic rhinitis and perennial rhinitis sufferers. The increasing prevalence of both of these types of allergic responses requires the use of a range of treatments which can provide relief. The treatment of allergic rhinitis has been considered under the ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma) guidelines. Current treatment options include medication and avoidance for those with reduced responses, but more expensive treatments include immunotherapy and the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAb). All treatments target specific parts of the inflammatory response which includes mast cells, eosinophils and basophils. Phototherapy can be a useful addition to these treatments, and combinations of UV-B (5%), UV-A (25%) and visible light (70%) in phototherapy treatments have been shown to reduce the severity of symptoms. Phototherapy consisting of visible wavelengths and infrared light (660 nm 940 nm) was shown to be particularly effective in treating perennial rhinitis. The use of a range of wavelengths in the control of allergic responses is described in this paper. Phototherapy can form part of an effective treatment regime for allergic rhinitis sufferers which can exploit synergies in the control of the condition elicited through several pathways. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers 2023)
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16 pages, 1488 KiB  
Review
Allergenicity and Conformational Diversity of Allergens
by Clarissa A. Seidler, Ricarda Zeindl, Monica L. Fernández-Quintero, Martin Tollinger and Klaus R. Liedl
Allergies 2024, 4(1), 1-16; https://doi.org/10.3390/allergies4010001 - 11 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1020
Abstract
Allergens are substances that cause abnormal immune responses and can originate from various sources. IgE-mediated allergies are one of the most common and severe types of allergies, affecting more than 20% of the population in Western countries. Allergens can be subdivided into a [...] Read more.
Allergens are substances that cause abnormal immune responses and can originate from various sources. IgE-mediated allergies are one of the most common and severe types of allergies, affecting more than 20% of the population in Western countries. Allergens can be subdivided into a limited number of families based on their structure, but this does not necessarily indicate the origin or the route of administration of the allergen, nor is the molecular basis of allergenicity clearly understood. This review examines how understanding the allergenicity of proteins involves their structural characterization and elucidates the study of conformational diversity by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This article also discusses allergen cross-reactivity and the mechanisms by which IgE antibodies recognize and bind to allergens based on their conformational and linear epitopes. In addition, we outline how the pH, the proteolytic susceptibility and the endosomal degradation affect the outcome of allergic reactions, and how this is correlated with conformational changes and secondary structure rearrangement events. We want to emphasize the importance of considering structural diversity and dynamics, proteolytic susceptibility and pH-dependent factors to fully comprehend allergenicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers 2023)
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