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Viruses
Special Issues
Structure and Cell Biology of Viral Infection
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Structure and Cell Biology of Viral Infection

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "General Virology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 9932

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Hung V. Trinh

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Genezen, 9900 Westpoint Dr, Suite 128, Indianapolis, IN 46256, USA
Interests: infections diseases; vaccine; viral vectors; CAR-T cells; process development and manufacturing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

To cover the latest update in the field of virology, we would like to invite you to submit your original research or review articles on fundamental structures within cell biology, as well as the advanced clinical studied on commercial drug development. The interesting areas for the specific Special Issue are 3D structural-based design together with cell-based technology for monoclonal antibody discovery, antiviral drugs, and vaccines to prevent viral infections and engineering viral vectors for gene and CAR-T cell therapy.

We would like to cover various viruses such as: (1) coronavirus as the cause of the recent pandemic; (2) HIV/SIV as the most advanced research in the antiviral therapy and vaccine development; (3) adenovirus as viral vectors for vaccine and gene delivery; (4) lentiviral vectors as major tools for CAR-T cells in oncology; (5) AAV as the major delivery tool for gene therapy in rare diseases; and (6) other viruses or emerging viruses with implications for therapeutic development.

Dr. Hung V. Trinh
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • monoclonal antibody
  • antiviral drugs, and vaccine
  • clinical and commercial drug
  • coronavirus
  • HIV/SIV
  • adenovirus
  • lentiviral vectors
  • adeno-associated virus (AAV)
  • viral vectors for gene and CAR-T cell therapy
  • emerging viruses

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 2804 KiB  
Article
HSV1716 Prevents Myeloma Cell Regrowth When Combined with Bortezomib In Vitro and Significantly Reduces Systemic Tumor Growth in Mouse Models
by Simon Tazzyman, Georgia R. Stewart, James Yeomans, Adam Linford, Darren Lath, Joe Conner, Munitta Muthana, Andrew D. Chantry and Michelle A. Lawson
Viruses 2023, 15(3), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030603 - 22 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1980
Abstract
Multiple myeloma remains largely incurable due to refractory disease; therefore, novel treatment strategies that are safe and well-tolerated are required. Here, we studied the modified herpes simplex virus HSV1716 (SEPREHVIR®), which only replicates in transformed cells. Myeloma cell lines and primary [...] Read more.
Multiple myeloma remains largely incurable due to refractory disease; therefore, novel treatment strategies that are safe and well-tolerated are required. Here, we studied the modified herpes simplex virus HSV1716 (SEPREHVIR®), which only replicates in transformed cells. Myeloma cell lines and primary patient cells were infected with HSV1716 and assessed for cell death using propidium iodide (PI) and Annexin-V staining and markers of apoptosis and autophagy by qPCR. Myeloma cell death was associated with dual PI and Annexin-V positivity and increased expression of apoptotic genes, including CASP1, CASP8, CASP9, BAX, BID, and FASL. The combination of HSV1716 and bortezomib treatments prevented myeloma cell regrowth for up to 25 days compared to only transient cell growth suppression with bortezomib treatment. The viral efficacy was tested in a xenograft (JJN-3 cells in NSG mice) and syngeneic (murine 5TGM1 cells in C57BL/KaLwRijHsd mice) systemic models of myeloma. After 6 or 7 days, the post-tumor implantation mice were treated intravenously with the vehicle or HSV1716 (1 × 107 plaque forming units/1 or 2 times per week). Both murine models treated with HSV1716 had significantly lower tumor burden rates compared to the controls. In conclusion, HSV1716 has potent anti-myeloma effects and may represent a novel therapy for multiple myeloma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Cell Biology of Viral Infection)
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21 pages, 2439 KiB  
Article
Adapter-Mediated Transduction with Lentiviral Vectors: A Novel Tool for Cell-Type-Specific Gene Transfer
by Nicole Cordes, Nora Winter, Carolin Kolbe, Bettina Kotter, Joerg Mittelstaet, Mario Assenmacher, Toni Cathomen, Andrew Kaiser and Thomas Schaser
Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2157; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102157 - 30 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5715
Abstract
Selective gene delivery to a cell type of interest utilizing targeted lentiviral vectors (LVs) is an efficient and safe strategy for cell and gene therapy applications, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. LVs pseudotyped with measles virus envelope proteins (MV-LVs) have been [...] Read more.
Selective gene delivery to a cell type of interest utilizing targeted lentiviral vectors (LVs) is an efficient and safe strategy for cell and gene therapy applications, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. LVs pseudotyped with measles virus envelope proteins (MV-LVs) have been retargeted by ablating binding to natural receptors while fusing to a single-chain antibody specific for the antigen of choice. However, the broad application of MV-LVs is hampered by the laborious LV engineering required for every new target. Here, we report the first versatile targeting system for MV-LVs that solely requires mixing with biotinylated adapter molecules to enable selective gene transfer. The analysis of the selectivity in mixed cell populations revealed transduction efficiencies below the detection limit in the absence of an adapter and up to 5000-fold on-to-off-target ratios. Flexibility was confirmed by transducing cell lines and primary cells applying seven different adapter specificities in total. Furthermore, adapter mixtures were applied to generate CAR-T cells with varying CD4/CD8-ratios in a single transduction step. In summary, a selective and flexible targeting system was established that may serve to improve the safety and efficacy of cellular therapies. Compatibility with a wide range of readily available biotinylated molecules provides an ideal technology for a variety of applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Cell Biology of Viral Infection)
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Review

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11 pages, 296 KiB  
Review
Reaching the Final Endgame for Constant Waves of COVID-19
by Norman Arthur Ratcliffe, Helena Carla Castro, Marcelo Salabert Gonzalez, Cicero Brasileiro Mello and Paul Dyson
Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2637; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122637 - 25 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1756
Abstract
Despite intramuscular vaccines saving millions of lives, constant devastating waves of SARS-CoV-2 infections continue. The elimination of COVID-19 is challenging, but necessary in order to avoid millions more people who would suffer from long COVID if we fail. Our paper describes rapidly advancing [...] Read more.
Despite intramuscular vaccines saving millions of lives, constant devastating waves of SARS-CoV-2 infections continue. The elimination of COVID-19 is challenging, but necessary in order to avoid millions more people who would suffer from long COVID if we fail. Our paper describes rapidly advancing and innovative therapeutic strategies for the early stage of infection with COVID-19 so that tolerating continuing cycles of infection should be unnecessary in the future. These therapies include new vaccines with broader specificities, nasal therapies and antiviral drugs some targeting COVID-19 at the first stage of infection and preventing the virus entering the body in the first place. Our article describes the advantages and disadvantages of each of these therapeutic options which in various combinations could eventually prevent renewed waves of infection. Finally, important consideration is given to political, social and economic barriers that since 2020 hindered vaccine application and are likely to interfere again with any COVID-19 endgame. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Cell Biology of Viral Infection)
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