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Viruses
Special Issues
Pathogenesis and Immunity of Enteric Virus Infections
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Pathogenesis and Immunity of Enteric Virus Infections

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 16898

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Javier Buesa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Microbiology, Facultad de Medicina y Odontologia, Universitat de Valencia, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Interests: clinical virology; virus-host interactions; enteric viruses: rotaviruses, noroviruses, sapoviruses; pathophysiology of viral gastroenteritis; molecular epidemiology; viral evolution; glycobiology of viruses

Special Issue Information

Enteric virus infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, mainly in infants and young children. Common etiological agents of acute viral gastroenteritis are rotaviruses, human caliciviruses (noroviruses, sapoviruses), astroviruses, enteric adenoviruses, parechoviruses, picobirnaviruses and kobuviruses. The mechanisms of viral diarrhea are multifactorial and not completely understood. It has been suggested that intercellular signalling between infected and uninfected cells provides insights into the pathophysiology of rotavirus as well as other enteric viruses. Differences in the expression of glycans of the histo-blood group antigen type (HBGAs) are associated with susceptibility or resistance to some viruses. In addition, recognition of the role that gut microbiota may play in viral infections has opened a new active field of research.

Both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms play major roles in the protection against enteric viral infections. The study of the immunological determinants of protection against viral gastroenteritis is essential for the development of future vaccines.

The aim of this Special Issue is to give an overall picture of the complex interactions between enteric viruses and the gut. To this purpose, we welcome the submission of research articles, review articles, and short communications related to all aspects of molecular and cellular pathogenesis, virus–microbiota–host interactions, innate and adaptive immunity and vaccination of enteric virus infections.

Dr. Javier Buesa
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • enteric viruses
  • glycans
  • intestinal microbiota
  • pathophysiology
  • innate immune response
  • mucosal immunity
  • cytokines
  • virus-specific antibody
  • virus-specific T cells
  • vaccines

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 777 KiB  
Article
Clinical and Epidemiologic Features of Viral Gastroenteritis in Hospitalized Children: An 11-Year Surveillance in Palermo (Sicily)
by Emanuele Amodio, Simona De Grazia, Dario Genovese, Floriana Bonura, Chiara Filizzolo, Antonella Collura, Francesca Di Bernardo and Giovanni M. Giammanco
Viruses 2023, 15(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010041 - 22 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1676
Abstract
In order to acquire information regarding viral agents and epidemiologic features of severe paediatric Viral Acute Gastroenteritis (VAGE) across multiple seasons in the pre-rotavirus-vaccine era, the epidemiologic characteristics of VAGE were investigated among paediatric patients hospitalized in a major Sicilian paediatric hospital from [...] Read more.
In order to acquire information regarding viral agents and epidemiologic features of severe paediatric Viral Acute Gastroenteritis (VAGE) across multiple seasons in the pre-rotavirus-vaccine era, the epidemiologic characteristics of VAGE were investigated among paediatric patients hospitalized in a major Sicilian paediatric hospital from 2003 to 2013. Overall, 4725 children were observed and 2355 (49.8%) were diagnosed with a viral infection: 1448 (30.6%) were found positive to rotavirus, 645 (13.7%) to norovirus, 216 (4.6%) to adenovirus, and 46 (0.97%) to astrovirus. Viral infections showed different patterns of hospitalization in terms of age at risk (younger for rotavirus and adenovirus infections), seasonality (increased risk in winter for rotavirus and norovirus), trend over time (reduced risk in 2011–2013 for norovirus and rotavirus) and major diagnostic categories (digestive diseases more frequent in adenovirus and astrovirus but not in norovirus). This study increases general knowledge of VAGE epidemiology and contributes to suggest some a priori diagnostic criteria that could help clinicians to identify and treat viral agents responsible for gastroenteritis in hospital settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Immunity of Enteric Virus Infections)
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16 pages, 2712 KiB  
Article
Gut Microbiome Changes Occurring with Norovirus Infection and Recovery in Infants Enrolled in a Longitudinal Birth Cohort in Leon, Nicaragua
by Jennifer L. Cannon, Matthew H. Seabolt, Ruijie Xu, Anna Montmayeur, Soo Hwan Suh, Marta Diez-Valcarce, Filemón Bucardo, Sylvia Becker-Dreps and Jan Vinjé
Viruses 2022, 14(7), 1395; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14071395 - 27 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2202
Abstract
Noroviruses are associated with one fifth of diarrheal illnesses globally and are not yet preventable with vaccines. Little is known about the effects of norovirus infection on infant gut microbiome health, which has a demonstrated role in protecting hosts from pathogens and a [...] Read more.
Noroviruses are associated with one fifth of diarrheal illnesses globally and are not yet preventable with vaccines. Little is known about the effects of norovirus infection on infant gut microbiome health, which has a demonstrated role in protecting hosts from pathogens and a possible role in oral vaccine performance. In this study, we characterized infant gut microbiome changes occurring with norovirus-associated acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and the extent of recovery. Metagenomic sequencing was performed on the stools of five infants participating in a longitudinal birth cohort study conducted in León, Nicaragua. Taxonomic and functional diversities of gut microbiomes were profiled at time points before, during, and after norovirus infection. Initially, the gut microbiomes resembled those of breastfeeding infants, rich in probiotic species. When disturbed by AGE, Gammaproteobacteria dominated, particularly Pseudomonas species. Alpha diversity increased but the genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and glycan biosynthesis decreased. After the symptoms subsided, the gut microbiomes rebounded with their taxonomic and functional communities resembling those of the pre-infection microbiomes. In this study, during disruptive norovirus-associated AGE, the gut microbiome was temporarily altered, returning to a pre-infection composition a median of 58 days later. Our study provides new insights for developing probiotic treatments and furthering our understanding of the role that episodes of AGE have in shaping the infant gut microbiome, their long-term outcomes, and implications for oral vaccine effectiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Immunity of Enteric Virus Infections)
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15 pages, 3097 KiB  
Article
Risk Factors for Norovirus Infections and Their Association with Childhood Growth: Findings from a Multi-Country Birth Cohort Study
by Parag Palit, Rina Das, Md. Ahshanul Haque, Md. Mehedi Hasan, Zannatun Noor, Mustafa Mahfuz, Abu Syed Golam Faruque and Tahmeed Ahmed
Viruses 2022, 14(3), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030647 - 21 Mar 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2440
Abstract
The prevalence of norovirus infections in different geographical locations and their attribution to childhood diarrhea is well established. However, there are no reports showing possible relationships of different norovirus genogroups with subsequent childhood malnutrition. In this study, we attempted to establish a potential [...] Read more.
The prevalence of norovirus infections in different geographical locations and their attribution to childhood diarrhea is well established. However, there are no reports showing possible relationships of different norovirus genogroups with subsequent childhood malnutrition. In this study, we attempted to establish a potential association between asymptomatic norovirus infections with childhood growth faltering during. Non-diarrheal stools were collected from 1715 children enrolled in locations in a multi-county birth cohort study across eight different geographical locations and were assessed for norovirus genogroup I (GI) and norovirus genogroup II (GII). Asymptomatic norovirus GI infections were negatively associated with monthly length-for-age Z score/LAZ (β = −0.53, 95% CI: −0.73, −0.50) and weight-for-age Z score/WAZ (β = −0.39, 95% CI: −0.49, −0.28), respectively. The burden of asymptomatic norovirus GI infections was negatively associated with LAZ (β = −0.46, 95% CI: −0.67, −0.41) and WAZ (β = −0.66, 95% CI: −0.86, −0.53) at 2 years of age, whilst the burden of asymptomatic norovirus GII infections was negatively associated with WAZ (β = −0.27, 95% CI: −0.45, −0.25) at 2 years of age. Our findings warrant acceleration in attempts to develop vaccines against norovirus GI and norovirus GII, with the aim of minimizing the long-term sequelae on childhood growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Immunity of Enteric Virus Infections)
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13 pages, 1881 KiB  
Article
Rotavirus-Mediated Suppression of miRNA-192 Family and miRNA-181a Activates Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway: An In Vitro Study
by Anwesha Banerjee, Mamta Chawla-Sarkar and Anupam Mukherjee
Viruses 2022, 14(3), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030558 - 09 Mar 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2011
Abstract
The significance of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade in Rotavirus (RV) infection has not been elucidated. In this study, we attempt to elucidate the importance of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the RV pathogenesis and investigate a miRNA-mediated approach to regulate the pathway to repress [...] Read more.
The significance of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade in Rotavirus (RV) infection has not been elucidated. In this study, we attempt to elucidate the importance of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the RV pathogenesis and investigate a miRNA-mediated approach to regulate the pathway to repress the RV infection in the host. The regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway in terms of β-catenin accumulation and activation was analyzed by Western blotting and Confocal imaging analysis. The expression levels of miR-192 family members and miR-181a were enquired into using qPCR assays, whereas their targets in the Wnt pathway were confirmed using the Luciferase Reporter Assays. Members of the miR-192 family and miR-181a, which target the components of the pathway, were also found to be considerably decreased in expression during RV infection. Ectopic expression of these miRNAs could restrict the RV pathogenesis by targeting the intermediates of the Wnt signaling pathway. The miR-192 family and miR-181a were capable of suppressing the RV infection via targeting of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The study not only highlights the role of the Wnt signaling cascade in RV infection but also suggests that miRNAs can synergistically decrease RV replication by a significant amount. Thus, the miR-192 family and miR-181a present themselves as prospective antivirals against RV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Immunity of Enteric Virus Infections)
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11 pages, 1848 KiB  
Article
Molecular Epidemiology of Norovirus (NoV) Infection in Mie Prefecture: The Kinetics of Norovirus Antigenemia in Pediatric Patients
by Jennifer X. Amexo, Manami Negoro, Elijah Deku-Mwin Kuurdor, Belinda L. Lartey, Shigeru Sokejima, Ken Sugata, Prince Baffour Tonto and Kiyosu Taniguchi
Viruses 2022, 14(2), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020173 - 18 Jan 2022
Viewed by 2031
Abstract
Few studies have shown the presence of norovirus (NoV) RNA in blood circulation but there is no data on norovirus antigenemia. We examined both antigenemia and RNAemia from the sera of children with NoV infections and studied whether norovirus antigenemia is correlated with [...] Read more.
Few studies have shown the presence of norovirus (NoV) RNA in blood circulation but there is no data on norovirus antigenemia. We examined both antigenemia and RNAemia from the sera of children with NoV infections and studied whether norovirus antigenemia is correlated with the levels of norovirus-specific antibodies and clinical severity of gastroenteritis. Both stool and serum samples were collected from 63 children admitted to Mie National Hospital with acute NoV gastroenteritis. Norovirus antigen and RNA were detected in sera by ELISA and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. NoV antigenemia was found in 54.8% (34/62) and RNAemia in 14.3% (9/63) of sera samples. Antigenemia was more common in the younger age group (0–2 years) than in the older age groups, and most patients were male. There was no correlation between stool viral load and norovirus antigen (NoV-Ag) levels (rs = −0.063; Cl −0.3150 to 0.1967; p = 0.6251). Higher levels of acute norovirus-specific IgG serum antibodies resulted in a lower antigenemia OD value (n = 61; r = −0.4258; CI −0.62 to −0.19; p = 0.0006). Norovirus antigenemia occurred more commonly in children under 2 years of age with NoV-associated acute gastroenteritis. The occurrence of antigenemia was not correlated with stool viral load or disease severity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Immunity of Enteric Virus Infections)
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11 pages, 2539 KiB  
Article
Epidemiological and Genetic Characterization of Sapovirus in Patients with Acute Gastroenteritis in Valencia (Spain)
by Sibele de Oliveira-Tozetto, Cristina Santiso-Bellón, Josep M. Ferrer-Chirivella, Noemi Navarro-Lleó, Susana Vila-Vicent, Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz and Javier Buesa
Viruses 2021, 13(2), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020184 - 26 Jan 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2315
Abstract
Sapovirus is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis in all age groups. Sapovirus infections are seldom investigated in Spain, and its epidemiology in the country is not well known. The use of molecular diagnostic procedures has allowed a more frequent detection of sapoviruses [...] Read more.
Sapovirus is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis in all age groups. Sapovirus infections are seldom investigated in Spain, and its epidemiology in the country is not well known. The use of molecular diagnostic procedures has allowed a more frequent detection of sapoviruses in patients with diarrhea. A total of 2545 stool samples from patients with acute gastroenteritis attended from June 2018 to February 2020 at the Clinic University Hospital in Valencia, Spain, were analyzed by reverse transcription (RT) and real-time multiplex PCR (RT-PCR) to investigate the etiology of enteric infections. Sapovirus was the second enteric virus detected with a positive rate of 8%, behind norovirus (12.2%) and ahead of rotavirus (7.1%), astrovirus (4.9%) and enteric adenoviruses (2.9%). Most sapovirus infections occurred in infants and young children under 3 years of age (74%) with the highest prevalence in autumn and early winter. Coinfections were found in 25% of the patients with sapovirus diarrhea, mainly with other enteric viruses. Genotyping demonstrated the circulation of seven different genotypes during the study period, with a predominance of genotypes GI.1, GI.2, and GII.1. Phylogenetic analysis showed that genogroup GII strains form a cluster separated from genogroup GI and GV, being genotype GV.1 strains related to genotype GI.1 and GI.2 strains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Immunity of Enteric Virus Infections)
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10 pages, 294 KiB  
Review
Significance of the Gut Microbiome for Viral Diarrheal and Extra-Intestinal Diseases
by Ulrich Desselberger
Viruses 2021, 13(8), 1601; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081601 - 12 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2890
Abstract
The composition of the mammalian gut microbiome is very important for the health and disease of the host. Significant correlations of particular gut microbiota with host immune responsiveness and various infectious and noninfectious host conditions, such as chronic enteric infections, type 2 diabetes, [...] Read more.
The composition of the mammalian gut microbiome is very important for the health and disease of the host. Significant correlations of particular gut microbiota with host immune responsiveness and various infectious and noninfectious host conditions, such as chronic enteric infections, type 2 diabetes, obesity, asthma, and neurological diseases, have been uncovered. Recently, research has moved on to exploring the causalities of such relationships. The metabolites of gut microbiota and those of the host are considered in a ‘holobiontic’ way. It turns out that the host’s diet is a major determinant of the composition of the gut microbiome and its metabolites. Animal models of bacterial and viral intestinal infections have been developed to explore the interrelationships of diet, gut microbiome, and health/disease phenotypes of the host. Dietary fibers can act as prebiotics, and certain bacterial species support the host’s wellbeing as probiotics. In cases of Clostridioides difficile-associated antibiotic-resistant chronic diarrhea, transplantation of fecal microbiomes has sometimes cured the disease. Future research will concentrate on the definition of microbial/host/diet interrelationships which will inform rationales for improving host conditions, in particular in relation to optimization of immune responses to childhood vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Immunity of Enteric Virus Infections)
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