Olfactory Function in Neurodegenerative Disorders

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

An impairment in olfactory function is usually associated with a variety of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease is considered the most common non-motor symptom, since it is reported in over 96% of patients and often precedes the appearance of clinical motor symptoms. According to the International Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorder Society, the loss of olfactory function is considered as supportive criteria in the clinical diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Olfactory function is differently impaired in others Parkinsonian syndromes, for instance, a mild impairment in olfactory function is observed in multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy, while in Lewy body dementia the olfactory deficit is usually severe. However, up to now, the use of olfactory evaluation is not routinary performed in the differential diagnosis of different neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of this specific topic is to extend the current knowledge of olfactory function in the most prevalent neurogenerative disorders.

Dr. Tommaso Ercoli
Dr. Paolo Solla
Dr. Carla Masala
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Brain Sciences brainsci	3.3	3.9	2011	15.6 Days	CHF 2200
Clinical and Translational Neuroscience ctn	-	-	2017	20.6 Days	CHF 1000
International Journal of Molecular Sciences ijms	5.6	7.8	2000	16.3 Days	CHF 2900
Life life	3.2	2.7	2011	17.5 Days	CHF 2600
NeuroSci neurosci	-	-	2020	20.4 Days	CHF 1000

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Open AccessArticle

Differential Cellular Balance of Olfactory and Vomeronasal Epithelia in a Transgenic BACHD Rat Model of Huntington’s Disease

by Lina-Marielle Krysewski, Nicole Power Guerra, Annika Glatzel, Carsten Holzmann, Veronica Antipova, Oliver Schmitt, Libo Yu-Taeger, Huu Phuc Nguyen, Andreas Wree and Martin Witt

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(14), 7625; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147625 - 10 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1918

Abstract

Background. For neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington’s disease (HD), early diagnosis is essential to treat patients and delay symptoms. Impaired olfaction, as observed as an early symptom in Parkinson´s disease, may also constitute a key symptom in HD. However, there are few reports [...] Read more.

Background. For neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington’s disease (HD), early diagnosis is essential to treat patients and delay symptoms. Impaired olfaction, as observed as an early symptom in Parkinson´s disease, may also constitute a key symptom in HD. However, there are few reports on olfactory deficits in HD. Therefore, we aimed to investigate, in a transgenic rat model of HD: (1) whether general olfactory impairment exists and (2) whether there are disease-specific dynamics of olfactory dysfunction when the vomeronasal (VNE) and main olfactory epithelium (MOE) are compared. Methods. We used male rats of transgenic line 22 (TG22) of the bacterial artificial chromosome Huntington disease model (BACHD), aged 3 days or 6 months. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and macrophage activity were examined with immunohistochemistry in the VNE and MOE. Results. No differences were observed in cellular parameters in the VNE between the groups. However, the MOE of the 6-month-old HD animals showed a significantly increased number of mature olfactory receptor neurons. Other cellular parameters were not affected. Conclusions. The results obtained in the TG22 line suggest a relative stability in the VNE, whereas the MOE seems at least temporarily affected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Olfactory Function in Neurodegenerative Disorders)

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Open AccessArticle

IL-10 Gene Polymorphisms and IL-10 Serum Levels in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in Lithuania

by Ugne Masilionyte, Greta Gedvilaite, Kriste Kaikaryte, Alvita Vilkeviciute, Loresa Kriauciuniene, Brigita Glebauskiene, Renata Balnyte and Rasa Liutkeviciene

Brain Sci. 2022, 12(6), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12060800 - 18 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1621

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system with features of demyelination and axonal degeneration at a young age. Genetic factors may play an important role in the development of multiple sclerosis. (1) Objective: To investigate IL-10 rs1800871, [...] Read more.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system with features of demyelination and axonal degeneration at a young age. Genetic factors may play an important role in the development of multiple sclerosis. (1) Objective: To investigate IL-10 rs1800871, rs1800872, rs1800896, and IL-10 serum levels in patients with multiple sclerosis. (2) Methods: Our study included patients with multiple sclerosis (n = 127) and healthy volunteers (n = 195). The subjects’ DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and genotyped by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results were analyzed using the program “IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0”. (3) Results: The IL-10 SNPs were analyzed between the MS and control groups; however, no statistically significant results were found. The serum levels of IL-10 in the groups of MS and healthy subjects were not statistically significantly different (median (IQR): 0.828 (1.533) vs. 0.756 (0.528), p = 0.872). (4) Conclusions: IL-10 rs1800871, rs1800872, and rs1800896 and serum IL-10 levels are not likely to be associated with MS development. However, individuals carrying the rare haplotypes of rs1800871, rs1800872, and rs1800896 were associated with increased odds of MS (p = 0.006). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Olfactory Function in Neurodegenerative Disorders)

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Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Does Olfactory Dysfunction Correlate with Disease Progression in Parkinson’s Disease? A Systematic Review of the Current Literature

by Tommaso Ercoli, Carla Masala, Gianluca Cadeddu, Marcello Mario Mascia, Gianni Orofino, Angelo Fabio Gigante, Paolo Solla, Giovanni Defazio and Lorenzo Rocchi

Brain Sci. 2022, 12(5), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050513 - 19 Apr 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2410

Abstract

Background. Loss of olfaction is a well-established early feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although olfactory dysfunction has been widely described as a prodromal feature of PD in the literature, whether it can be considered a biomarker of PD progression is still a matter [...] Read more.

Background. Loss of olfaction is a well-established early feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although olfactory dysfunction has been widely described as a prodromal feature of PD in the literature, whether it can be considered a biomarker of PD progression is still a matter of debate. Objective. The aim of this work is to define the possible relationship between the progression of olfactory dysfunction and other putative clinical hallmarks of PD over time, through a systematic review of the current literature. Methods. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on PubMed from inception to March 2022. We included only longitudinal studies conducted on patients with diagnosis of idiopathic PD who underwent olfactory function testing at baseline and repeated it at least once during follow-up. Results. Among 5740 records identified through database searching, nine longitudinal studies met full criteria and underwent data extraction. Conclusions. Olfaction seemed to decrease over time, albeit with a degree of fluctuation. Moreover, smell detection ability seems to deteriorate more rapidly in the early phase of disease, indicating a possible association with disease progression. More studies are needed to better understand the role of olfaction as a biomarker of PD progression over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Olfactory Function in Neurodegenerative Disorders)

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