Journal of Functional Biomaterials

12 pages, 8032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of the Correction of Bilateral Differences in Masseter Muscle Functional Pressure on the Mandible of Growing Rats

by Shuhei Mizuno, Satoru Matsunaga, Norio Kasahara, Masaaki Kasahara, Yoshiaki Shimoo, Shinichi Abe, Takayoshi Nakano, Takuya Ishimoto, Atsuhiko Hikita, Kunihiko Nojima and Yasushi Nishii

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080435 - 21 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1164

Abstract

The objective of this study is to clarify the effect of restoring the lowered masticatory muscle functional pressure and correcting bilateral differences in masticatory muscle functional pressure on jawbone growth during growth and development with a quantitative evaluation of the changes in the [...] Read more.

The objective of this study is to clarify the effect of restoring the lowered masticatory muscle functional pressure and correcting bilateral differences in masticatory muscle functional pressure on jawbone growth during growth and development with a quantitative evaluation of the changes in the micro/nanostructural characteristics of entheses. Male Wistar rats aged 4 weeks were divided into an experimental group injected with a botulinum toxin serotype A (BoNT/A) formulation to reduce muscle function (BTX group) and a control group (CTRL group). They were euthanised after 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 weeks after measuring the difference between the midline of the upper and lower incisors. The mandibles were harvested for histological examination, second harmonic generation imaging, and the quantitative evaluation of biological apatite (BAp) crystal alignment. The midline difference decreased with age in weeks. In rats from 6 weeks after BoNT/A administration to 12 weeks after administration, the collagen fibre bundle diameter was significantly smaller in the BTX group; the difference between the two groups decreased with increasing age. BAp crystal alignment was significantly different on the x-axis and the y-axis on the BTX group from 6 weeks after BoNT/A administration to 10 weeks after administration. Asymmetry of mandibular bone formation caused by load imbalance during growth could be corrected by the adjustment of the function of the masseter muscle on either side. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 2665 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Factors Influencing Properties of Spider Silk Coatings and Their Interactions within a Biological Environment

by Vanessa T. Trossmann, Sarah Lentz and Thomas Scheibel

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080434 - 19 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1660

Abstract

Biomaterials are an indispensable part of biomedical research. However, although many materials display suitable application-specific properties, they provide only poor biocompatibility when implanted into a human/animal body leading to inflammation and rejection reactions. Coatings made of spider silk proteins are promising alternatives for [...] Read more.

Biomaterials are an indispensable part of biomedical research. However, although many materials display suitable application-specific properties, they provide only poor biocompatibility when implanted into a human/animal body leading to inflammation and rejection reactions. Coatings made of spider silk proteins are promising alternatives for various applications since they are biocompatible, non-toxic and anti-inflammatory. Nevertheless, the biological response toward a spider silk coating cannot be generalized. The properties of spider silk coatings are influenced by many factors, including silk source, solvent, the substrate to be coated, pre- and post-treatments and the processing technique. All these factors consequently affect the biological response of the environment and the putative application of the appropriate silk coating. Here, we summarize recently identified factors to be considered before spider silk processing as well as physicochemical characterization methods. Furthermore, we highlight important results of biological evaluations to emphasize the importance of adjustability and adaption to a specific application. Finally, we provide an experimental matrix of parameters to be considered for a specific application and a guided biological response as exemplarily tested with two different fibroblast cell lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Polymeric Biomaterials: Design and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Nanosuspension of Artemisia absinthium Extract as Novel Drug Delivery System to Enhance Its Bioavailability and Hepatoprotective Potential

by Nazish Jahan, Fareeha Kousar, Khalil Ur Rahman, Syeeda Iram Touqeer and Naseem Abbas

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080433 - 18 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1419

Abstract

A nanosuspension of Artemisia absinthium extract was formulated and characterized for the enhancement of bioavailability and better hepatoprotective efficacy. The nanosuspension of A. absinthium extract was formulated using an antisolvent precipitation technique, and various formulation parameters were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). [...] Read more.

A nanosuspension of Artemisia absinthium extract was formulated and characterized for the enhancement of bioavailability and better hepatoprotective efficacy. The nanosuspension of A. absinthium extract was formulated using an antisolvent precipitation technique, and various formulation parameters were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized nanosuspension was characterized using AFM and FT–IR spectroscopy. The drug-release profile and oral bioavailability of the optimized nanosuspension were assessed with reference to coarse suspension. The DPPH radical scavenging method was used to measure the nanosuspension’s antioxidant activity, and its in vivo hepatoprotective potential was assessed against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats. The developed optimized nanosuspension had suitable zeta potential of −11.9 mV, PDI of 0.285, and mean particle size of 253.8 nm. AFM study demonstrated a homogeneous population of nanoparticles with average size of 25 nm. The formulated nanosuspension of A. absinthium showed faster dissolution rate and 1.13-fold enhanced bioavailability as compared to the coarse suspension (plant extract). Furthermore, the nanoformulation had stronger antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential as compared to the unprocessed coarse extract. These results demonstrated that nanosuspension is a promising strategy for improving the oral bioavailability and bioactivities of A. absinthium extract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 6629 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Foreign Body Reaction (Immune Response) for Artificial Implants Can Be Avoided: An Example of Polyurethane in Mice for 1 Week

by Irina Kondyurina and Alexey Kondyurin

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080432 - 17 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1465

Abstract

Despite great success with artificial implants for the human body, modern implants cannot solve major health problems. The reason is an immune reaction of organisms to artificial implants, known as the foreign body reaction. We have found a way to avoid or decrease [...] Read more.

Despite great success with artificial implants for the human body, modern implants cannot solve major health problems. The reason is an immune reaction of organisms to artificial implants, known as the foreign body reaction. We have found a way to avoid or decrease the foreign body reaction. The surface of an artificial implant is modified with condensed aromatic structures containing free radicals, which provide a covalent attachment of host proteins in a native conformation. The total protein coverage prevents the direct contact of immune cells with the implant surface, and the immune cells are not activated. As a result, the immune response of the organism is not generated, and the artificial implant is not isolated from the tissue; there is no collagen capsule, low activity of macrophages, low cell proliferation, and low inflammatory activity. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1200 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Clinical Applications and Mechanical Properties of CAD-CAM Materials in Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry: A Systematic Review

by Imena Rexhepi, Manlio Santilli, Gianmaria D’Addazio, Giuseppe Tafuri, Eugenio Manciocchi, Sergio Caputi and Bruna Sinjari

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080431 - 17 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2677

Abstract

Clinical outcomes of dental restorations depend primarily on the choice of materials used, and nowadays, dental CAD-CAM (Computer-Aided Design Computer-Aided Manufacturing) materials have strongly changed daily clinical practice. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze CAD-CAM dental materials according to their [...] Read more.

Clinical outcomes of dental restorations depend primarily on the choice of materials used, and nowadays, dental CAD-CAM (Computer-Aided Design Computer-Aided Manufacturing) materials have strongly changed daily clinical practice. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze CAD-CAM dental materials according to their mechanical properties and in relation to their clinical applications. A literature review was performed on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane Library. Articles addressing at least one of the following topics regarding dental materials for CAD-CAM systems: manufacturers, mechanical features, materials’ composition, optical properties, clinical indications, and/or outcomes were included in the review. A flowchart was performed as described in the PRISMA guidelines. Among the 564 articles found, 63 were analyzed and evaluated. Within the limitations of this systematic review, it can be concluded that CAD-CAM materials present a wide range of clinical applications due to their improved mechanical properties. Specifically, in addition to materials that have been in use for a long time (such as feldspathic ceramics), resin block composites can also be used for permanent restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CAD–CAM and Bioactive Glass for Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency of Various Tubular Occlusion Agents in Human Dentin after In-Office Tooth Bleaching

by Natalia Papazisi, Dimitrios Dionysopoulos, Olga Naka, Dimitris Strakas, Sotiria Davidopoulou and Kosmas Tolidis

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080430 - 17 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2046

Abstract

The aim of this laboratory study was to investigate and compare the impact of five desensitizing techniques as a treatment fortooth sensitivity on the exposed dentin after an in-office tooth bleaching procedure. Thirty intact human molars were collected for this investigation. The specimens [...] Read more.

The aim of this laboratory study was to investigate and compare the impact of five desensitizing techniques as a treatment fortooth sensitivity on the exposed dentin after an in-office tooth bleaching procedure. Thirty intact human molars were collected for this investigation. The specimens were obtained by transversely cutting 2.5 mm of the crowns, leading to exposure of the dentin. The specimens were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath and treated initially with EDTA gel 15% for 4 min and then with Opalescence Boost bleaching gel (40% H₂O₂) for two sets of 20 min. Then, the samples were randomly divided into six groups (n = 5) and received one of the following treatments: Group 1 (no treatment—control group), Group 2 (Emofluor gel—0.4% SnF₂), Group 3 (MI Paste—CPP-ACPF), Group 4 (BioMinF paste—calcium phospho-fluoro-silicate), Group 5 (air-abrasion with ProSylc—Bioglass 45S5), and Group 6 (Er,Cr:YSGG laser). Subsequently, each sample was observed utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to detect the rate of occlusion of dentin tubules. SEM-EDS analysis revealed no occlusion of the dentin tubules in the control group, while Groups 2, 4, and 5 presented high effectiveness (>95% percentage of occluded tubules), and Groups 3 and 6 presented lower values (21.6 and 26.8%, respectively). It was concluded that althoughall the tested groups presented higher percentages of occlusion of the dentinal tubules compared to the control group, there were differences in effectiveness among them. The most effective treatments were the daily use of BioMinF paste and SnF₂-containing gel, as well as air-abrasion with ProSylc powder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 22636 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) and Its 3D-Printed Quantitate Assessment in Cranial Reconstruction

by Khaja Moiduddin, Syed Hammad Mian, Sherif Mohammed Elseufy, Hisham Alkhalefah, Sundar Ramalingam and Abdul Sayeed

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080429 - 17 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1592

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) printing, medical imaging, and implant design have all advanced significantly in recent years, and these developments may change how modern craniomaxillofacial surgeons use patient data to create tailored treatments. Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is often seen as an attractive option over metal biomaterials [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing, medical imaging, and implant design have all advanced significantly in recent years, and these developments may change how modern craniomaxillofacial surgeons use patient data to create tailored treatments. Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is often seen as an attractive option over metal biomaterials in medical uses, but a solid PEEK implant often leads to poor osseointegration and clinical failure. Therefore, the objective of this study is to demonstrate the quantitative assessment of a custom porous PEEK implant for cranial reconstruction and to evaluate its fitting accuracy. The research proposes an efficient process for designing, fabricating, simulating, and inspecting a customized porous PEEK implant. In this study, a CT scan is utilized in conjunction with a mirrored reconstruction technique to produce a skull implant. In order to foster cell proliferation, the implant is modified into a porous structure. The implant’s strength and stability are examined using finite element analysis. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is utilized to fabricate the porous PEEK implants, and 3D scanning is used to test its fitting accuracy. The results of the biomechanical analysis indicate that the highest stress observed was approximately 61.92 MPa, which is comparatively low when compared with the yield strength and tensile strength of the material. The implant fitting analysis demonstrates that the implant’s variance from the normal skull is less than 0.4436 mm, which is rather low given the delicate anatomy of the area. The results of the study demonstrate the implant’s endurance while also increasing the patient’s cosmetic value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Synthesis and Medical Application of Porous Biomaterials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4481 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Promising Materials in the Fight against Healthcare-Associated Infections: Antibacterial Properties of Chitosan-Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes Hybrid Hydrogels

by Antonio Laganà, Alessio Facciolà, Daniela Iannazzo, Consuelo Celesti, Evelina Polimeni, Carmelo Biondo, Angela Di Pietro and Giuseppa Visalli

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080428 - 17 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1484

Abstract

New technologies and materials could help in this fight against healthcare-associated infections. As the majority of these infections are caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the development of materials with intrinsic antibacterial properties is a promising field of research. We combined chitosan (CS), with antibacterial [...] Read more.

New technologies and materials could help in this fight against healthcare-associated infections. As the majority of these infections are caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the development of materials with intrinsic antibacterial properties is a promising field of research. We combined chitosan (CS), with antibacterial properties, with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), a biocompatible polymer with physico-chemical, mechanical, and rheological properties, creating a hydrogel using cross-linking agent genipin. The antibacterial properties of CS and CS-POSS hydrogels were investigated against nosocomial Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria both in terms of membrane damage and surface charge variations, and finally, the anti-biofilm property was studied through confocal microscopy. Both materials showed a good antibacterial capacity against all analyzed strains, both in suspension, with % decreases between 36.36 and 73.58 for CS and 29.86 and 66.04 for CS-POSS, and in plates with % decreases between 55.29 and 78.32 and 17.00 and 53.99 for CS and CS-POSS, respectively. The treated strains compared to the baseline condition showed an important membrane damage, which also determined a variation of surface charges, and finally, for both hydrogels, a remarkable anti-biofilm property was highlighted. Our findings showed a possible future use of these biocompatible materials in the manufacture of medical and surgical devices with intrinsic antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan Microparticles: Development, Characterization and Biomedical Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 8622 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mechanical and Functional Improvement of β-TCP Scaffolds for Use in Bone Tissue Engineering

by Felix Umrath, Lukas-Frank Schmitt, Sophie-Maria Kliesch, Christine Schille, Jürgen Geis-Gerstorfer, Elina Gurewitsch, Kathleen Bahrini, Fabian Peters, Siegmar Reinert and Dorothea Alexander

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080427 - 16 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1469

Abstract

Autologous bone transplantation is still considered as the gold standard therapeutic option for bone defect repair. The alternative tissue engineering approaches have to combine good hardiness of biomaterials whilst allowing good stem cell functionality. To become more useful for load-bearing applications, mechanical properties [...] Read more.

Autologous bone transplantation is still considered as the gold standard therapeutic option for bone defect repair. The alternative tissue engineering approaches have to combine good hardiness of biomaterials whilst allowing good stem cell functionality. To become more useful for load-bearing applications, mechanical properties of calcium phosphate materials have to be improved. In the present study, we aimed to reduce the brittleness of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). For this purpose, we used three polymers (PDL-02, -02a, -04) for coatings and compared resulting mechanical and degradation properties as well as their impact on seeded periosteal stem cells. Mechanical properties of coated and uncoated β-TCP scaffolds were analyzed. In addition, degradation kinetics analyses of the polymers employed and of the polymer-coated scaffolds were performed. For bioactivity assessment, the scaffolds were seeded with jaw periosteal cells (JPCs) and cultured under untreated and osteogenic conditions. JPC adhesion/proliferation, gene and protein expression by immunofluorescent staining of embedded scaffolds were analyzed. Raman spectroscopy measurements gave an insight into material properties and cell mineralization. PDL-coated β-TCP scaffolds showed a significantly higher flexural strength in comparison to that of uncoated scaffolds. Degradation kinetics showed considerable differences in pH and electrical conductivity of the three different polymer types, while the core material β-TCP was able to stabilize pH and conductivity. Material differences seemed to have an impact on JPC proliferation and differentiation potential, as reflected by the expression of osteogenic marker genes. A homogenous cell colonialization of coated and uncoated scaffolds was detected. Most interesting from a bone engineer’s point of view, the PDL-04 coating enabled detection of cell matrix mineralization by Raman spectroscopy. This was not feasible with uncoated scaffolds, due to intercalating effects of the β-TCP material and the JPC-formed calcium phosphate. In conclusion, the use of PDL-04 coating improved the mechanical properties of the β-TCP scaffold and promoted cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation, whilst allowing detection of cell mineralization within the ceramic core material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Tissue Engineering: Material Design and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 3275 KiB

Open AccessReview

Drug Delivery Application of Functional Nanomaterials Synthesized Using Natural Sources

by Mekala Veerapandian, Subramaniyan Ramasundaram, Peter Jerome, Gayathri Chellasamy, Saravanan Govindaraju, Kyusik Yun and Tae Hwan Oh

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080426 - 15 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2715

Abstract

Nanomaterials (NMs) synthesized from natural sources have been attracting greater attention, due to their intrinsic advantages including biocompatibility, stimuli-responsive property, nontoxicity, cost-effectiveness, and non-immunogenic characteristics in the biological environment. Among various biomedical applications, a breakthrough has been achieved in the development of drug [...] Read more.

Nanomaterials (NMs) synthesized from natural sources have been attracting greater attention, due to their intrinsic advantages including biocompatibility, stimuli-responsive property, nontoxicity, cost-effectiveness, and non-immunogenic characteristics in the biological environment. Among various biomedical applications, a breakthrough has been achieved in the development of drug delivery systems (DDS). Biocompatibility is necessary for treating a disease safely without any adverse effects. Some components in DDS respond to the physiological environment, such as pH, temperature, and functional group at the target, which facilitates targeted drug release. NM-based DDS is being applied for treating cancer, arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and dermal and ophthalmic diseases. Metal nanomaterials and carbon quantum dots are synthesized and stabilized using functional molecules extracted from natural sources. Polymers, mucilage and gums, exosomes, and molecules with biological activities are directly derived from natural sources. In DDS, these functional components have been used as drug carriers, imaging agents, targeting moieties, and super disintegrants. Plant extracts, biowaste, biomass, and microorganisms have been used as the natural source for obtaining these NMs. This review highlights the natural sources, synthesis, and application of metallic materials, polymeric materials, carbon dots, mucilage and gums, and exosomes in DDS. Aside from that, challenges and future perspectives on using natural resources for DDS are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Dichlorodimethylsilane to Produce Polydimethylsiloxane as a Substitute for Vitreous Humour: Characteristics and In Vitro Toxicity

by Diba Grace Auliya, Ulfa Fauziah, Vira Fuji Arini, Soni Setiadji, Fitrilawati Fitrilawati, Arief Sjamsulaksan Kartasasmita and Risdiana Risdiana

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080425 - 15 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1291

Abstract

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a substitute for vitreous humour in vitreoretinal surgery and is usually produced from octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4). In Indonesia, both commercial PDMS and D4 are limited and expensive. Dichlorodimethylsilane (DCMS) can be an alternative to produce PDMS. DCMS is cheaper and easier [...] Read more.

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a substitute for vitreous humour in vitreoretinal surgery and is usually produced from octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4). In Indonesia, both commercial PDMS and D4 are limited and expensive. Dichlorodimethylsilane (DCMS) can be an alternative to produce PDMS. DCMS is cheaper and easier to obtain than D4. However, more extra effort is needed in order to produce PDMS from DCMS. Therefore, this study aimed to produce PDMS from DCMS by varying the ratio of DCMS precursor to dichloromethane (DCM) solvent at ratios of 1:1 and 1:4 through the hydrolysis–condensation method under neutral conditions. The PDMS produced had medium- (2.06 Pa·s) and high viscosity (3.59 Pa·s), with densities ranging from 0.96 to 0.99 g/mL. The refractive index was 1.4034–1.4036 and surface tension was 21 × 10⁻³ N/m, while they were able to transmit ~100% visible light, which were similar values to the commercial PDMS characteristics. PDMS samples were characterized using IR and NMR spectroscopy, which confirmed they were of PDMS type. The most optimum DCMS:DCM ratio was 1:1 due to the medium-viscosity PDMS type that could be produced. The in vitro HET–CAM toxicity test showed that samples were non-irritant, similar to PDMS produced from D4. PDMS from DCMS was non-toxic and ready to be used as a vitreous humuor substitution. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 3404 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

An Overview of Magnesium-Phosphate-Based Cements as Bone Repair Materials

by Rita Gelli and Francesca Ridi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080424 - 14 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1859

Abstract

In the search for effective biomaterials for bone repair, magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) are nowadays gaining importance as bone void fillers thanks to their many attractive features that overcome some of the limitations of the well-investigated calcium-phosphate-based cements. The goal of this review [...] Read more.

In the search for effective biomaterials for bone repair, magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) are nowadays gaining importance as bone void fillers thanks to their many attractive features that overcome some of the limitations of the well-investigated calcium-phosphate-based cements. The goal of this review was to highlight the main properties and applications of MPCs in the orthopedic field, focusing on the different types of formulations that have been described in the literature, their main features, and the in vivo and in vitro response towards them. The presented results will be useful to showcase the potential of MPCs in the orthopedic field and will suggest novel strategies to further boost their clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers on Functional Biomaterials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 5198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Composite Hydrogels of Ultrasound-Assisted-Digested Formic Acid-Decellularized Extracellular Matrix and Sacchachitin Nanofibers Incorporated with Platelet-Rich Plasma for Diabetic Wound Treatment

by Chien-Ju Lin, Hong-Liang Lin, Wen-Chen You, Hsiu-O Ho, Ming-Thau Sheu, Ling-Chun Chen and Wei-Jie Cheng

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080423 - 11 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1263

Abstract

In this study, an ultrasound-assisted digestion method of a formic acid-decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) of porcine skin was developed and optimized to form UdECM hydrogels for diabetic wound healing. Results demonstrated that ultrasonication improved the extraction rate of collagen from dECM samples, preserved [...] Read more.

In this study, an ultrasound-assisted digestion method of a formic acid-decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) of porcine skin was developed and optimized to form UdECM hydrogels for diabetic wound healing. Results demonstrated that ultrasonication improved the extraction rate of collagen from dECM samples, preserved the collagen content of dECM, reduced residual cells, and extracted greater DNA contents. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses were performed, which demonstrated the optimal porosity on the surface and density of the cross-section in the hydrogel structure, which could control the release of growth factors embedded in UdECM hydrogels at desirable rates to boost wound healing. A wound-healing study was conducted with six different composite hydrogels, both empty materials and materials enriched with rat platelet-rich plasma (R-PRP), sacchachitin nanofibers (SCNFs), and TEMPO-oxidized sacchachitin in diabetic rats. The assessment based on scars stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson’s trichrome (MT), and a cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) staining showed that the UdECM/SC/R-PRP treatment group had the most significant efficacy of promoting healing and even recovery of diabetic wounds to normal tissues. UdECM/R-PRP and UdECM/SCNFs demonstrated better healing rates than UdECM hydrogel scaffolds, which had only recovered 50% resemblance to normal skin. Treatment with both UdECM/TEMPO 050 and UdECM/TEMPO 050/R-PRP hydrogel scaffolds was ranked last, with even poorer efficacy than UdECM hydrogels. In summary, formulated UdECM and SCNF hydrogels loaded with PRP showed synergistic effects of accelerating wound healing and ultimately stimulating the wound to recover as functional tissues. This newly UdECM/SCNF composite hydrogel has promising potential for healing and regenerating diabetic wounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Biomedical Materials and Their Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 5396 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In-Vitro Comparison of Fracture Strength of Endocrowns and Overlays in Endodontically Treated Teeth Manufactured with Monolithic Lithium Disilicate and Zirconia

by Maya Veselinova, Sofia Diamantopoulou, Chariklia Paximada and Efstratios Papazoglou

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080422 - 11 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1978

Abstract

To evaluate the fracture strength and the failure mode of endodontically treated molars restored with monolithic lithium disilicate and zirconia endocrowns and overlays. A total of 48 extracted mandibular molars were endodontically treated, decoronated 2 mm above the cementoenamel junction and divided into [...] Read more.

To evaluate the fracture strength and the failure mode of endodontically treated molars restored with monolithic lithium disilicate and zirconia endocrowns and overlays. A total of 48 extracted mandibular molars were endodontically treated, decoronated 2 mm above the cementoenamel junction and divided into four 12-specimen groups. Group ELD: lithium disilicate endocrowns. Group EZ: monolithic zirconia endocrowns. Group OLD: lithium disilicate overlays. Group OZ: monolithic zirconia overlays. Overlays did not extend in the pulp chamber and endocrowns extended in the pulp chamber 2 mm. After adhesive bonding of the restorations, the specimens were subjected to thermocycling (×5000 cycles) and then to fracture resistance testing at lateral static loading (1 mm/min) at a universal testing machine. The failure mode of the specimens was qualitatively evaluated. Differences in means were compared using with t-tests for independent samples or Mann–Whitney test (p < 0.05). Weibull distribution analysis was also performed. Group ELD showed significantly higher fracture strength than all other groups (p = 0.001), and the highest Weibull modulus. Conclusions: Lithium disilicate endocrowns exhibit higher fracture strength and are more reliable compared to the other types of restorations examined. Endocrowns had more catastrophic failures compared to overlays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 770 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Remineralizing Ability of Resin Modified Glass Ionomers (RMGICs): A Systematic Review

by James Ghilotti, Paula Mayorga, José Luis Sanz, Leopoldo Forner and Carmen Llena

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080421 - 11 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1260

Abstract

The selective caries removal approach leads to the need to use materials with the ability to remineralize remaining partially demineralized dentin. Among the materials proposed are resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGICs). The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate, based on in [...] Read more.

The selective caries removal approach leads to the need to use materials with the ability to remineralize remaining partially demineralized dentin. Among the materials proposed are resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGICs). The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate, based on in vitro experimental studies, whether RMGICs are suitable for remineralizing affected dentin. A systematic literature search was performed in four databases, followed by article selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. Studies assessing the remineralizing potential of RMGICs on dentin were included in our review. Studies which compared such properties between different RMGICs or with other materials were also eligible. The studies report the remineralizing ability of RMGICs, albeit with differences between different commercial products. RMGICs show a similar ability to conventional GICs to remineralize affected dentin, fulfilling the function for which they are designed. Moreover, the incorporation of additives, such as bioactive glass (BAG) or CCP-ACP, improves their remineralizing potential. The results of this review support the use of RMGICs as restorative materials after selective caries removal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Resin Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3933 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhancing Polymethyl Methacrylate Prostheses for Cranioplasty with Ti mesh Inlays

by Gargi Shankar Nayak, Heinz Palkowski and Adele Carradò

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080420 - 10 Aug 2023

Viewed by 896

Abstract

Biocompatible polymers such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), despite fulfilling biomedical aspects, lack the mechanical strength needed for hard-tissue implant applications. This gap can be closed by using composites with metallic reinforcements, as their adaptable mechanical properties can overcome this problem. Keeping this in [...] Read more.

Biocompatible polymers such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), despite fulfilling biomedical aspects, lack the mechanical strength needed for hard-tissue implant applications. This gap can be closed by using composites with metallic reinforcements, as their adaptable mechanical properties can overcome this problem. Keeping this in mind, novel Ti-mesh-reinforced PMMA composites were developed. The influence of the orientation and volume fraction of the mesh on the mechanical properties of the composites was investigated. The composites were prepared by adding Ti meshes between PMMA layers, cured by hot-pressing above the glass transition temperature of PMMA, where the interdiffusion of PMMA through the spaces in the Ti mesh provided sufficient mechanical clamping and adhesion between the layers. The increase in the volume fraction of Ti led to a tremendous improvement in the mechanical properties of the composites. A significant anisotropic behaviour was analysed depending on the direction of the mesh. Furthermore, the shaping possibilities of these composites were investigated via four-point bending tests. High shaping possibility was found for these composites when they were shaped at elevated temperature. These promising results show the potential of these materials to be used for patient-specific implant applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fundamental Biomechanics in Implant Design and Bone Tissue Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1 pages, 166 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Wang et al. Improve Dentin Bonding Performance Using a Hydrolytically Stable, Ether-Based Primer. J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13, 128

by Xiaohong Wang, Shinobu Yamauchi and Jirun Sun

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080419 - 09 Aug 2023

Viewed by 470

Abstract

Jirun Sun was not included as an author in the original publication [...] Full article

19 pages, 7247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Blending Ethnomedicine with Modern Technology—From Conventional to Tailored Products: Modulating Biopharmaceutical Properties of Berberis Extract by Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Wound Healing

by Neetika Sharma, Karan Vasisht, Jasmine Kaur, Simarjot Kaur Sandhu, Kaustav Dey, Bakr Ahmed Hameed, Rakesh Bajaj, Indu Pal Kaur and Maninder Karan

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080418 - 09 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1094

Abstract

Drug-delivery systems employing phytopharmaceuticals based on the leads in traditional knowledge offers not only an alternative but quicker and more economic strategy for drug development. Nanophytopharmaceuticals promise remarkable opportunities with the ability to overcome challenges associated with herbal medicines, such as low solubility [...] Read more.

Drug-delivery systems employing phytopharmaceuticals based on the leads in traditional knowledge offers not only an alternative but quicker and more economic strategy for drug development. Nanophytopharmaceuticals promise remarkable opportunities with the ability to overcome challenges associated with herbal medicines, such as low solubility and bioavailability, poor target specificity, and shelf life. Berberis extracts documented as Ropana (wound healer) in Sushruta Samhita are a popular traditional remedy that is amiss in the modern system of medicine as it exhibits very poor biopharmaceutical properties. Poor solubility and bioavailability necessitate the administration of high doses to achieve the desired therapeutic effects. Exploiting the diversified type of compounds with pleiotropic properties present in Berberis, the biopharmaceutical properties were engineered using an optimized freeze-dried extract and developed solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as an effective drug-delivery system. An industrially viable and environment-friendly hot high-pressure homogenization technique led to a stable formulation with an average particle size of 178.4 nm, as well as a 7-fold increase in loading and a significant entrapment of 91 ± 1.25%. The pharmacodynamic studies of developed nanosystems in excision-wound models showed faster and complete healing of wounds with no scars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Skin Wound Healing)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 5361 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Liver dECM–Gelatin Composite Bioink for Precise 3D Printing of Highly Functional Liver Tissues

by Min Kyeong Kim, Wonwoo Jeong and Hyun-Wook Kang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080417 - 09 Aug 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1789

Abstract

In recent studies, liver decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based bioinks have gained significant attention for their excellent compatibility with hepatocytes. However, their low printability limits the fabrication of highly functional liver tissue. In this study, a new liver dECM–gelatin composite bioink (dECM gBioink) was [...] Read more.

In recent studies, liver decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based bioinks have gained significant attention for their excellent compatibility with hepatocytes. However, their low printability limits the fabrication of highly functional liver tissue. In this study, a new liver dECM–gelatin composite bioink (dECM gBioink) was developed to overcome this limitation. The dECM gBioink was prepared by incorporating a viscous gelatin mixture into the liver dECM material. The novel dECM gBioink showed 2.44 and 10.71 times higher bioprinting resolution and compressive modulus, respectively, than a traditional dECM bioink. In addition, the new bioink enabled stable stacking with 20 or more layers, whereas a structure printed with the traditional dECM bioink collapsed. Moreover, the proposed dECM gBioink exhibited excellent hepatocyte and endothelial cell compatibility. At last, the liver lobule mimetic structure was successfully fabricated with a precisely patterned endothelial cell cord-like pattern and primary hepatocytes using the dECM gBioink. The fabricated lobule structure exhibited excellent hepatic functionalities and dose-dependent responses to hepatotoxic drugs. These results demonstrated that the gelatin mixture can significantly improve the printability and mechanical properties of the liver dECM materials while maintaining good cytocompatibility. This novel liver dECM gBioink with enhanced 3D printability and resolution can be used as an advanced tool for engineering highly functional liver tissues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing Applications in Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Devices)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 13901 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fit and Retention of Cobalt–Chromium Removable Partial Denture Frameworks Fabricated with Selective Laser Melting

by Stefan Rues, Akinori Tasaka, Isabella Fleckenstein, Shuichiro Yamashita, Peter Rammelsberg, Sophia Boehm and Franz Sebastian Schwindling

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080416 - 08 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1593

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate fit and retention of cobalt–chromium removable partial denture (RPD) frameworks fabricated with selective laser melting (SLM). Methods: Three types of framework for clasp-retained RPDs were virtually designed and fabricated using SLM (n = 30). For comparison, 30 additional frameworks were [...] Read more.

Purpose: To evaluate fit and retention of cobalt–chromium removable partial denture (RPD) frameworks fabricated with selective laser melting (SLM). Methods: Three types of framework for clasp-retained RPDs were virtually designed and fabricated using SLM (n = 30). For comparison, 30 additional frameworks were produced using conventional lost-wax casting. A biomechanical model was created, incorporating extracted teeth mounted on flexible metal posts. Using this model, horizontal constraint forces resulting from a misfit were measured using strain gauges, while vertical forces were not recorded. The constraint force components and resultant forces were determined for all abutment teeth, and the maximum retention force during RPD removal from the model was also assessed. For statistical evaluation, the two fabrication methods were analyzed by calculating the means and standard deviations. Results: The average horizontal constraint forces showed similar values for both fabrication methods (SLM: 3.5 ± 1.0 N, casting: 3.4 ± 1.6 N). The overall scatter of data for cast RPDs was greater compared to those fabricated using SLM, indicating a better reproducibility of the SLM process. With regard to retention, the intended retention force of 5–10 N per abutment tooth was not attained in one of the cast groups, while it was consistently achieved in all SLM groups. Conclusions: This in vitro study found that SLM is a promising option for the manufacture of cobalt–chromium RPD frameworks in terms of fit and retention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing of Dental Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Action of Angiocrine Molecules Sourced from Mechanotransduction-Related Endothelial Cell Partially Explain the Successful of Titanium in Osseointegration

by Patricia Fretes Wood, Célio Junior da Costa Fernandes, Gerson Santos de Almeida, Luisa Camilo Suter, João Paulo Ruiz Lucio de Lima Parra, Fábio José Bezerra and Willian Fernando Zambuzzi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080415 - 08 Aug 2023

Viewed by 980

Abstract

Since Branemark’s findings, titanium-based alloys have been widely used in implantology. However, their success in dental implants is not known when considering the heterogenicity of housing cells surrounding the peri-implant microenvironment. Additionally, they are expected to recapitulate the physiological coupling between endothelial cells [...] Read more.

Since Branemark’s findings, titanium-based alloys have been widely used in implantology. However, their success in dental implants is not known when considering the heterogenicity of housing cells surrounding the peri-implant microenvironment. Additionally, they are expected to recapitulate the physiological coupling between endothelial cells and osteoblasts during appositional bone growth during osseointegration. To investigate whether this crosstalk was happening in this context, we considered the mechanotransduction-related endothelial cell signaling underlying laminar shear stress (up to 3 days), and this angiocrine factor-enriched medium was harvested further to use exposing pre-osteoblasts (pOb) for up to 7 days in vitro. Two titanium surfaces were considered, as follows: double acid etching treatment (w_DAE) and machined surfaces (wo_DAE). These surfaces were used to conditionate the cell culture medium as recommended by ISO10993-5:2016, and this titanium-enriched medium was later used to expose ECs. First, our data showed that there is a difference between the surfaces in releasing Ti molecules to the medium, providing very dynamic surfaces, where the w_DAE was around 25% higher (4 ng/mL) in comparison to the wo_DAE (3 ng/mL). Importantly, the ECs took up some of this titanium content for up to 3 days in culture. However, when this conditioned medium was used to expose pOb for up to 7 days, considering the angiocrine factors released from ECs, the concentration of Ti was lesser than previously reported, reaching around 1 ng/mL and 2 ng/mL, respectively. Thereafter, pOb exposed to this angiocrine factor-enriched medium presented a significant difference when considering the mechanosignaling subjected to the ECs. Shear-stressed ECs showed adequate crosstalk with osteoblasts, stimulating the higher expression of the Runx2 gene and driving higher expressions of Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteocalcin. Mechanotransduction-related endothelial cell signaling as a source of angiocrine molecules also stimulated the higher expression of the Col3A1 gene in osteoblasts, which suggests it is a relevant protagonist during trabecular bone growth. In fact, we investigated ECM remodeling by first evaluating the expression of genes related to it, and our data showed a higher expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and MMP9 in response to mechanosignaling-based angiocrine molecules, independent of considering w_DAE or the wo_DAE, and this profile reflected on the MMP2 and MMP9 activities evaluated via gelatin-based zymography. Complimentarily, the ECM remodeling seemed to be a very regulated mechanism in mature osteoblasts during the mineralization process once both TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 and 2 (TIMP1 and TIMP2, respectively) genes were significantly higher in response to mechanotransduction-related endothelial cell signaling as a source of angiocrine molecules. Altogether, our data show the relevance of mechanosignaling in favoring ECs’ release of bioactive factors peri-implant, which is responsible for creating an osteogenic microenvironment able to drive osteoblast differentiation and modulate ECM remodeling. Taking this into account, it seems that mechanotransduction-based angiocrine molecules explain the successful use of titanium during osseointegration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Biomaterials and Implants for Dentistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 5741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and Characterization of Electrospun Chitosan/Polylactic Acid (CH/PLA) Nanofiber Scaffolds for Biomedical Application

by Yevhen Samokhin, Yuliia Varava, Kateryna Diedkova, Ilya Yanko, Yevheniia Husak, Julia Radwan-Pragłowska, Oksana Pogorielova, Łukasz Janus, Maksym Pogorielov and Viktoriia Korniienko

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080414 - 05 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1734

Abstract

The present study demonstrates a strategy for preparing porous composite fibrous materials with superior biocompatibility and antibacterial performance. The findings reveal that the incorporation of PEG into the spinning solutions significantly influences the fiber diameters, morphology, and porous area fraction. The addition of [...] Read more.

The present study demonstrates a strategy for preparing porous composite fibrous materials with superior biocompatibility and antibacterial performance. The findings reveal that the incorporation of PEG into the spinning solutions significantly influences the fiber diameters, morphology, and porous area fraction. The addition of a hydrophilic homopolymer, PEG, into the Ch/PLA spinning solution enhances the hydrophilicity of the resulting materials. The hybrid fibrous materials, comprising Ch modified with PLA and PEG as a co-solvent, along with post-treatment to improve water stability, exhibit a slower rate of degradation (stable, moderate weight loss over 16 weeks) and reduced hydrophobicity (lower contact angle, reaching 21.95 ± 2.17°), rendering them promising for biomedical applications. The antibacterial activity of the membranes is evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with PEG-containing samples showing a twofold increase in bacterial reduction rate. In vitro cell culture studies demonstrated that PEG-containing materials promote uniform cell attachment, comparable to PEG-free nanofibers. The comprehensive evaluation of these novel materials, which exhibit improved physical, chemical, and biological properties, highlights their potential for biomedical applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan Microparticles: Development, Characterization and Biomedical Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 7431 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Antifouling Behavior of Copper-Modified Titania Nanotube Surfaces

by Aniruddha Vijay Savargaonkar, Amit H. Munshi, Paulo Soares and Ketul C. Popat

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080413 - 04 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1369

Abstract

Titanium and its alloys are commonly used to fabricate orthopedic implants due to their excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. In recent years, orthopedic implant surgeries have considerably increased. This has also resulted in an increase in infection-associated revision surgeries for these [...] Read more.

Titanium and its alloys are commonly used to fabricate orthopedic implants due to their excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. In recent years, orthopedic implant surgeries have considerably increased. This has also resulted in an increase in infection-associated revision surgeries for these implants. To combat this, various approaches are being investigated in the literature. One of the approaches is modifying the surface topography of implants and creating surfaces that are not only antifouling but also encourage osteointegration. Titania nanotube surfaces have demonstrated a moderate decrease in bacterial adhesion while encouraging mesenchymal stem cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, and hence were used in this study. In this work, titania nanotube surfaces were fabricated using a simple anodization technique. These surfaces were further modified with copper using a physical vapor deposition technique, since copper is known to be potent against bacteria once in contact. In this study, scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate surface topography; energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to evaluate surface chemistry; contact angle goniometry was used to evaluate surface wettability; and X-ray diffraction was used to evaluate surface crystallinity. Antifouling behavior against a gram-positive and a gram-negative bacterium was also investigated. The results indicate that copper-modified titania nanotube surfaces display enhanced antifouling behavior when compared to other surfaces, and this may be a potential way to prevent infection in orthopedic implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium-Based Implants: Advances in Materials and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 5596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Biocompatibility of PLA/PHB/TPS Polymer Scaffolds with Different Additives of ATBC and OLA Plasticizers

by Marianna Trebuňová, Patrícia Petroušková, Alena Findrik Balogová, Gabriela Ižaríková, Peter Horňak, Darina Bačenková, Jana Demeterová and Jozef Živčák

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080412 - 04 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1195

Abstract

One of the blends that is usable for 3D printing while not being toxic to cell cultures is the lactic acid (PLA)/polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)/thermoplastic starch (TPS) blend. The addition of plasticizers can change the rate of biodegradation and the biological behavior of the material. [...] Read more.

One of the blends that is usable for 3D printing while not being toxic to cell cultures is the lactic acid (PLA)/polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)/thermoplastic starch (TPS) blend. The addition of plasticizers can change the rate of biodegradation and the biological behavior of the material. In order to evaluate the potential of the PLA/PHB/TPS material in combination with additives (plasticizers: acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and oligomeric lactic acid (OLA)), for use in the field of biomedical tissue engineering, we performed a comprehensive in vitro characterization of selected mixture materials. Three types of materials were tested: I: PLA/PHB/TPS + 25% OLA, II: PLA/PHB/TPS + 30% ATBC, and III: PLA/PHB/TPS + 30% OLA. The assessment of the biocompatibility of the materials included cytotoxicity tests, such as monitoring the viability, proliferation and morphology of cells and their deposition on the surface of the materials. The cell line 7F2 osteoblasts (Mus musculus) was used in the experiments. Based on the test results, the significant influence of plasticizers on the material was confirmed, with their specific proportions in the mixtures. PLA/PHB/TPS + 25% OLA was evaluated as the optimal material for biocompatibility with 7F2 osteoblasts. The tested biomaterials have the potential for further investigation with a possible change in the proportion of plasticizers, which can have a fundamental impact on their biological properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biodegradable Biomaterials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1013 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Cytotoxic Effect of Thermoplastic Denture Base Resins: A Systematic Review

by Shankargouda Patil, Frank W. Licari, Shilpa Bhandi, Kamran H. Awan, Almir Badnjević, Valentina Belli, Gabriele Cervino and Giuseppe Minervini

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080411 - 03 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1687

Abstract

Partial or complete dentures are constructed from thermoplastic resins that are thermally processed and molded. This review examines the presently available evidence for the cytotoxicity of thermoplasticized denture base resins on human gingival epithelial cells, adipose cells, and fibroblasts; human amnion fibroblasts; and [...] Read more.

Partial or complete dentures are constructed from thermoplastic resins that are thermally processed and molded. This review examines the presently available evidence for the cytotoxicity of thermoplasticized denture base resins on human gingival epithelial cells, adipose cells, and fibroblasts; human amnion fibroblasts; and mouse fibroblasts. Electronic searches were performed on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases to identify relevant articles to be included in the review until September 2022. Clinical, in vivo, and in vitro studies in English language were searched for. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Toxicological data Reliability Assessment tool (ToxRTool) developed by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre. GRADE assessment was used to evaluate the certainty of evidence. Seven in vitro studies were included in the review. The overall risk of bias was determined to be high, with the majority of studies assessed found to be reliable with restrictions or not reliable. Only two studies were considered reliable without restrictions based on ToxRTool assessment. The effect of thermoplastic denture base resins on viability and cell adherence of human gingival or amnion fibroblasts and mouse fibroblasts (L929s) is not significant. Conditioned media from unpolished specimens of resins were significantly more toxic to cultured cells than those from polished specimens. This may be of concern in cases of poor post-processing of dentures. Based on the limited evidence available, there is low-certainty evidence that thermoplastic denture base resins appear to be biocompatible and show insignificant cytotoxicity. Further well-designed trials adhering to standard reporting guidelines and using objective measures are necessary before outlining universal guidelines for best practice. Long-term in vivo and clinical assessment is necessary to corroborate laboratory findings with clinical outcomes. Denture base resins are in constant contact with oral tissues, and cytotoxic components released by the resins may irritate or inflame the tissues or provoke an allergic response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dentistry: Clinical Applications and Innovative Techniques of New Biomaterials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 7734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chitosan-Based High-Intensity Modification of the Biodegradable Substitutes for Cancellous Bone

by Anna Kołakowska, Dorota Kołbuk, Andrzej Chwojnowski, Andrzej Rafalski and Agnieszka Gadomska-Gajadhur

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080410 - 03 Aug 2023

Viewed by 841

Abstract

An innovative approach to treating bone defects is using synthetic bone substitutes made of biomaterials. The proposed method to obtain polylactide scaffolds using the phase inversion technique with a freeze extraction variant enables the production of substitutes with morphology similar to cancellous bone [...] Read more.

An innovative approach to treating bone defects is using synthetic bone substitutes made of biomaterials. The proposed method to obtain polylactide scaffolds using the phase inversion technique with a freeze extraction variant enables the production of substitutes with morphology similar to cancellous bone (pore size 100–400 µm, open porosity 94%). The high absorbability of the implants will enable their use as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) carriers in future medical devices. Surface modification by dipping enabled the deposition of the hydrophilic chitosan (CS) layer, maintaining good bone tissue properties and high absorbability (850% dry weight). Introducing CS increases surface roughness and causes local changes in surface free energy, promoting bone cell adhesion. Through this research, we have developed a new and original method of low-temperature modification of PLA substitutes with chitosan. This method uses non-toxic reagents that do not cause changes in the structure of the PLA matrix. The obtained bone substitutes are characterised by exceptionally high hydrophilicity and morphology similar to spongy bone. In vitro studies were performed to analyse the effect of morphology and chitosan on cellular viability. Substitutes with properties similar to those of cancellous bone and which promote bone cell growth were obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 8158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Injectable Pectin–Alginate Hydrogels for Improving Vascularization and Adipogenesis of Human Fat Graft

by Ramu Janarthanan, Rangasamy Jayakumar and Subramania Iyer

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080409 - 02 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1005

Abstract

Autologous fat grafting (AFG) is the most prevailing tool for soft tissue regeneration in clinics, although efficiency is limited to unpredictable volume resorption due to poor vascularization and eventual necrosis. This study sought to improve the AFG efficiency using a hydrogel as a [...] Read more.

Autologous fat grafting (AFG) is the most prevailing tool for soft tissue regeneration in clinics, although efficiency is limited to unpredictable volume resorption due to poor vascularization and eventual necrosis. This study sought to improve the AFG efficiency using a hydrogel as a carrier for human fat graft (F) with and without platelet-rich plasma (PRP). PRP is clinically well known for the local release of several endogenous growth factors and has been in clinical use already. A human-fat-graft-encapsulated pectin–alginate hydrogel (FG) was developed and characterized. PRP was added to F to develop a human fat graft with PRP (FP). FP was admixed with a pectin–alginate hydrogel to develop FGP. FG and FGP showed the smooth injectable, elastic, and shear-thinning properties. FG and FGP groups showed enhanced cell viability and proliferation compared to the control F in vitro. We also investigated the in vivo angiogenesis and neo-adipogenesis ability of F, FG, FGP, and FP in nude mice after subcutaneous injection. After 2 and 4 weeks, an MRI of the mice was conducted, followed by graft explantation. The explanted grafts were also assessed histologically and with immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies. MRI and histology results revealed better vascularity of the FG and FGP system compared to fat graft alone. Further, the IHC studies, CD 31, and perilipin staining also revealed better vasculature and adipogenesis of FG and FGP systems. These results indicate the enhanced angiogenesis and adipogenesis of FG and FGP. Thus, developed pectin–alginate hydrogel-based fat graft systems FG and FGP replenish the native microenvironment by mediating angiogenesis and adipogenesis, thereby maximizing the clinical outcomes of autologous fat grafting. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 631 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Curcumin-Based Combination Nanomedicines for Cancer Therapy

by Amir R. Afshari, Mehdi Sanati, Prashant Kesharwani and Amirhossein Sahebkar

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080408 - 02 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1467

Abstract

Standard cancer chemotherapeutics often produce significant adverse effects and eventually lose their effectiveness due to the emergence of resistance mechanisms. As a result, patients with malignant tumors experience a poor quality of life and a short lifespan. Thus, combination medication regimens provide various [...] Read more.

Standard cancer chemotherapeutics often produce significant adverse effects and eventually lose their effectiveness due to the emergence of resistance mechanisms. As a result, patients with malignant tumors experience a poor quality of life and a short lifespan. Thus, combination medication regimens provide various advantages, including increased success rate, fewer side effects, and fewer occurrences of resistance. Curcumin (Cur), a potential phytochemical from turmeric, when coupled with traditional chemotherapeutics, has been established to improve the effectiveness of cancer treatment in clinical and preclinical investigations. Cur not only exerts multiple mechanisms resulting in apoptotic cancer cell death but also reduces the resistance to standard chemotherapy drugs, mainly through downregulating the multi-drug resistance (MDR) cargoes. Recent reports showed the beneficial outcomes of Cur combination with many chemotherapeutics in various malignancies. Nevertheless, owing to the limited bioavailability, devising co-delivery strategies for Cur and conventional pharmaceuticals appears to be required for clinical settings. This review summarized various Cur combinations with standard treatments as cancer therapeutics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles and Nanocompounds for Cancer Therapy)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4111 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Anti-Tumor Activity of Novel Nimotuzumab-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles as a Potential Immunotherapeutic Agent against Skin and Lung Cancers

by Mohammad Anisuzzman, Varsha Komalla, Mariam Abdulaziz M. Tarkistani and Veysel Kayser

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080407 - 01 Aug 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1696

Abstract

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is vital for many different types of cancer. Nimotuzumab (NmAb), an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody (mAb), is used against some of EGFR-overexpressed cancers in various countries. It targets malignant cells and is internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis. We hypothesized [...] Read more.

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is vital for many different types of cancer. Nimotuzumab (NmAb), an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody (mAb), is used against some of EGFR-overexpressed cancers in various countries. It targets malignant cells and is internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis. We hypothesized that mAb-nanoparticle conjugation would provide an enhanced therapeutic efficacy, and hence we conjugated NmAb with 27 nm spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to form AuNP-NmAb nanoconjugates. Using biophysical and spectroscopic methods, including ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the AuNP-NmAb complex was characterized. Furthermore, in vitro studies were performed using a medium-level EGFR-expressing skin cancer cell (A431, EGFR^medium) and low-level EGFR-expressing lung cancer cell (A549, EGFR^low) to evaluate anti-tumor and cellular uptake efficiency via MTT assay and single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS), respectively. In comparison to NmAb monotherapy, the AuNP-NmAb treatment drastically reduced cancer cell survivability: for A431 cells, the IC₅₀ value of AuNP-NmAb conjugate was 142.7 µg/mL, while the IC₅₀ value of free NmAb was 561.3 µg/mL. For A549 cells, the IC₅₀ value of the AuNP-NmAb conjugate was 163.6 µg/mL, while the IC₅₀ value of free NmAb was 1,082.0 µg/mL. Therefore, this study highlights the unique therapeutic potential of AuNP-NmAb in EGFR+ cancers and shows the potential to develop other mAb nanoparticle complexes for a superior therapeutic efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles: Fabrication, Properties and Biomedical Application)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 9250 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in the Study of Bionic Mineralized Collagen, PLGA, Magnesium Ionomer Materials, and Their Composite Scaffolds for Bone Defect Treatment

by Shuai Zhou, Shihang Liu, Yan Wang, Wenjing Li, Juan Wang, Xiumei Wang, Shuo Wang, Wei Chen and Hongzhi Lv

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080406 - 01 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1262

Abstract

The healing of bone defects after a fracture remains a key issue to be addressed. Globally, more than 20 million patients experience bone defects annually. Among all artificial bone repair materials that can aid healing, implantable scaffolds made from a mineralized collagen (MC) [...] Read more.

The healing of bone defects after a fracture remains a key issue to be addressed. Globally, more than 20 million patients experience bone defects annually. Among all artificial bone repair materials that can aid healing, implantable scaffolds made from a mineralized collagen (MC) base have the strongest bionic properties. The MC/PLGA scaffold, created by adding Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer (PLGA) and magnesium metal to the MC substrate, plays a powerful role in promoting fracture healing because, on the one hand, it has good biocompatibility similar to that of MC; on the other hand, the addition of PLGA provides the scaffold with an interconnected porous structure, and the addition of magnesium allows the scaffold to perform anti-inflammatory, osteogenic, and angiogenic activities. Using the latest 3D printing technology for scaffold fabrication, it is possible to model the scaffold in advance according to the requirement and produce a therapeutic scaffold suitable for various bone-defect shapes with less time and effort, which can promote bone tissue healing and regeneration to the maximum extent. This study reviews the material selection and technical preparation of MC/PLGA scaffolds, and the progress of their research on bone defect treatment. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

J. Funct. Biomater., Volume 14, Issue 8 (August 2023) – 44 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI