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Agriculture, Food, and Environment: Farming, Food Systems and Landscape Planning towards Healthy and Environmentally Friendly Productions

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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Agriculture".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 29185

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Prof. Dr. Simona M. C. Porto

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Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, via S. Sofia n. 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
Interests: buildings, equipment, and infrastructure for livestock; buildings, equipment, and infrastructure for vegetable farms; classification, rehabilitation, and enhancement of rural buildings; survey, representation, analysis, modeling, and planning of the territory
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Agatino Russo

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Department of Agriculture, food and environment, University of Catania, 9523 Catania, Italy
Interests: faunistic and systematic scale insects; monitoring and control of stored food pests; applications of biological and integrated control in agricultural and forest ecosystems

Dr. Teresa Graziano

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Department of Agriculture, food and environment, University of Catania, 9523 Catania, Italy
Interests: urban geography/geography of territorial processes: gentrification, urban renewal, and tourist practices; smart city/smart village; urban green and the right to the sustainable city; consumptionscapes and territorial structures; territorial effects of migratory flows; food geography, foodscapes, local food systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Over the last few decades, growing emphasis has been placed on the need for a comprehensive multi-actor strategy to tackle the challenges that our planet has to face from an environmental point of view. Since the launch of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (205), embedded in the conceptual–operational framework stemming from the 1992 Rio Conference, a variegated repertoire of actions, policies, and programs at different scales have been supporting environmental, social, and economic sustainability in a cohesive, integrated, and measurable way.

In the context of a global-scale environmental degradation, in terms of loss of biodiversity and growing anthropic rates, sustainability has become a blueprint in several territorial agendas, particularly in those sectors directly involved in environmental protection, such as agriculture, food production, and landscape planning.

The aim of this Special Issue is to explore research perspectives and scientific approaches put forward to identify current challenges for achieving a more inclusive, sustainable, and resilient future, by harmonizing the three main pillars of economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection. The main research topics include:

- Sustainable natural resource management;

- Sustainable agriculture;

- Ecosystem services and rural–urban connections;

- Landscape protection and planning;

- Territorial food systems;

- Bioeconomy, circular economy.

This Special Issue is also open for the publication of original articles that report results obtained from experimental degree theses conducted at the Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment (Di3A) of the University of Catania (Sicily, Italy). The Di3A (https://www.di3a.unict.it/en) “aims to support and enhance sustainability, efficiency and productivity in agriculture, food production and environment protection, particularly in the Mediterranean basin, through impactful cutting-edge research and high-level education”.

The objective is to demonstrate the importance of transferring scientific knowledge in teaching activities to train technicians who have the skills to carry out their work according to the paradigm of sustainability.

Prof. Dr. Simona M. C. Porto
Prof. Dr. Agatino Russo
Dr. Teresa Graziano
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

agri-food systems
sustainable agricultural activities
sustainable production
participatory planning
landscape analysis

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Human–Wildlife Conflict and Implications for Food Self-Sufficiency in Bhutan

by Sangay Wangchuk, Jennifer Bond, Rik Thwaites and Max Finlayson

Sustainability 2023, 15(5), 4175; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054175 - 25 Feb 2023

Viewed by 3195

Abstract

The conflict between humans and wildlife is a global issue in the increasingly shared landscape. Human–Wildlife Conflict (HWC) is often viewed as a threat to most of the rural populace of the world, as crop losses to wildlife remove the household’s food supply, and are an economic drain on the homestead. In this paper, we study the extent of crop damage by wild animals in two districts of Bhutan: Trashiyangtse and Tsirang. We surveyed 431 respondents from the two districts and interviewed 40 central and local government officials and residents. The vast majority of respondents from both study districts (Trashiyangtse = 98.7%; Tsirang = 92.2%) reported having experienced conflicts with wild animals from 2017 to 2019. On average, respondents’ households lost over half a month to more than a month’s worth of household food requirements, with some households claiming to have lost over six months’ worth of household food requirements, annually to wild animals. The loss of crops to wild animals removes households’ food supply and discourages farming, resulting in increased fallow lands. The fallow lands which are close to human settlements, then become habitats for wild animals, aggravating the incidence of HWC, and as such are directly linked to reduced food production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Food, and Environment: Farming, Food Systems and Landscape Planning towards Healthy and Environmentally Friendly Productions)

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14 pages, 4247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Viewshed Analysis-Based Method Integrated to Landscape Character Assessment: Application to Landscape Sustainability of Greenhouses Systems

by Antonio Mazzeo, Claudia Arcidiacono, Francesca Valenti, Mariagrazia Leonardi and Simona M. C. Porto

Sustainability 2023, 15(1), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010742 - 31 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1500

Abstract

The visual impact of crop shelters in the rural landscape is of paramount importance for the sustainability of landscape planning. It is of utmost importance to protect a beautiful landscape characterized by archaeological sites and natural ecosystems but it is also fundamental to preserve a key economy based on agriculture. To preserve the landscape there is the need to understand its landscape units and to assess the feasibility of the application of landscape character assessment (LCA) at a local scale and adaptation to higher scales in the land-use planning process. In this study, a methodology based on viewshed analysis was integrated into LCA in order to define landscape character areas and types. An application of the method was done on greenhouse systems. Landscape evaluation was carried out by using both ECOVAST guidelines for landscape identification and indicators, which were defined and computed in order to describe the visual impact of greenhouses. The method was applied to a study area located in South Italy, in the Province of Ragusa, in the eastern part of Sicily, where the greenhouse system highly characterizes agricultural activities and made it possible to define landscape guidelines. Finally, a visibility map was drawn up to highlight the areas subject to the greatest visibility. In addition to objectifying the visual impact of greenhouses, the research verified that the proposed LCA-based methodology combined with viewshed analysis can be feasible for supporting the analysis phases of landscape and urban planning under the new territorial governance laws issued for the Region of Sicily in recent years. These analyses were useful to provide information that objectively takes into account the importance of the visual component in the context of landscape planning. Due to the limited surface of the sample area considered in this study, this research work should be considered a pilot or preliminary study. The extension of this methodology to the adjacent municipalities could represent the practical application performed by local authorities to define common regulations suitable to preserve landscape components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Food, and Environment: Farming, Food Systems and Landscape Planning towards Healthy and Environmentally Friendly Productions)

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16 pages, 891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stakeholder Analysis and Prioritization of Sustainable Organic Farming Management: A Case Study of Bogor, Indonesia

by Adityawarman Adil, Rizal Syarief, Widiatmaka and Mukhamad Najib

Sustainability 2022, 14(24), 16706; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416706 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2649

Abstract

The world’s population continues to increase, which causes food demand to increase. The increasing food demand is followed by increasing public awareness of healthy living. One way to overcome these problems is the application of organic farming. Developing organic farming must not be distinct from the role of stakeholders. The study aimed to describe and understand the stakeholders’ role in organic farming management. The research was conducted using interviews, field observations, and literature studies. The analysis was carried out quantitatively and qualitatively. Stakeholder analysis is carried out to identify, classify, map, and analyze relationships between stakeholders. The result showed all stakeholders involved in the management of organic agriculture in Bogor, West Java, are classified into four groups, namely key player (Agriculture Department and the Indonesian Organic Alliance (AOI), subject (farmers and community groups), context setter (Organic Certification Institute, Agriculture and Technology Park (ATP)-IPB University, and Organic Entrepreneurs), and the crowd (Bappeda and Universities). All stakeholders should support the government in developing policies and strategies for developing organic farming. In addition, key players, especially the Indonesian Organic Alliance, should proactively negotiate with local governments and communities regarding the sustainability of organic farming development. The policy implication of this research is to determine the contribution of stakeholders in making a strategy for the development of organic farming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Food, and Environment: Farming, Food Systems and Landscape Planning towards Healthy and Environmentally Friendly Productions)

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14 pages, 1670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Integrated Approach for Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients to Enhance Performance of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) under Sub-Humid Climatic Conditions

by Sunita Koodi, Kapil Dev Ameta, Ram Avatar Kaushik, Ashok Choudhary, Devendra Jain, Babu Lal Dudwal, Uttam Kumar, Taimoor Hassan Farooq, Aneela Gulnaz and Mohammad Khalid Al-Sadoon

Sustainability 2022, 14(20), 13368; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013368 - 17 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1462

Abstract

To overcome the limitations of soil fertility and provide high crop output, soil fertility management, including the sensible use of mixes of organic and inorganic fertilizers, is a realistic approach. The strategy of integrated nutrient usage was used since there was a decrease in soil characteristics and crop productivity as a result of the overuse of chemical fertilizers. The present study was designed in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 at the high-tech unit, Department of Horticulture, Udaipur to investigate the integrated use of FYM and inorganic fertilizers along with silicon on the development and output parameters of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.). The field experiment was carried out with fourteen treatments as a soil application under randomized block design. The results revealed that treatment T₁₄ (50% recommended dose of nitrogen by FYM + 50% recommended dose of fertilizers + 100 kg Silicon/ha) showed maximum plant height at harvest (65.73 cm), number of leaves per plant (24.27), leaf area index (11.83), chlorophyll content at 50 days after transplanting (1.99 mg/g), stalk length (8.23 cm) and stem girth (7.41 cm), minimum number of days to curd initiation after transplanting (66.37), minimum number of days required for marketable curd maturity after transplanting (89.17), maximum plant weight (1154.74 g), diameter of curd (15.75 cm), curd yield (277.53 q/ha) and dry weight of curd (91.41 g) as compared to control. In the end, the results showed that the growth and yield of cauliflower were better when silicon, manure, and chemical fertilizers were used together. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Food, and Environment: Farming, Food Systems and Landscape Planning towards Healthy and Environmentally Friendly Productions)

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24 pages, 2308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Productivity and Socioeconomic Feasibility of Cocoyam and Teak Agroforestry for Food Security

by Aji Winara, Eva Fauziyah, Suhartono, Ary Widiyanto, Sanudin, Aris Sudomo, Mohamad Siarudin, Aditya Hani, Yonky Indrajaya, Budiman Achmad, Dian Diniyati, Wuri Handayani, Endah Suhaendah, Dewi Maharani, Dila Swestiani, Murniati, Tri Sulistyati Widyaningsih, Harry Budi Santoso Sulistiadi, Chotimatul Azmi, Rini Rosliani, Meksy Dianawati, Cheppy Syukur, Dewi Gartika, Agus Ruswandi, Yudha Hadian Nur and Muthya Diana Show full author list Hide full author list

Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 11981; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141911981 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2954

Abstract

Limited agricultural land areas combined with increasing demands for food require breakthroughs in land use development using agroforestry systems. Intercropping root crops with trees could be an alternative for food production in forest areas. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott) farming on dry land within 12- and 42-year-old teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) forests to support local food security. The feasibility assessment took into account both productivity and socio-economic aspects. The agroforestry land productivity was measured using the land equivalent ratio (LER), and our analysis of the cocoyam farming within the teak stands was carried out using the revenue/cost ratio (R/C) at the demonstration plot scale. Furthermore, we also surveyed farmers’ perceptions of the production of cocoyam for food security. The results showed that the R/C values of cocoyam tuber production in agroforestry systems were lower than 1. However, the production rates of cocoyam tubers in the 12-year-old teak stand (48.3% light intensity) and the 42-year-old teak stand (62.5% light intensity) were 2.64 and 2.76 tons/ha, respectively. The overall yields from the teak and cocoyam agroforestry systems were more profitable than those of the monoculture system, as indicated by the LER values of 1.61 and 1.85. Cocoyam production was socially acceptable (77% of respondents) as a smallholder subsistence agroforestry practice to meet food demand. Increasing cocoyam productivity in teak forests requires the adoption of agroforestry silvicultural technology to achieve food security for rural communities. To increase their farming production and income, farmers could apply intensive silvicultural practices. Governmental support that could be provided includes encouraging product diversification and providing assistance for the processing and marketing of cocoyam products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Food, and Environment: Farming, Food Systems and Landscape Planning towards Healthy and Environmentally Friendly Productions)

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22 pages, 6235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Territorialised Agrifood Systems and Sustainability: Methodological Approach on the Spanish State Scale

by Gema González-Romero, Rocío Silva-Pérez and Fulgencio Cánovas-García

Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 11900; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141911900 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4039

Abstract

This article presents a methodological approach for the location, characterisation and prospects of multifunctional agrifood systems territorialised on the Spanish State administrative scale. The proposal is applied to Spain, although it can be extrapolated to other locations. It is based on the determination of these systems’ dimensions (spatiality, sustainability, proximity, governance and multifunctionality) and attributes. Indicators of each of the dimensions are identified from the perspective of sustainability. The research has shown that multifunctional territorialised agrifood systems present internal territorial contrasts and differentiated features, and three basic models have initially been identified: (i) metropolitan; (ii) mountain and highland areas, and (iii) great inland plains and coasts. It is concluded that a fourth, mixed metropolitan–mountain model exists; complex and multi-scale approaches must be included in the study of the models; state scales are the most suitable for analytical purposes; the sources are limited, and acknowledgement of these approaches by public policies is essential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Food, and Environment: Farming, Food Systems and Landscape Planning towards Healthy and Environmentally Friendly Productions)

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11 pages, 2620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methodology for the Localization of Wool Collecting Centers: The Case Study of Sicily

by Mariaconcetta Ganci, Luisa Biondi, Monica C. M. Parlato and Simona M. C. Porto

Sustainability 2022, 14(16), 10378; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610378 - 20 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1730

Abstract

Sustainable rural development depends on a multidimensional process based on the interaction of the economic, cultural, social, environmental, and political subsystems. Many studies have ascribed the extensive livestock systems a potential role in sustainable rural development. Sheep farming in Europe involves meat or dairy breeds that produce coarse wool unsuitable for textile use. Coarse wool has been historically used for mattresses or pillows; nowadays, it is a farm waste. The aim of this study was to suggest a methodology for the localization of wool collecting centers within a study area, i.e., the Sicily Region, in order to valorize a livestock waste, i.e., sheep wool. This methodology is based on a detailed database of the local livestock population and GIS usage. Moreover, this method could be replicable in the whole EU territory, where the EC regulation n. 21/2004 has established that each Member State set up a system for the identification and registration of ovine animals, for traceability veterinary reasons. On the basis of the number of animals shorn on a municipal basis, and the existing main roads, the most suitable areas for the localization of four wool collection centers have been identified. Furthermore, it was also hypothesized that each collecting center could be specialized in a specific treatment for subsequent wool use (e.g., amendment fertilizers, keratin extraction, green building material or geo-textile production). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Food, and Environment: Farming, Food Systems and Landscape Planning towards Healthy and Environmentally Friendly Productions)

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12 pages, 351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Farmers’ Livelihood Differentiation and Pesticide Application: Empirical Evidence from a Causal Mediation Analysis

by Liangmei Cai, Linping Wang and Manxiu Ning

Sustainability 2022, 14(14), 8502; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148502 - 11 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1371

Abstract

As agriculture is becoming a less reliable source of income, many farmers are turning to other industries to supplement their lackluster profits from farming in a process known as farmers’ livelihood differentiation. Despite the existence of a voluminous literature on farmers’ livelihood differentiation, little is known about its effect on agricultural production behavior. To fill this knowledge gap, this study uses rice planting data from 537 Chinese farm households to analyze how farmers’ livelihood differentiation affects pesticide application among rural farmers in China. This study not only examines the effects of farmers’ livelihood differentiation on farmers’ pesticide application, but also underscores the potential pathways behind the effects of farmers’ livelihood differentiation according to land resource endowment via a causal mediation analysis. The results showed that (1) farmers’ livelihood differentiation had a direct effect on the amount of pesticide use. Compared to the full-time agricultural households, regular part-time farmers and ir-regular part-time farmers generally tend to use lower levels of pesticides. (2) The mediating effect of farmers’ livelihood differentiation on pesticide use was through land resource endowment. Compared to the full-time agricultural households, ir-regular part-time farmers reduce their pesticide use through maintaining better land resource endowment, while regular part-time farmers increase their pesticide application by maintaining poor land resource endowment. These results may provide important implications for policymakers to improve cultivated land protection policies and encourage the use of soil testing technology to determine the formulation of the fertilizer used in the agricultural ecological environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Food, and Environment: Farming, Food Systems and Landscape Planning towards Healthy and Environmentally Friendly Productions)

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15 pages, 1695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Historical Transition of a Farming System towards Industrialization: A Danish Agricultural Case Study Comparing Sustainability in the 1840s and 2019

by Nele Lohrum, Morten Graversgaard and Chris Kjeldsen

Sustainability 2021, 13(22), 12926; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212926 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2447

Abstract

A Danish pre-industrial farming system is reconstructed and compared to its modern industrialized farming system equivalent to evaluate agricultural performance in a sustainability perspective. The investigated Danish farm system and its contributing elements have undergone significant transformations. The intensity of contemporary agriculture shows that high productivity levels have been achieved by increasing the input of energy using modern machinery. At the same time, the energy efficiency (calculations based on energetic indicators) diminishes over time as the degree of dependence on fossil fuels increases. The results from this study show significant changes in the farming system, specifically inputs from agricultural land use, livestock, and energy systems. From being highly circular, the system changed to being a clear linear farming system with highly increased productivity but less efficient at the same time, questioning the relationship between productivity and efficiency and resource utilization in modern farming systems. Through utilizing an agroecological historical approach by comparing system performance over time, the results offer opportunities to explore how agricultural farming systems evolve over time and help to describe the complexity of the system level in a sustainability perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Food, and Environment: Farming, Food Systems and Landscape Planning towards Healthy and Environmentally Friendly Productions)

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17 pages, 2857 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Soil and Climate Characterization to Define Environments for Summer Crops in Senegal

by Carlos Manuel Hernández, Aliou Faye, Mamadou Ousseynou Ly, Zachary P. Stewart, P. V. Vara Prasad, Leonardo Mendes Bastos, Luciana Nieto, Ana J. P. Carcedo and Ignacio Antonio Ciampitti

Sustainability 2021, 13(21), 11739; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111739 - 24 Oct 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3017

Abstract

Investigating soil and climate variability is critical to defining environments for field crops, understanding yield-limiting factors, and contributing to the sustainability and resilience of agro-ecosystems. Following this rationale, the aim of this study was to develop a soil–climate characterization to describe environmental constraints in the Senegal summer-crops region. For the soil database, 825 soil samples were collected characterizing pH, electrical conductivity (EC), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). For the climate, monthly temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration layers were retrieved from WorldClim 2.1, CHIRPS and TERRACLIMATE. The same analysis was applied individually to both databases. Briefly, a principal component analysis (PCA) was executed to summarize the spatial variability. The outcomes from the PCA were subjected to a spatial fuzzy c-means algorithm, delineating five soil and three climate homogeneous areas, accounting for 73% of the soil and 88% of the climate variation. To our knowledge, no previous studies were done with large soil databases since availability field data is often limited. The use of soil and climate data allowed the characterization of different areas and their main drivers. The use of this classification will assist in developing strategic planning for future land use and capability classifications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Food, and Environment: Farming, Food Systems and Landscape Planning towards Healthy and Environmentally Friendly Productions)

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12 pages, 1571 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of the Milking Frequency on the Concentrations of Ammonia and Greenhouse Gases within an Open Dairy Barn in Hot Climate Conditions

by Provvidenza Rita D’Urso and Claudia Arcidiacono

Sustainability 2021, 13(16), 9235; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169235 - 17 Aug 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2114

Abstract

Knowledge of how different management strategies affect gas production from livestock buildings can be helpful for emission predicting purposes and for defining mitigation strategies. The objective of this study was to statistically assess whether and how measured concentrations of ammonia (NH₃), methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) were influenced by milking frequency. Concentrations of gases were measured continuously by using infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy in the breeding environment of an open dairy barn located in Sicily in hot climate conditions. Data were acquired by specific in-field experiments carried out in 2016 and 2018, when milking sessions occurred twice a day (2MSs) and three times a day (3MSs), respectively. The number of the milking cows was 64 in both 2MSs and 3MSs. The results showed that concentrations of NH₃, CH₄ and CO₂ were statistically influenced by the number of milking sessions. From 2MSs to 3MSs, NH₃ concentrations were enhanced (p < 0.001) due to the higher cow’s activity. Conversely, gas concentrations of CH₄ and CO₂ were lower for 3MSs compared to those for 2MSs due to the effect of the different feeding frequency. Overall, the milking frequency influenced barn management and cow behaviour by modifying the level of gas concentrations in the barn environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Food, and Environment: Farming, Food Systems and Landscape Planning towards Healthy and Environmentally Friendly Productions)

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