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Vaccines
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Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants/Immunomodulators for Infectious Diseases
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Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants/Immunomodulators for Infectious Diseases

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2022) | Viewed by 37603

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Srinivasa Reddy Bonam

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
Interests: DNA vaccine; immune responses; infectious disease; plasmids; vaccine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Jagadeesh Bayry

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France
Interests: immunology; immune homeostasis; immunotherapy; host-pathogen interaction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The importance of vaccination has gained much attention, again, due to the advent of COVID-19 pandemic. The pioneering vaccinology research of many scientists to eradicate and control various infectious diseases, including polio, Rinderpest and smallpox, diphtheria, rubella, measles, mumps, respectively, has come true via vaccines. However, despite decades of research, many diseases, including bacterial, fungal, parasitic and viral, are not having efficacious vaccines. The ultimate goal of vaccination is to generate a safe and effective long-term immune response against targeted disease.

Vaccine adjuvants and/or immunomodulators, either directly or indirectly, have become an indispensable component for many (if not all) vaccines, including RNA, DNA, recombinant proteins, inactivated and attenuated, and viral vector vaccines. Though limited number of adjuvants have entered clinical phase, various adjuvants/immunomodulators have been explored in the experimental vaccines against various diseases.  Although many adjuvants' precise mechanisms of action are not known, they enhance the immune response of antigen through modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, thus providing long-lasting immunological memory.

We invite potential researchers to submit a research article or a comprehensive/mini/ opinion review article related to vaccines and vaccine adjuvants/immunomodulators against infectious diseases. The specific themes are, including but not limited to:

  • Development of novel vaccines against infectious diseases
  • Strategies to overcome the current challenges in the development of various vaccines against infectious diseases
  • Preparation of antigens for recombinant vaccines.
  • Role of adjuvants/immunomodulators in vaccines against infectious diseases
  • The potential use of novel delivery systems, including emulsions, liposomes, and other nano/microparticle-based systems, for vaccines
  • Effect of route of administration on vaccine efficacy
  • Characterisation and immunological evaluation of vaccine delivery systems
  • Immunopharmacological evaluation of vaccines and/or vaccine adjuvants/immunomodulators
  • Proof-of-concept studies of mechanisms of action of adjuvants/immunomodulator

Preference will be given to articles, which focus on emerging infectious agents (e.g., Coronavirus, Influenza, Hepatitis, Dengue, Malaria and others) in humans or animals

Dr. Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
Dr. Jagadeesh Bayry
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Review

24 pages, 2292 KiB  
Review
Protective Efficacy of BCG Vaccine against Mycobacterium leprae and Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
by Davit Orujyan, William Narinyan, Subhapradha Rangarajan, Patrida Rangchaikul, Chaya Prasad, Beatrice Saviola and Vishwanath Venketaraman
Vaccines 2022, 10(3), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030390 - 03 Mar 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3714
Abstract
The genus mycobacterium includes several species that are known to cause infections in humans. The microorganisms are classified into tuberculous and non-tuberculous based on their morphological characteristics, defined by the dynamic relationship between the host defenses and the infectious agent. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) [...] Read more.
The genus mycobacterium includes several species that are known to cause infections in humans. The microorganisms are classified into tuberculous and non-tuberculous based on their morphological characteristics, defined by the dynamic relationship between the host defenses and the infectious agent. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) include all the species of mycobacterium other than the ones that cause tuberculosis (TB). The group of NTM contains almost 200 different species and they are found in soil, water, animals—both domestic and wild—milk and food products, and from plumbed water resources such as sewers and showerhead sprays. A systematic review of Medline between 1946 and 2014 showed an 81% decline in TB incidence rates with a simultaneous 94% increase in infections caused by NTM. Prevalence of infections due to NTM has increased relative to infections caused by TB owing to the stringent prevention and control programs in Western countries such as the USA and Canada. While the spread of typical mycobacterial infections such as TB and leprosy involves human contact, NTM seem to spread easily from the environment without the risk of acquiring from a human contact except in the case of M. abscessus in patients with cystic fibrosis, where human transmission as well as transmission through fomites and aerosols has been recorded. NTM are opportunistic in their infectious processes, making immunocompromised individuals such as those with other systemic infections such as HIV, immunodeficiencies, pulmonary disease, or usage of medications such as long-term corticosteroids/TNF-α inhibitors more susceptible. This review provides insight on pathogenesis, treatment, and BCG vaccine efficacy against M. leprae and some important NTM infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants/Immunomodulators for Infectious Diseases)
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19 pages, 1569 KiB  
Review
Avian Orthoavulavirus Type-1 as Vaccine Vector against Respiratory Viral Pathogens in Animal and Human
by Julianne Vilela, Mohammed A. Rohaim and Muhammad Munir
Vaccines 2022, 10(2), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020259 - 08 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2735
Abstract
Avian orthoavulaviruses type-1 (AOaV-1) have recently transitioned from animal vaccine vector to a bona fide vaccine delivery vehicle in human. Owing to induction of robust innate and adaptive immune responses in mucus membranes in both birds and mammals, AOaVs offer an attractive vaccine [...] Read more.
Avian orthoavulaviruses type-1 (AOaV-1) have recently transitioned from animal vaccine vector to a bona fide vaccine delivery vehicle in human. Owing to induction of robust innate and adaptive immune responses in mucus membranes in both birds and mammals, AOaVs offer an attractive vaccine against respiratory pathogens. The unique features of AOaVs include over 50 years of safety profile, stable expression of foreign genes, high infectivity rates in avian and mammalian hosts, broad host spectrum, limited possibility of recombination and lack of pre-existing immunity in humans. Additionally, AOaVs vectors allow the production of economical and high quantities of vaccine antigen in chicken embryonated eggs and several GMP-grade mammalian cell lines. In this review, we describe the biology of AOaVs and define protocols to manipulate AOaVs genomes in effectively designing vaccine vectors. We highlighted the potential and established portfolio of AOaV-based vaccines for multiple respiratory and non-respiratory viruses of veterinary and medical importance. We comment on the limitations of AOaV-based vaccines and propose mitigations strategies. The exploitation of AOaVs vectors is expanding at an exciting pace; thus, we have limited the scope to their use as vaccines against viral pathogens in both animals and humans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants/Immunomodulators for Infectious Diseases)
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13 pages, 1484 KiB  
Review
COVID-19 Vaccination: The Mainspring of Challenges and the Seed of Remonstrance
by Hoda Najjar, Hadeel T. Al-Jighefee, Abeer Qush, Muna Nizar Ahmed, Sara Awwad and Layla Kamareddine
Vaccines 2021, 9(12), 1474; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121474 - 13 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3899
Abstract
As of March 2020, the time when the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) became a pandemic, our existence has been threatened and the lives of millions have been claimed. With this ongoing global issue, [...] Read more.
As of March 2020, the time when the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) became a pandemic, our existence has been threatened and the lives of millions have been claimed. With this ongoing global issue, vaccines are considered of paramount importance in curtailing the outbreak and probably a prime gamble to bring us back to ‘ordinary life’. To date, more than 200 vaccine candidates have been produced, many of which were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for emergency use, with the research and discovery phase of their production process passed over. Capering such a chief practice in COVID-19 vaccine development, and manufacturing vaccines at an unprecedented speed brought many challenges into play and raised COVID-19 vaccine remonstrance. In this review, we highlight relevant challenges to global COVID-19 vaccine development, dissemination, and deployment, particularly at the level of large-scale production and distribution. We also delineate public perception on COVID-19 vaccination and outline the main facets affecting people’s willingness to get vaccinated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants/Immunomodulators for Infectious Diseases)
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38 pages, 2211 KiB  
Review
COVID-19 Vaccine Platforms: Challenges and Safety Contemplations
by Hadeel T. Al-Jighefee, Hoda Najjar, Muna Nizar Ahmed, Abeer Qush, Sara Awwad and Layla Kamareddine
Vaccines 2021, 9(10), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101196 - 18 Oct 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 12800
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic as of March 2020, creating a global crisis and claiming millions of lives. To halt the pandemic and alleviate its impact on society, economy, and public health, the development of vaccines [...] Read more.
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic as of March 2020, creating a global crisis and claiming millions of lives. To halt the pandemic and alleviate its impact on society, economy, and public health, the development of vaccines and antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2 was a dire need. To date, various platforms have been utilized for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development, and over 200 vaccine candidates have been produced, many of which have obtained the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for emergency use. Despite this successful development and licensure, concerns regarding the safety and efficacy of these vaccines have arisen, given the unprecedented speed of vaccine development and the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains and variants. In this review, we summarize the different platforms used for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine development, discuss their strengths and limitations, and highlight the major safety concerns and potential risks associated with each vaccine type. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants/Immunomodulators for Infectious Diseases)
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16 pages, 764 KiB  
Review
The Rise of Vectored Vaccines: A Legacy of the COVID-19 Global Crisis
by Danielle Soares de Oliveira Daian e Silva and Flávio Guimarães da Fonseca
Vaccines 2021, 9(10), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101101 - 29 Sep 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4649
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a milestone in vaccine research and development in a global context. A worldwide effort, as never seen before, involved scientists from all over the world in favor of the fast, accurate and precise construction and testing of immunogens against [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a milestone in vaccine research and development in a global context. A worldwide effort, as never seen before, involved scientists from all over the world in favor of the fast, accurate and precise construction and testing of immunogens against the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. Among all the vaccine strategies put into play for study and validation, those based on recombinant viral vectors gained special attention due to their effectiveness, ease of production and the amplitude of the triggered immune responses. Some of these new vaccines have already been approved for emergency/full use, while others are still in pre- and clinical trials. In this article we will highlight what is behind adeno-associated vectors, such as those presented by the immunogens ChaAdOx1, Sputnik, Convidecia (CanSino, Tianjin, China), and Janssen (Johnson & Johnson, New Jersey, EUA), in addition to other promising platforms such as Vaccinia virus MVA, influenza virus, and measles virus, among others. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants/Immunomodulators for Infectious Diseases)
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35 pages, 2568 KiB  
Review
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants
by Srinivasa Reddy Bonam, Laurent Rénia, Ganesh Tadepalli, Jagadeesh Bayry and Halmuthur Mahabalarao Sampath Kumar
Vaccines 2021, 9(10), 1072; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101072 - 24 Sep 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 8459
Abstract
Malaria—a parasite vector-borne disease—is a global health problem, and Plasmodium falciparum has proven to be the deadliest among Plasmodium spp., which causes malaria in humans. Symptoms of the disease range from mild fever and shivering to hemolytic anemia and neurological dysfunctions. The spread [...] Read more.
Malaria—a parasite vector-borne disease—is a global health problem, and Plasmodium falciparum has proven to be the deadliest among Plasmodium spp., which causes malaria in humans. Symptoms of the disease range from mild fever and shivering to hemolytic anemia and neurological dysfunctions. The spread of drug resistance and the absence of effective vaccines has made malaria disease an ever-emerging problem. Although progress has been made in understanding the host response to the parasite, various aspects of its biology in its mammalian host are still unclear. In this context, there is a pressing demand for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies, including new drugs and novel adjuvanted vaccines that elicit protective immunity. The present article provides an overview of the current knowledge of anti-malarial immunity against P. falciparum and different options of vaccine candidates in development. A special emphasis has been made on the mechanism of action of clinically used vaccine adjuvants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants/Immunomodulators for Infectious Diseases)
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