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Viruses
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Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV): Pathogenesis and Prevention
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Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV): Pathogenesis and Prevention

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 January 2024) | Viewed by 6269

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Yongchang Cao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Interests: SARS-CoV-2; livestock and poultry coronavirus; virus replication; animal virology and animal science; bioinformatics; epidemiology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleague,

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a significant pathogen in the swine farming industry, causing diarrhea and vomiting in piglets and resulting in substantial economic losses. Thus far, the epidemiological characteristics and transmission patterns of PEDV necessitate further investigation. The pathogenic mechanisms of PEDV remain poorly understood, warranting in-depth research into its replication and immune mechanisms. Moreover, the development of PEDV vaccines, related therapeutics, and novel detection techniques requires sustained inquiry.

In this distinguished Special Issue of Viruses, our objective is to advance our understanding of the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of PEDV. We aim to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of PEDV infection in host organisms while employing multi-omics approaches to identify antiviral targets against PEDV. Additionally, we seek to conduct high-throughput screenings for potent drugs targeting PEDV and develop effective vaccines specific to PEDV through immunological studies. Furthermore, our efforts encompass the development of innovative PEDV detection techniques.

Prof. Dr. Yongchang Cao
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • epidemiology
  • multi-omics
  • host-virus interation
  • pathogenic mechanism
  • vaccine
  • detection technique

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 5621 KiB  
Article
Development of Glycyrrhizinic Acid-Based Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP-GA) as An Adjuvant That Improves the Immune Response to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Spike Recombinant Protein
by José Bryan García-Cambrón, José Luis Cerriteño-Sánchez, Rocío Lara-Romero, David Quintanar-Guerrero, Gerardo Blancas-Flores, Brenda L. Sánchez-Gaytán, Irma Herrera-Camacho and Julieta Sandra Cuevas-Romero
Viruses 2024, 16(3), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16030431 - 11 Mar 2024
Viewed by 892
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has affected the pork industry worldwide and during outbreaks the mortality of piglets has reached 100%. Lipid nanocarriers are commonly used in the development of immunostimulatory particles due to their biocompatibility and slow-release delivery properties. In this study, [...] Read more.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has affected the pork industry worldwide and during outbreaks the mortality of piglets has reached 100%. Lipid nanocarriers are commonly used in the development of immunostimulatory particles due to their biocompatibility and slow-release delivery properties. In this study, we developed a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) complex based on glycyrrhizinic acid (GA) and tested its efficacy as an adjuvant in mice immunized with the recombinant N-terminal domain (NTD) of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) spike (S) protein (rNTD-S). The dispersion stability analysis (Z-potential −27.6 mV) confirmed the size and charge stability of the LNP-GA, demonstrating that the particles were homogeneously dispersed and strongly anionic, which favors nanoparticles binding with the rNTD-S protein, which showed a slightly positive charge (2.11 mV) by in silico analysis. TEM image of LNP-GA revealed nanostructures with a spherical-bilayer lipid vesicle (~100 nm). The immunogenicity of the LNP-GA-rNTD-S complex induced an efficient humoral response 14 days after the first immunization (p < 0.05) as well as an influence on the cellular immune response by decreasing serum TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations, which was associated with an anti-inflammatory effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV): Pathogenesis and Prevention)
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15 pages, 3215 KiB  
Article
Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Two Commercial Swine Breeding Herds to Characterize Neutralizing Antibody Levels following Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Outbreaks
by Justin Brown, Kristin Skoland, Heather Kittrell, Josh Ellingson, Paul Thomas, Chelsea Ruston, David Baum and Locke Karriker
Viruses 2024, 16(3), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16030324 - 21 Feb 2024
Viewed by 708
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) can be detected by 3 weeks post-infection and remain detectable through at least 24 weeks post-infection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of neutralizing antibodies in sow and piglet serum and [...] Read more.
Neutralizing antibodies to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) can be detected by 3 weeks post-infection and remain detectable through at least 24 weeks post-infection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of neutralizing antibodies in sow and piglet serum and sow milk to determine the duration of neutralizing antibodies following PEDV outbreaks. Two farms were selected for the study following outbreaks of PEDV. Monthly, cohorts of sows were sampled and followed through two farrowings. Following each farrowing, samples from piglets and milk were collected. Samples were evaluated for PEDV-neutralizing antibodies by a high-throughput fluorescent neutralization assay. Although neutralizing antibodies to PEDV can be detected throughout 15 months post-outbreak, a decrease in circulating neutralizing antibody levels is noted in farms beginning at six months post-outbreak. With decreasing levels, farms may become more vulnerable to PEDV outbreaks, and practitioners can focus on this time window to implement intervention strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV): Pathogenesis and Prevention)
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12 pages, 3778 KiB  
Article
Phylogenetic and Molecular Analysis of the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Mexico during the First Reported Outbreaks (2013–2017)
by José Francisco Rivera-Benítez, Rebeca Martínez-Bautista, Raúl González-Martínez, Jazmín De la Luz-Armendáriz, Irma Herrera-Camacho, Nora Rosas-Murrieta, Laura Márquez-Valdelamar and Rocio Lara
Viruses 2024, 16(2), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16020309 - 18 Feb 2024
Viewed by 899
Abstract
The characteristics of the whole PEDV genome that has circulated in Mexico from the first outbreak to the present are unknown. We chose samples obtained from 2013 to 2017 and sequenced them, which enabled us to identify the genetic variation and phylogeny in [...] Read more.
The characteristics of the whole PEDV genome that has circulated in Mexico from the first outbreak to the present are unknown. We chose samples obtained from 2013 to 2017 and sequenced them, which enabled us to identify the genetic variation and phylogeny in the virus during the first four years that it circulated in Mexico. A 99% identity was found among the analyzed pandemic strains; however, the 1% difference affected the structure of the S glycoprotein, which is essential for the binding of the virus to the cellular receptor. The S protein induces the most efficacious antibodies; hence, these changes in structure could be implicated in the clinical antecedents of the outbreaks. Antigenic changes could also help PEDV avoid neutralization, even in the presence of previous immunity. The characterization of the complete genome enabled the identification of three circulating strains that have a deletion in ORF1a, which is present in attenuated Asian vaccine strains. The phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome indicates that the first PEDV outbreaks in Mexico were caused by INDEL strains and pandemic strains related to USA strains; however, the possibility of the entry of European strains exists, which may have caused the 2015 and 2016 outbreaks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV): Pathogenesis and Prevention)
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14 pages, 3170 KiB  
Article
Clinical, Pathological and Virological Outcomes of Tissue-Homogenate-Derived and Cell-Adapted Strains of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) in a Neonatal Pig Model
by Carlos López-Figueroa, Esmeralda Cano, Núria Navarro, Mónica Pérez-Maíllo, Joan Pujols, José I. Núñez, Júlia Vergara-Alert and Joaquim Segalés
Viruses 2024, 16(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16010044 - 27 Dec 2023
Viewed by 993
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality rates in neonatal piglets. Two distinct genogroups, S-INDEL (G1a, G1b) and non-S INDEL (G2a, G2b, and G2c), circulate worldwide and are characterized by varying degrees of virulence. Here, we [...] Read more.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality rates in neonatal piglets. Two distinct genogroups, S-INDEL (G1a, G1b) and non-S INDEL (G2a, G2b, and G2c), circulate worldwide and are characterized by varying degrees of virulence. Here, we compared the early pathogenesis of a PEDV S-INDEL strain obtained from intestine homogenate (CALAF-HOMOG) or adapted to cell culture by 22 passages (CALAF-ADAP) and a virulent non-S INDEL strain (PEDV-USA) in newborn piglets. After orogastric inoculation of PEDV strains, body weight, temperature and clinical signs were monitored for 48 hpi. Pathological studies were performed at 48 hpi and RNA extracts from jejunal content (at 48 hpi) and rectal swabs (at 0 and 48 hpi) were tested for the presence of PEDV RNA as well as sequenced and compared to the inoculum. Piglets inoculated with PEDV-USA and CALAF-HOMOG isolates showed more severe weight loss, diarrhea, villi fusion and atrophy compared to CALAF-ADAP inoculated piglets. The viral load of rectal swabs was higher in the PEDV-USA inoculated group, followed by CALAF-HOMOG and CALAF-ADAP isolates. Similarly, viral RNA load in jejunal content was comparable among PEDV-USA and CALAF-HOMOG inoculated piglets and higher than that of CALAF-ADAP ones. The comparison of three full PEDV sequences of the inocula with the corresponding ones of pigs after 48 hpi yielded a nucleotide identity >99.9%. This study highlights variations in virulence among S-INDEL and non-S INDEL strains and between S-INDEL isolates obtained from homogenate and cell culture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV): Pathogenesis and Prevention)
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15 pages, 1380 KiB  
Article
An Advanced Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Rapid and Reliable Detection of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Porcine Internal Positive Control
by Hye-Ryung Kim, Jong-Min Kim, Ji-Su Baek, Jonghyun Park, Won-Il Kim, Bok Kyung Ku, Hye-Young Jeoung, Kyoung-Ki Lee and Choi-Kyu Park
Viruses 2023, 15(11), 2204; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15112204 - 1 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1005
Abstract
For rapid and reliable detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) from pig clinical samples, a multiplex, real-time, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (mqRT-LAMP) was developed using two sets of primers and assimilating probes specific to the PEDV N gene and the Sus [...] Read more.
For rapid and reliable detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) from pig clinical samples, a multiplex, real-time, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (mqRT-LAMP) was developed using two sets of primers and assimilating probes specific to the PEDV N gene and the Sus scrofa β-actin gene, which was used as an endogenous internal positive control (EIPC) to avoid false-negative results. The assay specifically amplified both target genes of PEDV and EIPC in a single reaction without any interference but did not amplify other porcine viral nucleic acids. The limit of detection was 10 copies/μL, 100-fold lower than that of a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and equivalent to that of quantitative/real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). This assay has high repeatability and reproducibility with coefficients of variation < 4.0%. The positive signal of the mqRT-LAMP assay was generated within 25 min, demonstrating advantages in rapid detection of PEDV over RT-PCR or qRT-PCR assay, which require at least 2 h turnaround times. In clinical evaluation, the detection rate of PEDV by mqRT-LAMP assay (77.3%) was higher than that of RT-PCR assay (69.7%), and comparable to qRT-PCR (76.8%) with almost 100% concordance (kappa value 0.98). The developed mqRT-LAMP assay can serve as an advanced alternative method for PEDV diagnosis because it has high sensitivity and specificity, rapidity, and reliability even in resource-limited laboratories. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV): Pathogenesis and Prevention)
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15 pages, 2809 KiB  
Article
Spike Gene Analysis and Prevalence of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus from Pigs in South Korea: 2013–2022
by Gyu-Nam Park, Sok Song, SeEun Choe, Jihye Shin, Byung-Hyun An, Song-Yi Kim, Bang-Hun Hyun and Dong-Jun An
Viruses 2023, 15(11), 2165; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15112165 - 28 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1366
Abstract
From late 2013–2022, 1131 cases of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) were reported to the Korean Animal Health Integrated System (KAHIS). There were four major outbreaks from winter to spring (2013–2014, 2017–2018, 2018–2019, and 2021–2022), with the main outbreaks occurring in Chungnam (CN), Jeonbuk [...] Read more.
From late 2013–2022, 1131 cases of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) were reported to the Korean Animal Health Integrated System (KAHIS). There were four major outbreaks from winter to spring (2013–2014, 2017–2018, 2018–2019, and 2021–2022), with the main outbreaks occurring in Chungnam (CN), Jeonbuk (JB), and Jeju (JJ). Analysis of the complete spike (S) gene of 140/1131 KAHIS PEDV cases nationwide confirmed that 139 belonged to the G2b genotype and 1 to the G2a genotype. Among them, two strains (K17GG1 and K17GB3) were similar to an S INDEL isolated in the United States (strain OH851), and 12 strains had deletions (nucleotides (nt) 3–99) or insertions (12 nt) within the S gene. PEDVs in JJ formed a regionally independent cluster. The substitution rates (substitutions/site/year) were as follows: 1.5952 × 10−3 in CN, 1.8065 × 10−3 in JB, and 1.5113 × 10−3 in JJ. A Bayesian skyline plot showed that the effective population size of PEDs in JJ fell from 2013–2022, whereas in CN and JB it was maintained. Genotyping of 340 Korean PEDV strains, including the 140 PEDVs in this study and 200 Korean reference strains from GenBank, revealed that only the highly pathogenic non-INDEL type (G2b) was dominant from 2020 onwards. Therefore, it is predicted that the incidence of PED will be maintained by the G2b (non-INDEL) genotype. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV): Pathogenesis and Prevention)
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