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Viruses
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The 4th Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology 2022
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The 4th Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology 2022

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "General Virology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 11557

Special Issue Editors

Dr. David Evans

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Interests: poxviruses; virus-host interactions; oncolytic viruses
Dr. Tom Hobman

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Interests: emerging viruses; antivirals; virus-host interactions; antiviral signalling
Dr. Vanessa Meier-Stephenson

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Interests: hepatitis; hepatitis B virus; virus-host interactions; antivirals
Dr. Maya Shmulevitz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute for Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Interests: reoviridae; virus-host interactions; oncolytic viruses
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is related to the conference “CSV2022: The 4th Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology” which will be held in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, June 5–7, 2022.

CSV2022 provides educational opportunities in the diverse areas of virology research that include animal and bacterial viruses, and range between basic, translational and clinical sciences.

Symposium participants, as well as all researchers working in the field, are invited to contribute original research papers or reviews to this Special Issue of Viruses.

Dr. David Evans
Dr. Tom Hobman
Dr. Vanessa Meier-Stephenson
Dr. Maya Shmulevitz
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Emerging Pathogens
  • Vaccines
  • Antivirals
  • One Health
  • Fundamental Virology
  • Virus–Host Interactions
  • Virus Evolution and Ecology
  • Putting Viruses to Work

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

2 pages, 161 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue of the 4th Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology 2022
by Vanessa Meier-Stephenson, David Evans, Tom Hobman, David Marchant, Ryan Noyce and Maya Shmulevitz
Viruses 2023, 15(7), 1512; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15071512 - 06 Jul 2023
Viewed by 829
Abstract
In this Special Issue of Viruses, we showcase some of the fascinating and diverse virology being undertaken in Canada that was presented at the 4th Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology 2022 [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 4th Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology 2022)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

13 pages, 12729 KiB  
Article
Stability of APOBEC3F in the Presence of the APOBEC3 Antagonist HIV-1 Vif Increases at the Expense of Co-Expressed APOBEC3H Haplotype I
by Maria Yousefi, Arun Kumar Annan Sudarsan, Amit Gaba and Linda Chelico
Viruses 2023, 15(2), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020463 - 07 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1537
Abstract
The seven human APOBEC3 enzymes (APOBEC3A through H, excluding E) are host restriction factors. Most of the APOBEC3 enzymes can restrict HIV-1 replication with different efficiencies. The HIV-1 Vif protein combats APOBEC3-mediated restriction by inducing ubiquitination and degradation in the proteasome. APOBEC3F and [...] Read more.
The seven human APOBEC3 enzymes (APOBEC3A through H, excluding E) are host restriction factors. Most of the APOBEC3 enzymes can restrict HIV-1 replication with different efficiencies. The HIV-1 Vif protein combats APOBEC3-mediated restriction by inducing ubiquitination and degradation in the proteasome. APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G can hetero-oligomerize, which increases their restriction capacity and resistance to Vif. Here we determined if APOBEC3C, APOBEC3F, or APOBEC3G could hetero-oligomerize with APOBEC3H haplotype I. APOBEC3H haplotype I has a short half-life in cells due to ubiquitination and degradation by host proteins, but is also resistant to Vif. We hypothesized that hetero-oligomerization with APOBEC3H haplotype I may result in less Vif-mediated degradation of the interacting APOBEC3 and stabilize APOBEC3H haplotype I, resulting in more efficient HIV-1 restriction. Although we found that all three APOBEC3s could interact with APOBEC3H haplotype I, only APOBEC3F affected APOBEC3H haplotype I by surprisingly accelerating its proteasomal degradation. However, this increased APOBEC3F levels in cells and virions in the absence or presence of Vif and enabled APOBEC3F-mediated restriction of HIV-1 in the presence of Vif. Altogether, the data suggest that APOBEC3 enzymes can co-regulate each other at the protein level and that they cooperate to ensure HIV-1 inactivation rather than evolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 4th Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology 2022)
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13 pages, 8648 KiB  
Article
Single Dose of Recombinant Chimeric Horsepox Virus (TNX-801) Vaccination Protects Macaques from Lethal Monkeypox Challenge
by Ryan S. Noyce, Landon W. Westfall, Siobhan Fogarty, Karen Gilbert, Onesmo Mpanju, Helen Stillwell, José Esparza, Bruce Daugherty, Fusataka Koide, David H. Evans and Seth Lederman
Viruses 2023, 15(2), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020356 - 26 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2152
Abstract
The ongoing global Monkeypox outbreak that started in the spring of 2022 has reinforced the importance of protecting the population using live virus vaccines based on the vaccinia virus (VACV). Smallpox also remains a biothreat and although some U.S. military personnel are immunized [...] Read more.
The ongoing global Monkeypox outbreak that started in the spring of 2022 has reinforced the importance of protecting the population using live virus vaccines based on the vaccinia virus (VACV). Smallpox also remains a biothreat and although some U.S. military personnel are immunized with VACV, safety concerns limit its use in other vulnerable groups. Consequently, there is a need for an effective and safer, single dose, live replicating vaccine against both viruses. One potential approach is to use the horsepox virus (HPXV) as a vaccine. Contemporary VACV shares a common ancestor with HPXV, which from the time of Edward Jenner and through the 19th century, was extensively used to vaccinate against smallpox. However, it is unknown if early HPXV-based vaccines exhibited different safety and efficacy profiles compared to modern VACV. A deeper understanding of HPXV as a vaccine platform may allow the construction of safer and more effective vaccines against the poxvirus family. In a proof-of-concept study, we vaccinated cynomolgus macaques with TNX-801, a recombinant chimeric horsepox virus (rcHPXV), and showed that the vaccine elicited protective immune responses against a lethal challenge with monkeypox virus (MPXV), strain Zaire. The vaccine was well tolerated and protected animals from the development of lesions and severe disease. These encouraging data support the further development of TNX-801. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 4th Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology 2022)
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15 pages, 2982 KiB  
Article
Differential Cellular Sensing of Fusion from within and Fusion from without during Virus Infection
by David N. Hare, Tetyana Murdza, Susan Collins, Katharina Schulz, Subhendu Mukherjee, Roberto de Antueno, Luke Janssen, Roy Duncan and Karen L. Mossman
Viruses 2023, 15(2), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020301 - 21 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2077
Abstract
The physical entry of virus particles into cells triggers an innate immune response that is dependent on both calcium and nucleic acid sensors, with particles containing RNA or DNA genomes detected by RNA or DNA sensors, respectively. While membrane fusion in the absence [...] Read more.
The physical entry of virus particles into cells triggers an innate immune response that is dependent on both calcium and nucleic acid sensors, with particles containing RNA or DNA genomes detected by RNA or DNA sensors, respectively. While membrane fusion in the absence of viral nucleic acid causes an innate immune response that is dependent on calcium, the involvement of nucleic acid sensors is poorly understood. Here, we used lipoplexes containing purified reovirus p14 fusion protein as a model of exogenous or fusion from without and a cell line expressing inducible p14 protein as a model of endogenous or fusion from within to examine cellular membrane fusion sensing events. We show that the cellular response to membrane fusion in both models is dependent on calcium, IRF3 and IFN. The method of sensing fusion, however, differs between fusion from without and fusion from within. Exogenous p14 lipoplexes are detected by RIG-I-like RNA sensors, whereas fusion by endogenous p14 requires both RIG-I and STING to trigger an IFN response. The source of nucleic acid that is sensed appears to be cellular in origin. Future studies will investigate the source of endogenous nucleic acids recognized following membrane fusion events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 4th Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology 2022)
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21 pages, 2561 KiB  
Article
Stress Exposure of Evolved Bacteriophages under Laboratory versus Food Processing Conditions Highlights Challenges in Translatability
by Mellissa Gomez, Alexandra Szewczyk, Jake Szamosi, Vincent Leung, Carlos Filipe and Zeinab Hosseinidoust
Viruses 2023, 15(1), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010113 - 30 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2453
Abstract
Bacterial viruses, or bacteriophages, are highly potent, target-specific antimicrobials. Bacteriophages can be safely applied along the food production chain to aid control of foodborne pathogens. However, bacteriophages are often sensitive to the environments encountered in food matrices and under processing conditions, thus limiting [...] Read more.
Bacterial viruses, or bacteriophages, are highly potent, target-specific antimicrobials. Bacteriophages can be safely applied along the food production chain to aid control of foodborne pathogens. However, bacteriophages are often sensitive to the environments encountered in food matrices and under processing conditions, thus limiting their applicability. We sought to address this challenge by exposing commercially available Listeria monocytogenes bacteriophage, P100, to three stress conditions: desiccation, elevated temperature, and low pH, to select for stress-resistant bacteriophages. The stressed bacteriophage populations lost up to 5.1 log10 in infectivity; however, the surviving subpopulation retained their stress-resistant phenotype through five passages with a maximum of 2.0 log10 loss in infectivity when exposed to the same stressor. Sequencing identified key mutation regions but did not reveal a clear mechanism of resistance. The stress-selected bacteriophage populations effectively suppressed L. monocytogenes growth at a modest multiplicity of infection of 0.35–0.43, indicating no trade-off in lytic ability in return for improved survivability. The stressed subpopulations were tested for survival on food grade stainless steel, during milk pasteurization, and within acidic beverages. Interestingly, air drying on stainless steel and pasteurization in milk led to significantly less stress and titer loss in bacteriophage compared to similar stress under model lab conditions. This led to a diminished benefit for stress-selection, thus highlighting a major challenge in real-life translatability of bacteriophage adaptational evolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 4th Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology 2022)
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13 pages, 1774 KiB  
Article
A Bivalent Live Attenuated Influenza Virus Vaccine Protects against Drifted H1N2 and H3N2 Clinical Isolates in Swine
by Lauren Aubrey, Ulises Barron-Castillo, Susan Detmer and Yan Zhou
Viruses 2023, 15(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010046 - 23 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1554
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) can cause a highly contagious respiratory disease for many mammalian species. In pigs, IAVs cause high morbidity and low mortality disease in susceptible populations that can have significant financial and production impacts. They can also present opportunities for mutations [...] Read more.
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) can cause a highly contagious respiratory disease for many mammalian species. In pigs, IAVs cause high morbidity and low mortality disease in susceptible populations that can have significant financial and production impacts. They can also present opportunities for mutations and gene reassortment, producing influenza strains with pandemic potential. Therefore, it is very important to prevent and control influenza infection in pigs, and the chief way to do so is through vaccination. The subtypes of IAV most prevalent in swine across the world are H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2; however, genetic diversity of these viruses can vary greatly by region. We previously developed an elastase-dependent bivalent live attenuated vaccine using two Canadian swine influenza A virus (swIAV) isolates, A/Swine/Alberta/SD0191/2016 (H1N2) [SD191] and A/Swine/Saskatchewan/SD0069/2015 (H3N2) [SD69], which provided protection against homologous strains. In this study, we demonstrate that this vaccine extends protection in pigs to more current, drifted non-homologous H1N2 and H3N2 strains, A/Swine/MB/SD0467/2019 (H1N2) [SD467] and A/Swine/AB/SD0435/2019 (H3N2) [SD435]. The vaccine elicited a robust immune response in the serum and the lung and reduced viral replication as well as lung pathology associated with these strains. Therefore, this bivalent vaccine remains a strong candidate that would be beneficial to the swine influenza vaccine market in North America. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 4th Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology 2022)
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