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Viruses
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2021) | Viewed by 17839

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Norbert J. Roberts, Jr.

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Interests: influenza virus; respiratory syncytial virus; viral pathogenesis; monocytes; macrophages; lymphocytes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Leonard R. Krilov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, Long Island, NY, USA
Interests: respiratory syncytial virus; influenza virus; clinical trials; respiratory virus vaccines; RSV-related inflammation and immune responses
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory infections worldwide, with the most severe cases occurring in the very young and in elderly individuals. Infants and children having their first encounter with the virus are more likely to develop bronchiolitis and pneumonia, and even die. However, most deaths overall occur with infections of the elderly. In addition, immunocompromised individuals of any age are at greater risk of adverse outcomes.

RSV re-infection occurs throughout life, but subsequent infections are commonly less severe than the initial episode as a result of the immune response that is established after exposure to the virus. However, the immune response is not able to prevent clinical re-infection even in the absence of RSV strain variation. This aspect makes it important to delineate as much as possible the immune response and correlates of protection, and it also suggests that RSV candidate vaccines that are being developed may not and perhaps should not be expected to prevent clinical re-infection. Such candidate vaccines should render a first infection in the young person less severe, as are subsequent infections after a natural first encounter in childhood. Such vaccines may also be expected to boost potentially waning immunity in the elderly, used at intervals to promote patient survival with the natural RSV infection.

The aim of this Special Issue of Viruses is to contribute to the current knowledge regarding innate and adaptive immunity to RSV, the mechanisms used by the virus to accomplish re-infection, the populations at risk and epidemiology of the infection, treatment approaches directed at RSV or designed to counteract the suppression of immune responses by RSV, and approaches to vaccine development that are likely to benefit the host upon subsequent natural challenge. Research articles, review articles, as well as short communications are invited. Reports of promising candidate RSV vaccines and reports of RSV co-infections (such as with SARS-CoV-2) are encouraged.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously and should not be under consideration for publication elsewhere. All manuscripts undergo a single-blind peer-review process. Papers belonging to a special issue are published online in the Viruses journal immediately after acceptance and collected together on the special issue webpage. This means that there is no delay for authors who submit their work. It will appear shortly after acceptance, even if other papers in the special issue are still being processed. The Article Processing Charge for publication in this open-access journal, Viruses (IF 5.048), is 2000 CHF (Swiss Francs).

Dr. Norbert J. Roberts, Jr.
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Respiratory syncytial virus
  • RSV pathogenesis
  • Innate immunity to RSV
  • Adaptive immunity to RSV
  • RSV re-infection
  • RSV therapy
  • RSV vaccines
  • RSV epidemiology
  • RSV co-infections

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 245 KiB  
Article
Humoral and Mucosal Antibody Response to RSV Structural Proteins in RSV-Infected Adult Hematopoietic Cell Transplant (HCT) Recipients
by Xunyan Ye, Obinna P. Iwuchukwu, Vasanthi Avadhanula, Letisha O. Aideyan, Trevor J. McBride, David M. Henke, Kirtida D. Patel, Felipe-Andres Piedra, Laura S. Angelo, Dimpy P. Shah, Roy F. Chemaly and Pedro A. Piedra
Viruses 2021, 13(6), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13060991 - 26 May 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2389
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. RSV antibodies play a role in preventing reinfection and in clearance of RSV, but data regarding the levels of viral protein-specific antibodies elicited [...] Read more.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. RSV antibodies play a role in preventing reinfection and in clearance of RSV, but data regarding the levels of viral protein-specific antibodies elicited and their contribution to patient recovery from RSV-induced disease are limited. We prospectively enrolled a cohort of RSV-infected adult hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients (n = 40). Serum and nasal-wash samples were obtained at enrollment (acute samples) and convalescence (convalescent samples). We measured (1) humoral IgG and mucosal IgA binding antibody levels to multiple RSV proteins (F, G, N, P, and M2-1) by Western blot (WB); (2) neutralizing antibody (Nt Ab) titers by microneutralization assay; and (3) palivizumab-like antibody (PLA) concentrations by an ELISA-based competitive binding assay developed in the lab. Finally, we tested for correlations between protein-specific antibody levels and duration of viral shedding (normal: cleared in <14 days and delayed: cleared ≥14 days), as well as RSV/A and RSV/B subtypes. Convalescent sera from HCT recipients had significantly higher levels of anti-RSV antibodies to all 5 RSV structural proteins assayed (G, F, N, P, M2-1), higher Nt Abs to both RSV subtypes, and higher serum PLAs than at enrollment. Significantly higher levels of mucosal antibodies to 3 RSV structural proteins (G, N, and M2-1) were observed in the convalescent nasal wash versus acute nasal wash. Normal viral clearance group had significantly higher levels of serum IgG antibodies to F, N, and P viral proteins, higher Nt Ab to both RSV subtypes, and higher PLA, as well as higher levels of mucosal IgA antibodies to G and M2-1 viral proteins, and higher Nt Ab to both RSV subtypes compared to delayed viral clearance group. Normal RSV clearance was associated with higher IgG serum antibody levels to F and P viral proteins, and PLAs in convalescent serum (p < 0.05). Finally, overall antibody levels in RSV/A- and/B-infected HCT recipients were not significantly different. In summary, specific humoral and mucosal RSV antibodies are associated with viral clearance in HCT recipients naturally infected with RSV. In contrast to the humoral response, the F surface glycoprotein was not a major target of mucosal immunity. Our findings have implications for antigen selection in the development of RSV vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
17 pages, 2629 KiB  
Article
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) G Protein Vaccines With Central Conserved Domain Mutations Induce CX3C-CX3CR1 Blocking Antibodies
by Harrison C. Bergeron, Jackelyn Murray, Ana M. Nuñez Castrejon, Rebecca M. DuBois and Ralph A. Tripp
Viruses 2021, 13(2), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020352 - 23 Feb 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4298
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can cause bronchiolitis, pneumonia, morbidity, and some mortality, primarily in infants and the elderly, for which no vaccine is available. The RSV attachment (G) protein contains a central conserved domain (CCD) with a CX3C motif implicated in the [...] Read more.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can cause bronchiolitis, pneumonia, morbidity, and some mortality, primarily in infants and the elderly, for which no vaccine is available. The RSV attachment (G) protein contains a central conserved domain (CCD) with a CX3C motif implicated in the induction of protective antibodies, thus vaccine candidates containing the G protein are of interest. This study determined if mutations in the G protein CCD would mediate immunogenicity while inducing G protein CX3C-CX3CR1 blocking antibodies. BALB/c mice were vaccinated with structurally-guided, rationally designed G proteins with CCD mutations. The results show that these G protein immunogens induce a substantial anti-G protein antibody response, and using serum IgG from the vaccinated mice, these antibodies are capable of blocking the RSV G protein CX3C-CX3CR1 binding while not interfering with CX3CL1, fractalkine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
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13 pages, 291 KiB  
Article
Risk Factors for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: Evidence from an Indonesian Cohort
by Rowena Crow, Kuswandewi Mutyara, Dwi Agustian, Cissy B. Kartasasmita and Eric A. F. Simões
Viruses 2021, 13(2), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020331 - 21 Feb 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2413
Abstract
Although risk factors for hospitalization from a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are well known, RSV lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs) in the community are much less studied or understood, especially in developing countries. In a prospective, cohort study we studied factors predisposing Indonesian [...] Read more.
Although risk factors for hospitalization from a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are well known, RSV lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs) in the community are much less studied or understood, especially in developing countries. In a prospective, cohort study we studied factors predisposing Indonesian infants and children under 5 years of age to developing RSV LRIs. Subjects were enrolled in two cohorts: a birth cohort and a cross-sectional cohort of children <48 months of age. Subjects were visited weekly at home to identify any LRI, using the World Health Organization’s criteria. RSV etiology was determined through analysis of nasal washings by enzyme immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction. Risk factors for the development of the first documented RSV LRI were identified by multivariate analysis using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard modeling. Of the 2014 children studied, 999 were enrolled within 30 days of birth. There were 149 first episodes of an RSV. Risk factors for an RSV LRI were poverty (p < 0.01), use of kerosene as a cooking fuel (p < 0.05), and household ownership of rabbits and chickens (p < 0.01). Our findings suggested that in a middle-income country such as Indonesia, with a substantial burden of RSV morbidity and mortality, lower socioeconomic status, environmental air quality, and animal exposure are predisposing factors for developing an RSV LRI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Syncytial Virus)

Review

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16 pages, 436 KiB  
Review
Functional Features of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Protein
by Larry J. Anderson, Samadhan J. Jadhao, Clinton R. Paden and Suxiang Tong
Viruses 2021, 13(7), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13071214 - 01 Jul 2021
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3928
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in children <5 years of age worldwide and repeated infections throughout life leading to serious disease in the elderly and persons with compromised immune, cardiac, and pulmonary systems. The [...] Read more.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in children <5 years of age worldwide and repeated infections throughout life leading to serious disease in the elderly and persons with compromised immune, cardiac, and pulmonary systems. The disease burden has made it a high priority for vaccine and antiviral drug development but without success except for immune prophylaxis for certain young infants. Two RSV proteins are associated with protection, F and G, and F is most often pursued for vaccine and antiviral drug development. Several features of the G protein suggest it could also be an important to vaccine or antiviral drug target design. We review features of G that effect biology of infection, the host immune response, and disease associated with infection. Though it is not clear how to fit these together into an integrated picture, it is clear that G mediates cell surface binding and facilitates cellular infection, modulates host responses that affect both immunity and disease, and its CX3C aa motif contributes to many of these effects. These features of G and the ability to block the effects with antibody, suggest G has substantial potential in vaccine and antiviral drug design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
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14 pages, 310 KiB  
Review
Epidemiology and Seasonality of Childhood Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in the Tropics
by Manika Suryadevara and Joseph B. Domachowske
Viruses 2021, 13(4), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13040696 - 16 Apr 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3625
Abstract
Infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young children worldwide. Understanding seasonal patterns of region-specific RSV activity is important to guide resource allocation for existing and future treatment and prevention strategies. The decades of [...] Read more.
Infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young children worldwide. Understanding seasonal patterns of region-specific RSV activity is important to guide resource allocation for existing and future treatment and prevention strategies. The decades of excellent RSV surveillance data that are available from the developed countries of the world are incredibly instructive in advancing public health initiatives in those regions. With few exceptions, these developed nations are positioned geographically across temperate regions of the world. RSV surveillance across tropical regions of the world has improved in recent years, but remains spotty, and where available, still lacks the necessary longitudinal data to determine the amount of seasonal variation expected over time. However, existing and emerging data collected across tropical regions of the world do indicate that patterns of infection are often quite different from those so well described in temperate areas. Here, we provide a brief summary regarding what is known about general patterns of RSV disease activity across tropical Asia, Africa and South America, then offer additional country-specific details using examples where multiple reports and/or more robust surveillance data have become available. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
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