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Viruses
Special Issues
Viral Infection of Polarized Cells
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Viral Infection of Polarized Cells

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 11181

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Angela Pearson

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
Interests: herpesviruses; herpes simplex virus 1; canid herpesvirus 1; virus-host interactions

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Certain eukaryotic cells are characterized by a pronounced intrinsic polarity to their structure. Polarized epithelial cells, such as those lining much of the respiratory tract and gut, have an apical cell surface that is exposed to the lumen, and a basolateral surface that is in contact with adjacent cells and the underlying basement membrane.  Neurons are another type of polarized cell, with axons being structurally and functionally distinct from the neuronal cell body.  The interactions of viruses with polarized cells reflect the distinct nature of the polarized surfaces and internal polarized structure of these cells.  Deciphering the mechanisms underlying these interactions is important for a comprehensive understanding of how viruses infect their host.

The goal of this Special Issue, which is open to all types of manuscripts (e.g., research articles, methods papers, reviews), is to highlight new discoveries regarding interactions of viruses with polarized cells, including specialized techniques that aid in such studies. 

Dr. Angela Pearson
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All papers will be peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles, methods papers as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • polarized epithelial cells
  • mucosal infections
  • apical membrane
  • basolateral membrane
  • intracellular trafficking
  • cell junctions
  • neurons
  • axons
  • dendrites

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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9 pages, 3312 KiB  
Article
Canid herpesvirus 1 Preferentially Infects Polarized Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells from the Basolateral Surface
by Mohamed Eisa, Samar Micky and Angela Pearson
Viruses 2022, 14(6), 1291; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061291 - 14 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1483
Abstract
Canid herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) infects polarized canine epithelia. Herein, we present our initial work characterizing CHV-1 infection of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells that were polarized on trans-wells. We previously showed that infection of these cells in non-polarized cultures stimulated the formation of [...] Read more.
Canid herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) infects polarized canine epithelia. Herein, we present our initial work characterizing CHV-1 infection of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells that were polarized on trans-wells. We previously showed that infection of these cells in non-polarized cultures stimulated the formation of extensive lamellipodial membrane protrusions. Uninfected polarized MDCK cells already form extensive lamellipodial membrane protrusions on the apical surface in the absence of virus. Using scanning electron microscopy, we found that CHV-1 infection does not lead to a change in the form of the lamellipodial membrane protrusions on the apical surface of polarized MDCK cells. We found that CHV-1 was able to infect polarized cultures from either the apical or basolateral side; however, higher viral titers were produced upon infection of the basolateral side. Regardless of the side infected, titers of virus were higher in the apical compartment compared to the basal compartment; however, these differences were not statistically significant. In addition to cell-free virus that was recovered in the media, the highest amount of virus produced remained cell-associated over the course of the experiment. The efficiency of CHV-1 infection of the basolateral side of polarized epithelial cells is consistent with the pathobiology of this varicellovirus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Infection of Polarized Cells)
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27 pages, 50098 KiB  
Article
Inactivation of HIV-1 in Polarized Infant Tonsil Epithelial Cells by Human Beta-Defensins 2 and 3 Tagged with the Protein Transduction Domain of HIV-1 Tat
by Rossana Herrera, Kristina Rosbe and Sharof M. Tugizov
Viruses 2021, 13(10), 2043; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13102043 - 11 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1819
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 may occur during pregnancy, labor, and breastfeeding; however, the molecular mechanism of MTCT of virus remains poorly understood. Infant tonsil mucosal epithelium may sequester HIV-1, serving as a transient reservoir, and may play a critical role in MTCT. [...] Read more.
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 may occur during pregnancy, labor, and breastfeeding; however, the molecular mechanism of MTCT of virus remains poorly understood. Infant tonsil mucosal epithelium may sequester HIV-1, serving as a transient reservoir, and may play a critical role in MTCT. Innate immune proteins human beta-defensins 2 (hBD-2) and -3 may inactivate intravesicular virions. To establish delivery of hBD-2 and -3 into vesicles containing HIV-1, we tagged hBDs with the protein transduction domain (PTD) of HIV-1 Tat, which facilitates an efficient translocation of proteins across cell membranes. Our new findings showed that hBD-2 and -3 proteins tagged with PTD efficiently penetrated polarized tonsil epithelial cells by endocytosis and direct penetration. PTD-initiated internalization of hBD-2 and -3 proteins into epithelial cells led to their subsequent penetration of multivesicular bodies (MVB) and vacuoles containing HIV-1. Furthermore, PTD played a role in the fusion of vesicles containing HIV-1 with lysosomes, where virus was inactivated. PTD-initiated internalization of hBD-2 and -3 proteins into ex vivo tonsil tissue explants reduced the spread of virus from epithelial cells to CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD68+ macrophages, and CD1c+ dendritic cells, suggesting that this approach may serve as an antiviral strategy for inactivating intraepithelial HIV-1 and reducing viral MTCT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Infection of Polarized Cells)
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Review

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17 pages, 1718 KiB  
Review
Influenza Virus Infections in Polarized Cells
by Beatriz Praena and Xiu-Feng Wan
Viruses 2022, 14(6), 1307; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061307 - 15 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3597
Abstract
In humans and other mammals, the respiratory tract is represented by a complex network of polarized epithelial cells, forming an apical surface facing the external environment and a basal surface attached to the basement layer. These cells are characterized by differential expression of [...] Read more.
In humans and other mammals, the respiratory tract is represented by a complex network of polarized epithelial cells, forming an apical surface facing the external environment and a basal surface attached to the basement layer. These cells are characterized by differential expression of proteins and glycans, which serve as receptors during influenza virus infection. Attachment between these host receptors and the viral surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) initiates the influenza virus life cycle. However, the virus receptor binding specificities may not be static. Sialylated N-glycans are the most well-characterized receptors but are not essential for the entry of influenza viruses, and other molecules, such as O-glycans and non-sialylated glycans, may be involved in virus-cell attachment. Furthermore, correct cell polarity and directional trafficking of molecules are essential for the orderly development of the system and affect successful influenza infection; on the other hand, influenza infection can also change cell polarity. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of influenza virus infection in the respiratory tract of humans and other mammals, particularly the attachment between the virus and the surface of the polar cells and the polarity variation of these cells due to virus infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Infection of Polarized Cells)
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15 pages, 1490 KiB  
Review
Vectorial Release of Human RNA Viruses from Epithelial Cells
by Sabine Chapuy-Regaud, Claire Allioux, Nicolas Capelli, Marion Migueres, Sébastien Lhomme and Jacques Izopet
Viruses 2022, 14(2), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020231 - 25 Jan 2022
Viewed by 3013
Abstract
Epithelial cells are apico-basolateral polarized cells that line all tubular organs and are often targets for infectious agents. This review focuses on the release of human RNA virus particles from both sides of polarized human cells grown on transwells. Most viruses that infect [...] Read more.
Epithelial cells are apico-basolateral polarized cells that line all tubular organs and are often targets for infectious agents. This review focuses on the release of human RNA virus particles from both sides of polarized human cells grown on transwells. Most viruses that infect the mucosa leave their host cells mainly via the apical side while basolateral release is linked to virus propagation within the host. Viruses do this by hijacking the cellular factors involved in polarization and trafficking. Thus, understanding epithelial polarization is essential for a clear understanding of virus pathophysiology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Infection of Polarized Cells)
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