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Viruses
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SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies
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SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 13261

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Youchun Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Medical Biology, Chinses Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
Interests: hepatitis virus; HIV; HPV; emerging and re-emerging viruses; virus mutation and its impact on viral antigenicity and infectivity; construction of pseudotyped viruses; neutralization assays with pseudotyped viruses; vaccine; neutralizing antibody; antivirals; animal models
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

At the end of 2019, SARS-CoV-2 was discovered and quickly spread around the world, posing a severe threat to the global public health system. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, highly concentrated immunoglobulin, and convalescent plasma have been rapidly developed and used in emergency for the prevention and therapy of COVID-19. The neutralizing antibodies in those products play an important role. Although a correlation between neutralizing antibody and protection has not yet been determined, it is generally believed that the higher the number of neutralizing antibodies, the better the efficacy. Thus, the most important aim at the moment is to identify the correlation between neutralizing antibodies and efficacy. However, different neutralization assays  used in different laboratories are variable, and results from different laboratories on neutralizing antibodies may not be comparable. Thus, standardized neutralizing assays and standards around neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants are needed.

In this Special Issue, we focus on neutralization assays, assay validation, detection procedures, neutralizing antibody standards and references, as well as the mechanism of neutralizing antibodies for the prevention and therapy of COVID-19. We seek contributions of original research and review articles, as well as short communications.

Dr. Youchun Wang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • SARS-CoV-2
  • Neutralizing antibodies
  • Neutralization assays
  • Standards
  • Monoclonal antibodies
  • Vaccines
  • Viral variants

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review, Other

9 pages, 1718 KiB  
Article
SARS-CoV-2 Gamma and Delta Variants of Concern Might Undermine Neutralizing Activity Generated in Response to BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination
by Luigia Trabace, Lorenzo Pace, Maria Grazia Morgese, Isabel Bianca Santo, Domenico Galante, Stefania Schiavone, Dora Cipolletta, Anna Maria Rosa, Pierluigi Reveglia, Antonio Parisi, Paolo Tucci, Giovanni Pepe, Rodolfo Sacco, Maria Pia Foschino Barbaro, Gaetano Corso and Antonio Fasanella
Viruses 2022, 14(4), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14040814 - 15 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1683
Abstract
The Delta variant raised concern regarding its ability to evade SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. We evaluated a serum neutralizing response of 172 Italian healthcare workers, three months after complete Comirnaty (BNT162b2 mRNA, BioNTech-Pfizer) vaccination, testing their sera against viral isolates of Alpha, Gamma and Delta [...] Read more.
The Delta variant raised concern regarding its ability to evade SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. We evaluated a serum neutralizing response of 172 Italian healthcare workers, three months after complete Comirnaty (BNT162b2 mRNA, BioNTech-Pfizer) vaccination, testing their sera against viral isolates of Alpha, Gamma and Delta variants, including 36 subjects with a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. We assessed whether IgG anti-spike TRIM levels and serum neutralizing activity by seroneutralization assay were associated. Concerning Gamma variant, a two-fold reduction in neutralizing titres compared to the Alpha variant was observed, while a four-fold reduction of Delta virus compared to Alpha was found. A gender difference was observed in neutralizing titres only for the Gamma variant. The serum samples of 36 previously infected SARS-CoV-2 individuals neutralized Alpha, Gamma and Delta variants, demonstrating respectively a nearly three-fold and a five-fold reduction in neutralizing titres compared to Alpha variant. IgG anti-spike TRIM levels were positively correlated with serum neutralizing titres against the three variants. The Comirnaty vaccine provides sustained neutralizing antibody activity towards the Alpha variant, but it is less effective against Gamma and even less against Delta variants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies)
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6 pages, 696 KiB  
Communication
Side-By-Side Evaluation of Three Commercial ELISAs for the Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies
by Philipp Girl, Sonja Mantel, Heiner von Buttlar, Roman Wölfel and Katharina Müller
Viruses 2022, 14(3), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030577 - 11 Mar 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1660
Abstract
In December 2020, WHO presented the first international standard (WHO IS) for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin. This standard is intended to serve as a reference reagent against which serological tests can be calibrated, thus creating better comparability of results between different tests, laboratories, etc. Here, [...] Read more.
In December 2020, WHO presented the first international standard (WHO IS) for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin. This standard is intended to serve as a reference reagent against which serological tests can be calibrated, thus creating better comparability of results between different tests, laboratories, etc. Here, we have examined three different commercial ELISA kits for the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies, namely the Anti-SARS-CoV-2 QuantiVac ELISA (IgG) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany), the SERION ELISA agile (Institut Virion Serion, Würzburg, Germany), and the COVID-19 quantitative IgG ELISA (DeMediTec Diagnostics, Kiel, Germany). According to the manufacturers, all are calibrated against the WHO IS and can provide results in either international units (IU) (DeMediTec) or arbitrary antibody units (BAU) per milliliter (Euroimmun, Virion Serion), which are numerically identical, according to the WHO. A total of 50 serum samples from vaccinated individuals were tested side by side and according to the manufacturer’s instructions. We compared the test results of all three assays with each other to assess comparability and with a quantitative in-house virus neutralization test (micro-NT). In summary, our data are consistent with other studies published on this topic that tested similar assays from different manufacturers. Overall, the agreement between quantitative ELISAs is variable and cannot be used interchangeably despite calibration against a standard. Therefore, interpretation of results must still be individualized and tailored to each case. More importantly, our results highlight that quantitative ELISAs in their current form cannot replace neutralization tests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies)
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11 pages, 1111 KiB  
Communication
Comparison of the Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate Neutralization Assays by TECOmedical and DiaPROPH-Med with Samples from Vaccinated and Infected Individuals
by Lennart Münsterkötter, Moritz Maximilian Hollstein, Andreas Hahn, Andrea Kröger, Moritz Schnelle, Luise Erpenbeck, Uwe Groß, Hagen Frickmann and Andreas Erich Zautner
Viruses 2022, 14(2), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020315 - 03 Feb 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1903
Abstract
Anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific serological responses are a topic of ongoing evaluation studies. In the study presented here, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 surrogate neutralization assays by TECOmedical and DiaPROPH -Med were assessed in a head-to-head comparison with serum samples of individuals after vaccination as well as after previous [...] Read more.
Anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific serological responses are a topic of ongoing evaluation studies. In the study presented here, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 surrogate neutralization assays by TECOmedical and DiaPROPH -Med were assessed in a head-to-head comparison with serum samples of individuals after vaccination as well as after previous infection with SARS-CoV-2. In case of discordant results, a cell culture-based neutralization assay was applied as a reference standard. The TECOmedical assay showed sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 61.3%, respectively, the DiaPROPH-Med assay 95.0% and 48.4%, respectively. As a side finding of the study, differences in the likelihood of expressing neutralizing antibodies could be shown for different exposition types. So, 60 of 81 (74.07%) of the samples with only one vaccination showed an expression of neutralizing antibodies in contrast to 85.71% (60 of 70 samples) of the samples with two vaccinations and 100% (40 of 40) of the samples from previously infected individuals. In conclusion, the both assays showed results similar to previous assessments. While the measured diagnostic accuracy of both assays requires further technical improvement of this diagnostic approach, as the calculated specificity values of 61.3% and 48.4%, respectively, appear acceptable for diagnostic use only in populations with a high percentage of positive subjects, but not at expectedly low positivity rates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies)
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Review

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11 pages, 659 KiB  
Review
Overview of Neutralization Assays and International Standard for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody
by Kuan-Ting Liu, Yi-Ju Han, Guan-Hong Wu, Kuan-Ying A. Huang and Peng-Nien Huang
Viruses 2022, 14(7), 1560; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14071560 - 18 Jul 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5260
Abstract
We aimed to review the existing literature on the different types of neutralization assays and international standards for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We comprehensively summarized the serological assays for detecting neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated the importance of an [...] Read more.
We aimed to review the existing literature on the different types of neutralization assays and international standards for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We comprehensively summarized the serological assays for detecting neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated the importance of an international standard for calibrating the measurement of neutralizing antibodies. Following the coronavirus disease outbreak in December 2019, there was an urgent demand to detect neutralizing antibodies in patients or vaccinated people to monitor disease outcomes and determine vaccine efficacy. Therefore, many approaches were developed to detect neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, such as microneutralization assay, SARS-CoV-2 pseudotype virus assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and rapid lateral flow assay. Given the many types of serological assays for quantifying the neutralizing antibody titer, the comparison of different assay results is a challenge. In 2020, the World Health Organization proposed the first international standard as a common unit to define neutralizing antibody titer and antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2. These standards are useful for comparing the results of different assays and laboratories. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies)
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Other

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7 pages, 3624 KiB  
Brief Report
CoronaVac and ChAdOx1 Vaccination and Gamma Infection Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant
by Marcilio Jorge Fumagalli, Luiza Antunes Castro-Jorge, William Marciel de Souza, Patrick Orestes de Azevedo, Alana Witt Hansen, Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli, Benedito Antônio Lopes da Fonseca, Fernando Rosado Spilki and Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo
Viruses 2022, 14(2), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020305 - 01 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2149
Abstract
The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants represents a constant threat to world public health. The SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant was identified in late 2020 in India; since then, it has spread to many other countries, replacing other predominant lineages and raising concerns about vaccination [...] Read more.
The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants represents a constant threat to world public health. The SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant was identified in late 2020 in India; since then, it has spread to many other countries, replacing other predominant lineages and raising concerns about vaccination efficiency. We evaluated the sensitivity of the Delta variant to antibodies elicited by COVID-19 vaccinated (CoronaVac and ChAdOx1) and convalescent individuals previously infected by earlier lineages and by the Gamma variant. No reduction in the neutralizing efficacy of the Delta variant was observed when compared to B lineage and a reduced neutralization was observed for the Gamma variant. Our results indicate that neutralization of the Delta variant is not compromised in individuals vaccinated by CoronaVac or ChAdOx1; however, a reduction in neutralization efficacy is expected for individuals infected by the Gamma variant, highlighting the importance of continuous vaccination even for previously infected individuals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies)
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