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Titanium-Based Implants: Advances in Materials and Applications
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Titanium-Based Implants: Advances in Materials and Applications

A special issue of Journal of Functional Biomaterials (ISSN 2079-4983). This special issue belongs to the section "Bone Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2024 | Viewed by 6418

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Michael D. Roach

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Materials Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
Interests: implant surface coatings; anodization; additive manufacturing of implant materials; corrosion and corrosion fatigue; failure analysis; implant alloy development

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Titanium alloys have shown a long history of successful use as dental and orthopedic implants due to providing strategic combinations of advantageous mechanical properties, excellent corrosion resistance in physiological environments, biocompatibility with surrounding cells and tissues, and the ability to osseointegrate with growing bone. Single phase titanium alloys are commonly used for implant applications requiring substantial ductility, while duplex alloys are often selected for implant applications requiring higher strengths. The excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of titanium alloys have been attributed to the tenacious protective oxides that spontaneously form on the alloy surfaces in oxygenated environments. Following this long successful history, a number of recent advancements in implant designs, alloy manufacturing processes, and application specific surface modifications promise an even brighter future for titanium-based implants.

This Special Issue will host papers related to recent developments in implant design, manufacturing processes, and application-specific surface modifications which are applicable to titanium-based implants. Topics will include, but not be limited to, advancements in manufacturing processes, including additive manufacturing, implant designs, alloy development, and surface modifications to improve bacterial response and osseointegration.

Prof. Dr. Michael D. Roach
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Functional Biomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • surface coatings
  • osseointegration
  • photocatalytic activity
  • anodization
  • titanium oxide
  • additive manufacturing
  • lattice structures

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 26500 KiB  
Article
Fretting and Fretting Corrosion Behavior of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-Nb-Zr Alloys in Air and Physiological Solutions
by Annsley O. Mace, Michael A. Kurtz and Jeremy L. Gilbert
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15020038 - 05 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1494
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) of orthopedic implants has increased in recent years, providing benefits to surgeons, patients, and implant companies. Both traditional and new titanium alloys are under consideration for AM-manufactured implants. However, concerns remain about their wear and corrosion (tribocorrosion) performance. In this [...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing (AM) of orthopedic implants has increased in recent years, providing benefits to surgeons, patients, and implant companies. Both traditional and new titanium alloys are under consideration for AM-manufactured implants. However, concerns remain about their wear and corrosion (tribocorrosion) performance. In this study, the effects of fretting corrosion were investigated on AM Ti-29Nb-21Zr (pre-alloyed and admixed) and AM Ti-6Al-4V with 1% nano yttria-stabilized zirconia (nYSZ). Low cycle (100 cycles, 3 Hz, 100 mN) fretting and fretting corrosion (potentiostatic, 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl) methods were used to compare these AM alloys to traditionally manufactured AM Ti-6Al-4V. Alloy and admixture surfaces were subjected to (1) fretting in the air (i.e., small-scale reciprocal sliding) and (2) fretting corrosion in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) using a single diamond asperity (17 µm radius). Wear track depth measurements, fretting currents and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis of oxide debris revealed that pre-alloyed AM Ti-29Nb-21Zr generally had greater wear depths after 100 cycles (4.67 +/− 0.55 µm dry and 5.78 +/− 0.83 µm in solution) and higher fretting currents (0.58 +/− 0.07 µA). A correlation (R2 = 0.67) was found between wear depth and the average fretting currents with different alloys located in different regions of the relationship. No statistically significant differences were observed in wear depth between in-air and in-PBS tests. However, significantly higher amounts of oxygen (measured by oxygen weight % by EDS analysis of the debris) were embedded within the wear track for tests performed in PBS compared to air for all samples except the ad-mixed Ti-29Nb-21Zr (p = 0.21). For traditional and AM Ti-6Al-4V, the wear track depths (dry fretting: 2.90 +/− 0.32 µm vs. 2.51 +/− 0.51 μm, respectively; fretting corrosion: 2.09 +/− 0.59 μm vs. 1.16 +/− 0.79 μm, respectively) and fretting current measurements (0.37 +/− 0.05 μA vs. 0.34 +/− 0.05 μA, respectively) showed no significant differences. The dominant wear deformation process was plastic deformation followed by cyclic extrusion of plate-like wear debris at the end of the stroke, resulting in ribbon-like extruded material for all alloys. While previous work documented improved corrosion resistance of Ti-29Nb-21Zr in simulated inflammatory solutions over Ti-6Al-4V, this work does not show similar improvements in the relative fretting corrosion resistance of these alloys compared to Ti-6Al-4V. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium-Based Implants: Advances in Materials and Applications)
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13 pages, 4431 KiB  
Article
Are Absorbable Plates More Resistant to Infection Than Titanium Implants? An Experimental Pre-Clinical Trial in Rabbits
by Dimitrios Kitridis, Panagiotis Savvidis, Angeliki Cheva, Apostolos Papalois, Panagiotis Givissis and Byron Chalidis
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100498 - 09 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1303
Abstract
Background: Infection of orthopaedic implants after internal fixation of bone fractures remains a major complication with occasionally devastating consequences. Recent studies have reported that the use of absorbable materials, instead of metallic ones, may lead to a lower incidence of postoperative infection. [...] Read more.
Background: Infection of orthopaedic implants after internal fixation of bone fractures remains a major complication with occasionally devastating consequences. Recent studies have reported that the use of absorbable materials, instead of metallic ones, may lead to a lower incidence of postoperative infection. In this experimental pre-clinical animal study, we compared the infection rate between absorbable implants consisting of copolymers composed from trimethylene carbonate, L-polylactic acid, and D, L-polylactic acid monomers, and titanium implants after the inoculation of a pathogenic microorganism. Material and Methods: We used an experimental implant-related infection model in rabbits. Sixty animals were randomly and equally divided into two groups. In all animals, the right femur was exposed via a lateral approach and a 2.5 mm two-hole titanium plate with screws (Group A), or a two-hole absorbable plate and screws (Group B), were applied in the femoral shaft. Afterwards, the implant surface was inoculated with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa at a concentration of 2 × 108 CFU/mL. The primary outcome was the comparison of the incidence of developed infection between the two groups. The wound condition was monitored on a daily basis and radiographies were obtained at 12 weeks postoperatively. Infection-related laboratory markers (white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein values) were assessed at 3, 6, and 16 weeks postoperatively. Histologic analysis and cultures of tissue samples were also performed to evaluate the presence of infection. Results: Clinical and laboratory signs of infection were evident in 11 rabbits in Group A (36.7%), and 4 in Group B (13.3%). The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p = 0.04). Five animals in Group B (16.7%) had clinical and histologic signs of a foreign-body reaction with significantly elevated CRP and ESR values but no simultaneous presence of infection was identified (p = 0.04). Bone remodelling with thickening of the periosteum and surrounding sclerosis was demonstrated radiologically in animals developing infection or foreign-body reactions. Conclusions: Absorbable plates and screws show lower susceptibility to infection compared to titanium ones. However, their application is associated with foreign-body reaction and the potential need for a second surgical intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium-Based Implants: Advances in Materials and Applications)
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16 pages, 7431 KiB  
Article
Antifouling Behavior of Copper-Modified Titania Nanotube Surfaces
by Aniruddha Vijay Savargaonkar, Amit H. Munshi, Paulo Soares and Ketul C. Popat
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080413 - 04 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1374
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys are commonly used to fabricate orthopedic implants due to their excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. In recent years, orthopedic implant surgeries have considerably increased. This has also resulted in an increase in infection-associated revision surgeries for these [...] Read more.
Titanium and its alloys are commonly used to fabricate orthopedic implants due to their excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. In recent years, orthopedic implant surgeries have considerably increased. This has also resulted in an increase in infection-associated revision surgeries for these implants. To combat this, various approaches are being investigated in the literature. One of the approaches is modifying the surface topography of implants and creating surfaces that are not only antifouling but also encourage osteointegration. Titania nanotube surfaces have demonstrated a moderate decrease in bacterial adhesion while encouraging mesenchymal stem cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, and hence were used in this study. In this work, titania nanotube surfaces were fabricated using a simple anodization technique. These surfaces were further modified with copper using a physical vapor deposition technique, since copper is known to be potent against bacteria once in contact. In this study, scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate surface topography; energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to evaluate surface chemistry; contact angle goniometry was used to evaluate surface wettability; and X-ray diffraction was used to evaluate surface crystallinity. Antifouling behavior against a gram-positive and a gram-negative bacterium was also investigated. The results indicate that copper-modified titania nanotube surfaces display enhanced antifouling behavior when compared to other surfaces, and this may be a potential way to prevent infection in orthopedic implants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium-Based Implants: Advances in Materials and Applications)
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11 pages, 3987 KiB  
Communication
CaSiO3-HAp Metal-Reinforced Biocomposite Ceramics for Bone Tissue Engineering
by Evgeniy K. Papynov, Oleg O. Shichalin, Anton A. Belov, Igor Yu Buravlev, Vitaly Yu Mayorov, Alexander N. Fedorets, Anastasiya A. Buravleva, Alexey O. Lembikov, Danila V. Gritsuk, Olesya V. Kapustina and Zlata E. Kornakova
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(5), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14050259 - 08 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1714
Abstract
Reconstructive and regenerative bone surgery is based on the use of high-tech biocompatible implants needed to restore the functions of the musculoskeletal system of patients. Ti6Al4V is one of the most widely used titanium alloys for a variety of applications where low density [...] Read more.
Reconstructive and regenerative bone surgery is based on the use of high-tech biocompatible implants needed to restore the functions of the musculoskeletal system of patients. Ti6Al4V is one of the most widely used titanium alloys for a variety of applications where low density and excellent corrosion resistance are required, including biomechanical applications (implants and prostheses). Calcium silicate or wollastonite (CaSiO3) and calcium hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a bioceramic material used in biomedicine due to its bioactive properties, which can potentially be used for bone repair. In this regard, the research investigates the possibility of using spark plasma sintering technology to obtain new CaSiO3-HAp biocomposite ceramics reinforced with a Ti6Al4V titanium alloy matrix obtained by additive manufacturing. The phase and elemental compositions, structure, and morphology of the initial CaSiO3-HAp powder and its ceramic metal biocomposite were studied by X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis methods. The spark plasma sintering technology was shown to be efficient for the consolidation of CaSiO3-HAp powder in volume with a Ti6Al4V reinforcing matrix to obtain a ceramic metal biocomposite of an integral form. Vickers microhardness values were determined for the alloy and bioceramics (~500 and 560 HV, respectively), as well as for their interface area (~640 HV). An assessment of the critical stress intensity factor KIc (crack resistance) was performed. The research result is new and represents a prospect for the creation of high-tech implant products for regenerative bone surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium-Based Implants: Advances in Materials and Applications)
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