World Electric Vehicle Journal

21 pages, 11465 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Energy-Based Assessment of Expected Benefits for V2H Charging Systems through a Dedicated Dynamic Simulation and Optimization Tool

by Carlo Villante, Stefano Ranieri, Francesco Duronio, Angelo De Vita and Michele Anatone

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(6), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13060099 - 06 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2174

Abstract

Electricity from renewable energy sources represents the most promising way to decarbonize energy systems. A grid connection of car Electricity Storage Systems (ESSs) represents an opportunity to tackle issues regarding electricity production non-programmability, only if sufficiently smart bi-directional Vehicle to Grid technologies (V2G) [...] Read more.

Electricity from renewable energy sources represents the most promising way to decarbonize energy systems. A grid connection of car Electricity Storage Systems (ESSs) represents an opportunity to tackle issues regarding electricity production non-programmability, only if sufficiently smart bi-directional Vehicle to Grid technologies (V2G) are widely implemented. Fully Bi-directional grid capabilities are still poor and must be increased, both physically and in terms of management and billing possibilities (in the so-called smart-grid paradigm). However, some V2G technologies may be already implemented in smaller individual contexts: so-called Vehicle to Home, V2H technologies. Starting from these considerations, within the frame of an Italian publicly funded research project, the authors categorized and described many possible application contexts and developed an open-source dynamic simulation (fully available under request for the scientific community) to identify most promising conditions. To this aim, they also synthetized and tested an effective energy optimization algorithm which will soon be implemented on a prototypal wireless V2H device, built by ENEA in cooperation with Cassino University, in Italy. The performances of the system were assessed evaluating electricity auto-consumption and home auto-feeding ratios. Simulations show that very relevant performances can be obtained, up to the values 69% for electricity auto-consumption and 82% of home auto-feeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in World Electric Vehicle Journal in 2022)

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18 pages, 20513 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Electric Vehicle Public Charging Infrastructure Planning Using Real-World Charging Data

by Benedict J. Mortimer, Christopher Hecht, Rafael Goldbeck, Dirk Uwe Sauer and Rik W. De Doncker

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(6), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13060094 - 24 May 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5804

Abstract

The current increase of electric vehicles in Germany requires an adequately developed charging infrastructure. Large numbers of public and semi-public charging stations are necessary to ensure sufficient coverage. To make the installation worthwhile for the mostly private operators as well as public ones, [...] Read more.

The current increase of electric vehicles in Germany requires an adequately developed charging infrastructure. Large numbers of public and semi-public charging stations are necessary to ensure sufficient coverage. To make the installation worthwhile for the mostly private operators as well as public ones, a sufficient utilization is decisive. An essential factor for the degree of utilization is the placement of a charging station. Therefore, the initial site selection plays a critical role in the planning process. This paper proposes a charging station placement procedure based on real-world data on charging station utilization and places of common interest. In the first step, we correlate utilization rates of existing charging infrastructure with places of common interest such as restaurants, shops, bars and sports facilities. This allows us to estimate the untapped potential of unexploited areas across Germany in a second step. In the last step, we employ the resulting geographical extrapolation to derive two optimized expansion strategies based on the attractiveness of locations for electric vehicle charging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Charging Infrastructure for EVs)

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15 pages, 3073 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Novel Hybrid Thermal Management System for High-Power Lithium-Ion Module for Electric Vehicles: Fast Charging Applications

by Danial Karimi, Hamidreza Behi, Joeri Van Mierlo and Maitane Berecibar

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(5), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13050086 - 11 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2643

Abstract

Lithium-ion capacitors (LiC) are hybrid energy storage systems (ESS) combining the advantages of lithium-ion batteries and electric double-layer capacitors, including longer lifetime, high power, and energy densities. LiCs are popular for high-power applications where fast charge and discharge driving profiles are demanded from [...] Read more.

Lithium-ion capacitors (LiC) are hybrid energy storage systems (ESS) combining the advantages of lithium-ion batteries and electric double-layer capacitors, including longer lifetime, high power, and energy densities. LiCs are popular for high-power applications where fast charge and discharge driving profiles are demanded from electric vehicles (EV). However, LiCs generate excess heat when they are exposed to fast charging/discharging profiles. Therefore, a robust thermal management system (TMS) is crucial, in order to ensure reliable operation. In this study, a novel hybrid TMS based on air-cooling system assisted phase change materials (PCM), heat pipes, and a heat sink is proposed for an LiC module under a 150 A continuous current profile. A very thin aluminum heat sink and flat copper heat pipes were added to the PCM to increase its thermal conductivity. An experimental test bench of the proposed TMS was developed, and the temperature distribution of the module for each of the individual LiC cells was studied. The maximum temperature of the module under natural convection, when there was not any cooling system, reached almost 59.8 °C. The experimental results showed that after using the proposed hybrid TMS, the hottest cell reached 36.18 °C while the coldest cell reached 35.54 °C. Therefore, 39.5% improvement could be seen during the whole charge and discharge process after 3000 s. Moreover, the temperature difference within the module, of four LiCs, was around 0.64 °C, which was exceptional. Full article

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21 pages, 5224 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Life-Cycle CO₂-Equivalent Emissions of Cars Driven by Conventional and Electric Propulsion Systems

by Mario Hirz and Thu Trang Nguyen

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(4), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13040061 - 31 Mar 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7769

Abstract

As an important trend in the automotive industry, electrification of propulsion systems has potential to significantly reduce greenhouse-gas emissions of the transportation sector. Whereas electric vehicles do not produce exhaust emissions during driving, the impact of electricity provision for charging batteries, as well [...] Read more.

As an important trend in the automotive industry, electrification of propulsion systems has potential to significantly reduce greenhouse-gas emissions of the transportation sector. Whereas electric vehicles do not produce exhaust emissions during driving, the impact of electricity provision for charging batteries, as well as the impact of vehicle production play an essential role in a holistic consideration of the carbon footprint. The paper introduces a comprehensive evaluation of greenhouse gas-emission-related factors of cars driven by different propulsion technologies, considering the entire product life cycle. This comprises vehicle production, including battery system, electric powertrain and other relevant components, the car’s use phase under consideration of different electricity mixes and the end-of-life phase. The results of the study give insights of influencing factors on life-cycle-related carbon-dioxide-equivalent emissions of cars driven by combustion engines, hybrid powertrains and battery-electric propulsion systems. In addition, a comparison of actual mass-production cars is made and the total life-cycle carbon footprints are discussed under different boundary conditions of electric power supply. In this way, the article comprehensively introduces an automotive life-cycle assessment and provides fundamental information, contributing to an objective discussion of different propulsion technologies. Full article

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22 pages, 2443 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Capacity of Battery-Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles to Mitigate CO₂ Emissions: Macroeconomic Evidence from European Union Countries

by Matheus Koengkan, José Alberto Fuinhas, Mônica Teixeira, Emad Kazemzadeh, Anna Auza, Fatemeh Dehdar and Fariba Osmani

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(4), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13040058 - 24 Mar 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4151

Abstract

The decarbonisation of the transportation sector is crucial to reducing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. This study analyses evidence from European countries regarding achievement of the European Commission’s goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Using panel quantile econometric techniques, the impact [...] Read more.

The decarbonisation of the transportation sector is crucial to reducing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. This study analyses evidence from European countries regarding achievement of the European Commission’s goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Using panel quantile econometric techniques, the impact of battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) on CO₂ emissions in twenty-nine European Union (EU) countries from 2010–2020 was researched. The results show that BEVs and PHEVs are capable of mitigating CO₂ emissions. However, each type of technology has a different degree of impact, with BEVs being more suited to minimizing CO₂ emissions than PHEVs. We also found a statistically significant impact of economic development (quantile regression results) and energy consumption in increasing the emissions of CO₂ in the EU countries in model estimates for both BEVs and PHEVs. It should be noted that BEVs face challenges, such as the scarcity of minerals for the production of batteries and the increased demand for mineral batteries, which have significant environmental impacts. Therefore, policymakers should adopt environmentally efficient transport that uses clean energy, such as EVs, to reduce the harmful effects on public health and the environment caused by the indiscriminate use of fossil fuels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vehicle Electrification and the Environment)

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17 pages, 6584 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Performance Comparison of High-Speed Motors for Electric Vehicle

by Kohei Aiso and Kan Akatsu

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(4), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13040057 - 23 Mar 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5555

Abstract

It is predicted that the maximum speed of EV traction motors will increase in the future due to reductions in size and weight. The high-speed motors are required to have high mechanical strength of the rotor for high-speed rotation, in addition to satisfying [...] Read more.

It is predicted that the maximum speed of EV traction motors will increase in the future due to reductions in size and weight. The high-speed motors are required to have high mechanical strength of the rotor for high-speed rotation, in addition to satisfying the required output and high efficiency in the wide operation area. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of motors in terms of both electrical and mechanical points of view. In this research, three motor types, PMSM, SRM, and IM, which targeted the output power of 85 kW and the maximum speed of 52,000 min⁻¹, are designed for use with EV traction motors, and the study clarifies which the type of motor is most suitable for application in high-speed motors of EVs in terms of their mechanical and electrical characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)

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34 pages, 12997 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparison of Different Winding Configurations for Dual Three-Phase Interior PM Machines in Electric Vehicles

by Shensheng Wang, Ziqiang Zhu, Adam Pride, Juntao Shi, Rajesh Deodhar and Chiaki Umemura

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13030051 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5469

Abstract

In this paper, two dual three-phase winding configurations are compared based on the Toyota Prius 2010 interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine. It is found that the winding configuration with single-layer full-pitched (SF) windings can improve average torque and reduce torque ripple in constant [...] Read more.

In this paper, two dual three-phase winding configurations are compared based on the Toyota Prius 2010 interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine. It is found that the winding configuration with single-layer full-pitched (SF) windings can improve average torque and reduce torque ripple in constant torque range. The winding configuration with double-layer short-pitched (DS) windings has better torque performance in a constant power range. The electromagnetic performances of the two winding configurations when one winding set is excited and the other one is open-circuited are also compared. The DS winding configuration shows much better performance under this condition. Overall, the dual three-phase winding configuration with DS windings is preferred for dual three-phase IPM machines in electric vehicles. A Toyota Prius 2010 IPM machine equipped with DS windings was manufactured to verify the analyses presented in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)

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27 pages, 13489 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Understanding Complexity in Charging Infrastructure through the Lens of Social Supply–Demand Systems

by Jurjen Helmus, Mike Lees and Robert van den Hoed

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(3), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13030044 - 24 Feb 2022

Viewed by 2917

Abstract

Since the first release of modern electric vehicles, researchers and policy makers have shown interest in the deployment and utilization of charging infrastructure. Despite the sheer volume of literature, limited attention has been paid to the characteristics and variance of charging behavior of [...] Read more.

Since the first release of modern electric vehicles, researchers and policy makers have shown interest in the deployment and utilization of charging infrastructure. Despite the sheer volume of literature, limited attention has been paid to the characteristics and variance of charging behavior of EV users. In this research, we answer the question: which scientific approaches can help us to understand the dynamics of charging behavior in charging infrastructures, in order to provide recommendations regarding a more effective deployment and utilization of these infrastructures. To do so, we propose a conceptual model for charging infrastructure as a social supply–demand system and apply complex system properties. Using this conceptual model, we estimate the rate complexity, using three developed ratios that relate to the (1) necessity of sharing resources, (2) probabilities of queuing, and (3) cascading impact of transactions on others. Based on a qualitative assessment of these ratios, we propose that public charging infrastructure can be characterized as a complex system. Based on our findings, we provide four recommendations to policy makers for taking efforts to reduce complexity during deployment and measure interactions between EV users using systemic metrics. We further point researchers and policy makers to agent-based simulation models that capture interactions between EV users and the use complex network analysis to reveal weak spots in charging networks or compare the charging infrastructure layouts of across cities worldwide. Full article

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23 pages, 9661 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Adhesive Tapes as Thermal Interface Materials on the Thermal Load of a Compact Electrical Machine

by Henrik-Christian Graichen, Jörg Sauerhering, Olena Stamann, Frank Beyrau and Gunar Boye

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13020042 - 19 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2968

Abstract

In this article, a novel form of thermal interface material (TIM), represented by three industrially manufactured pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) tapes with electrical insulating properties, is characterized regarding its applicability in an electric motor with air-gap winding. Firstly, the adhesion performances, in terms of [...] Read more.

In this article, a novel form of thermal interface material (TIM), represented by three industrially manufactured pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) tapes with electrical insulating properties, is characterized regarding its applicability in an electric motor with air-gap winding. Firstly, the adhesion performances, in terms of the winding process, were investigated experimentally. Here, every TIM shows sufficient shear strength for the wire–TIM joints, as well as peel adhesion to the laminated iron core. Secondly, the thermal–physical properties of the TIMs are inspected experimentally via laser flash analysis (LFA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For every TIM, the value of the thermal resistance can double if the relatively smooth surface (R_a = 0.2 μm) of the adjacent layers is interchanged with a rougher one (R_a = 2.0–3.7 μm). Additionally, the TIM’s performance at the system level is examined. Therefore, a flat test section, according to the specifications of the original motor, is studied experimentally and numerically utilizing infrared (IR) thermography and the finite element method (FEM). The focus is set on the heat flow and temperature distribution in the test section under varying thermal loads, mass flow, and variety of TIMs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)

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20 pages, 23357 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

High Gain Converter with Improved Radial Basis Function Network for Fuel Cell Integrated Electric Vehicles

by Balasubramanian Girirajan, Himanshu Shekhar, Wen-Cheng Lai, Hariraj Kumar Jagannathan and Parameshachari Bidare Divakarachar

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13020031 - 31 Jan 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2707

Abstract

In a recent trend, electric vehicles (EV) have been facing various power quality issues, so fuel cells (FC) are considered the best choice for integrating EV technology to enhance performance. A fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) is a type of EV that uses [...] Read more.

In a recent trend, electric vehicles (EV) have been facing various power quality issues, so fuel cells (FC) are considered the best choice for integrating EV technology to enhance performance. A fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) is a type of EV that uses a fuel cell combined with a small battery or super-capacitor to power its on-board electric motor. However, the power obtained from the FC system is much less and is not enough to drive the EV. So, another energy source is required to deliver the demanded power, which should contain high voltage gain with high conversion efficiency. The traditional converter produces a high output voltage at a high duty cycle, which generates various problems, such as reverse recovery issues, voltage spikes, and less lifespan. High switching frequency and voltage gain are essential for the propulsion of FC-based EV. Therefore, this paper presents an improved radial basis function (RBF)-based high-gain converter (HGC) to enhance the voltage gain and conversion efficiency of the entire system. The RBF neural model was constructed using the fast recursive algorithm (FRA) strategy to prune redundant hidden-layer neurons. The improved RBF technique reduces the input current ripple and voltage stress on the power semiconductor devices to increase the conversion ratio of the HGC without changing the duty cycle value. In the end, the improved RBF with HGC achieved an efficiency of 98.272%, vehicle speed of 91 km/h, and total harmonic distortion (THD) of 3.12%, which was simulated using MATLAB, and its waveforms for steady-state operation were analyzed and compared with existing methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Applied to Edge Computing of Electric Vehicle Applications)

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20 pages, 3171 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimization and Analysis of Electric Vehicle Operation with Fast-Charging Technologies

by Mohammed Al-Saadi, Manuel Mathes, Johannes Käsgen, Koffrie Robert, Matthias Mayrock, Joeri Van Mierlo and Maitane Berecibar

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010020 - 13 Jan 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3940

Abstract

This work presents three demos, which include Electric Buses (EBs) from four various brands with lengths of 12 m and 18 m and an Electric Truck (E-truck) for refuse collection. The technical operation of these EVs were analyzed to implement further operational cost [...] Read more.

This work presents three demos, which include Electric Buses (EBs) from four various brands with lengths of 12 m and 18 m and an Electric Truck (E-truck) for refuse collection. The technical operation of these EVs were analyzed to implement further operational cost optimization on the demo vehicles. The Electric Vehicles (EVs) were tested against superfast-charging solutions based on Pantograph (Type A & Type B) on the route lines (and depots) and based on Combined Charging System Type 2 (CCS2, Combo2) from various brands to validate the interoperability among several vendors and support further EV integration with more affordable solutions. The optimization includes the calculation of the EBs’ consumption at various seasons and under various operating conditions in order to use optimum battery system design, heating system, optimum EB fleet operation and size and to find the charging solutions properly. The results showed that the EB consumption increases in some cases by 64.5% in wintertime due to heating systems, and the consumption in urban areas is more than that on the route lines outside cities. In the E-truck demo, where the electric heater was replaced with a heat-pump to optimize the energy consumption, it was found that the consumption of the heat-pump is about half of the electric heater under certain operating conditions. Under strict EB schedule, Pantograph charging solutions with power ratings of 300–600 kW have been adopted to charge the batteries of the EBs within 4–10 min. In order to minimize the cumulative costs of energy, (pantograph) charging infrastructure depreciation and battery degradation, as well as depot charging (at the bus operator’s depot), was adopted with a power level of 50–350 kW based on CCS2 and pantograph. Full article

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17 pages, 970 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Research on the Influence Mechanism of Consumers’ Purchase Intention of Electric Vehicles Based on Perceived Endorsement: A Case Study of Chinese Electric Vehicle Start-Ups

by Yong Zang, Jue Qian and Qianling Jiang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010019 - 09 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5215

Abstract

During the last decade, a number of electric vehicle start-ups have emerged in China. Although there have been quite a lot of studies on consumers’ purchase decision of electric vehicles, it is not common in the case of electric vehicle start-ups. This paper [...] Read more.

During the last decade, a number of electric vehicle start-ups have emerged in China. Although there have been quite a lot of studies on consumers’ purchase decision of electric vehicles, it is not common in the case of electric vehicle start-ups. This paper puts forward the concept of perceived endorsement and discusses the relationship among perceived benefit, perceived risk, range anxiety, attitude and consumers’ purchase intention and establishes a theoretical model of consumers’ purchase intention towards electric vehicles from start-ups. A structural equation model was used to test the research model and the hypotheses of the model. The results indicate that perceived endorsement has a significant positive influence on perceived benefit and attitude, which then affects consumers’ purchase intention, but range anxiety and perceived risk have no impact on purchase intention. Full article

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38 pages, 11928 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Permanent Magnet Machines for High-Speed Applications

by Tianran He, Ziqiang Zhu, Fred Eastham, Yu Wang, Hong Bin, Di Wu, Liming Gong and Jintao Chen

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010018 - 07 Jan 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 10989

Abstract

This paper overviews high-speed permanent magnet (HSPM) machines, accounting for stator structures, winding configurations, rotor constructions, and parasitic effects. Firstly, single-phase and three-phase PM machines are introduced for high-speed applications. Secondly, for three-phase HSPM machines, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of slotted/slotless stator structures, [...] Read more.

This paper overviews high-speed permanent magnet (HSPM) machines, accounting for stator structures, winding configurations, rotor constructions, and parasitic effects. Firstly, single-phase and three-phase PM machines are introduced for high-speed applications. Secondly, for three-phase HSPM machines, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of slotted/slotless stator structures, non-overlapping/overlapping winding configurations, different rotor constructions, i.e., interior PM (IPM), surface-mounted PM (SPM), and solid PM, are summarised in detail. Thirdly, parasitic effects due to high-speed operation are presented, including various loss components, rotor dynamic and vibration, and thermal aspects. Overall, three-phase PM machines have no self-starting issues, and exhibit high power density, high efficiency, high critical speed, together with low vibration and noise, which make them a preferred choice for high-performance, high-speed applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)

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12 pages, 4006 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Novel Sub-Harmonic Synchronous Machine Using Three-Layer Winding Topology

by S M Sajjad Hossain Rafin, Qasim Ali and Thomas A. Lipo

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010016 - 04 Jan 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3349

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel brushless synchronous machine topology that utilizes stator sub-harmonic magnetomotive force (MMF) for desirable brushless operation. The sub-harmonic MMF component that is used in this novel topology is one fourth of the fundamental MMF component, whereas, in previous practices, [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a novel brushless synchronous machine topology that utilizes stator sub-harmonic magnetomotive force (MMF) for desirable brushless operation. The sub-harmonic MMF component that is used in this novel topology is one fourth of the fundamental MMF component, whereas, in previous practices, it was half. To achieve the brushless operation, the novel machine uses a unique stator winding configuration of two sets of balanced 3-phase winding wound in 3 layers. For the rotor, additional winding is placed to induce the sub-harmonic component to achieve the brushless excitation. Unlike its predecessors, it utilizes maximum allowable space in the stator to house conductors in all of its slots. To implement the topology, 8-pole, 48-slot sub-harmonic brushless synchronous machine model has been designed. A 2-D finite element analysis (FEA) is used to simulate and validate the performance of the novel machine as a motor. The proposed topology shows better average torque than the existing sub-harmonic wound rotor brushless synchronous machine topologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Analysis and Optimization of Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles)

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12 pages, 606 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Quantifying the Impact of Traffic on Electric Vehicle Efficiency

by Tim Jonas, Christopher D. Hunter and Gretchen A. Macht

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010015 - 01 Jan 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3296

Abstract

While the influence of several factors on battery electric vehicle (BEV) efficiency has been investigated in the past, their impact on traffic is not yet fully understood, especially when driving in a natural environment. This paper investigates the influence of driving in intense [...] Read more.

While the influence of several factors on battery electric vehicle (BEV) efficiency has been investigated in the past, their impact on traffic is not yet fully understood, especially when driving in a natural environment. This paper investigates the influence of driving in intense traffic conditions while considering the ambient temperature and driving behavior on BEV energy efficiency in a field study. A total of 30 BEV inexperienced drivers test drove a 2017 Volkswagen eGolf on a route with various road types in two different traffic intensity scenarios: During morning commute hours with higher traffic congestion and lower congestion hours throughout the middle of the day. Results support the hypothesis that traffic conditions significantly impact the vehicle’s efficiency, with additional consumption of approximately 4–5% in the high traffic scenario. By creating and comparing driving in traffic to an underlying base case scenario, the additional range potential by avoiding traffic for this particular vehicle can be quantified as up to seven miles. New patterns of BEV efficiencies emerged, which can help stakeholders understand how eco-driving can be strategically improved by selecting trip times and routes that avoid high traffic intensity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fuel Consumption and Emissions from Vehicles)

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