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Viruses
Special Issues
Opportunistic Viral Infections 2nd Edition
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Opportunistic Viral Infections 2nd Edition

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Human Virology and Viral Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 May 2024 | Viewed by 1042

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Carlo Contini

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Infectious Diseases and Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
Interests: SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19; HIV-related opportunistic infections; chlamydia and mycoplasma human infections; cytokines and pathogenesis of infectious diseases; sepsis markers; epidemics of infectious and tropical diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

For many years we have been accustomed to associating certain opportunistic viral infections with HIV/AIDS infection, the pandemic still ongoing around the world that causes thousands of new infections every day and still has a high mortality and lethality rate. AIDS has taught us a great deal about opportunistic infections due to microorganisms that are rare or in themselves often endowed with little virulence, but which multiply to become aggressive pathogens in immunocompromised individuals as a result of infections, therapies or situations leading to immunodepression. Today, however, we must not forget other opportunistic infections that arise in people who do not have HIV/AIDS, but who have frailty because they are affected by non-infectious diseases which require lengthy treatment with anti-tumor, biotechnological and chemotherapeutic drugs in general. Among these, herpesvirus, HBV, HPV, JC and some coronaviruses are just a few examples.

In this Special Issue, we will aim to focus on the most recent advances in opportunistic viral infections from the epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic point of view with special regard to the immunocompromised host, the frail and transplanted individual.

Prof. Dr. Carlo Contini
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • epidemiology of opportunistic viral infections
  • immunocompromised individuals (HIV/AIDS, transplants, tumors, chemotherapeutics, biotechnological drugs, etc.)
  • advances in diagnosis, management and treatment of opportunistic viral infections
  • JC virus
  • HPV
  • CMV, EBV and other herpesvirus
  • human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)
  • hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)
  • polyomavirus
  • new Coronavirus including SARS-CoV-2
  • emerging viruses (arbovirus other zoonotic virus)

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 402 KiB  
Article
Vitamin D Levels and SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Medically Underserved Populations in the Minority and Rural Coronavirus Insights Study
by Makella S. Coudray, Shantoy Hansel, Salvatore Alesci, William A. Meyer III, Robert H. Christenson, Latrice G. Landry, Christina Edwards, Gary Puckrein, Derrick J. Forney and Ola Akinboboye
Viruses 2024, 16(4), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16040639 - 19 Apr 2024
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Abstract
Background: Extant literature presents contradictory findings on the role of vitamin D on SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study included an examination of the relationship between vitamin D levels and SARS-CoV-2 infection among the Minority and Rural Coronavirus Insights Study (MRCIS) cohort, a diverse population [...] Read more.
Background: Extant literature presents contradictory findings on the role of vitamin D on SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study included an examination of the relationship between vitamin D levels and SARS-CoV-2 infection among the Minority and Rural Coronavirus Insights Study (MRCIS) cohort, a diverse population of medically underserved persons presenting at five Federally qualified health centers in the United States. Methods: We conducted a descriptive analysis to explore the relationship between vitamin D levels and SARS-CoV-2 infection among medically underserved participants. A combined molecular and serologic assessment was used to determine the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vitamin D was examined as both a categorical (vitamin D status: deficient, insufficient, optimal) and continuous (vitamin D level) variable. Chi-squared testing, polynomial regression models, and logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between vitamin D and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results: The overall SARS-CoV-2 infection rate among participants was 25.9%. Most participants were either vitamin D deficient (46.5%) or insufficient (29.7%), and 23.8% had an optimal level. Vitamin D status was significantly associated with key SARS-CoV-2 infection risk factors. As mean vitamin D levels increased, the proportion of participants with SARS-CoV-2 infection decreased. For every 10 ng/mL increase in vitamin D levels the odds of SARS-CoV-2 infection decreased by 12% when adjusting for race/ethnicity and age (main effect model). Participants who identified as Hispanic/Latino or Black non-Hispanic had approximately two times increased odds of SARS-CoV-2 infection when adjusting for age and vitamin D levels compared to white non-Hispanics. However, when additional factors were added to the main effect model, the relationship between vitamin D levels and SARS-CoV-2 infection did not remain significant. Conclusion: Vitamin D levels were associated with an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hispanic/Latino and Black, non-Hispanic compared to White, non-Hispanic participants were at increased odds for infection, after adjusting for race/ethnicity and age. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Opportunistic Viral Infections 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 1207 KiB  
Article
High Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Drug Resistance Mutations to Lamivudine among People with HIV/HBV Coinfection in Rural and Peri-Urban Communities in Botswana
by Bonolo B. Phinius, Motswedi Anderson, Irene Gobe, Margaret Mokomane, Wonderful T. Choga, Basetsana Phakedi, Tsholofelo Ratsoma, Gorata Mpebe, Joseph Makhema, Roger Shapiro, Shahin Lockman, Rosemary Musonda, Sikhulile Moyo and Simani Gaseitsiwe
Viruses 2024, 16(4), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16040592 - 11 Apr 2024
Viewed by 427
Abstract
(1) Background: We aimed to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) in people with HBV and human immunodeficiency virus (HBV/HIV) in Botswana. (2) Methods: We sequenced HBV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from participants with HBV/HIV from the Botswana Combination [...] Read more.
(1) Background: We aimed to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) in people with HBV and human immunodeficiency virus (HBV/HIV) in Botswana. (2) Methods: We sequenced HBV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from participants with HBV/HIV from the Botswana Combination Prevention Project study (2013–2018) using the Oxford Nanopore GridION platform. Consensus sequences were analyzed for genotypic and mutational profiles. (3) Results: Overall, 98 HBV sequences had evaluable reverse transcriptase region coverage. The median participant age was 43 years (IQR: 37, 49) and 66/98 (67.4%) were female. Most participants, i.e., 86/98 (87.8%) had suppressed HIV viral load (VL). HBV RAMs were identified in 61/98 (62.2%) participants. Most RAMs were in positions 204 (60.3%), 180 (50.5%), and 173 (33.3%), mostly associated with lamivudine resistance. The triple mutations rtM204V/L180M/V173L were the most predominant (17/61 [27.9%]). Most participants (96.7%) with RAMs were on antiretroviral therapy for a median duration of 7.5 years (IQR: 4.8, 10.5). Approximately 27.9% (17/61) of participants with RAMs had undetectable HBV VL, 50.8% (31/61) had VL < 2000 IU/mL, and 13/61 (21.3%) had VL ≥ 2000 IU/mL. (4) Conclusions: The high prevalence of lamivudine RAMs discourages the use of ART regimens with 3TC as the only HBV-active drug in people with HIV/HBV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Opportunistic Viral Infections 2nd Edition)
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