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Advanced Sensors Technologies in Monitoring, Operation and Maintenance of Wind Farms

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Fault Diagnosis & Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 4373

Special Issue Editors

Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 37 Miaoling Road, Qingdao 266000, China
Interests: fault diagnosis; wind farms; artificial intelligence; machine learning; smart grid; power electronic technology

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Guest Editor
School of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City 132012, China
Interests: wind and solar dispatch; uncertainty modeling and analysis; energy storage/EV integration; optimization of integrated energy systems; integrated demand response; AI-driven power system analysis; federated learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Interests: machine learning; intelligent systems; wind farms, robotics; their applications in structural and machine health monitoring
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the advantages of clean, renewable energy, wind power has become one of the fastest-growing energy sources and one of the most economical solutions for electricity generation. As a consequence, the number and scale of offshore/onshore wind farms have been developing rapidly. There are already 350,000 wind turbines installed globally, with more than 650,000 MW of installed generation capacity. In light of climate change, demand continues to grow. However, to cope with challenges of availability and production, and to reduce costs for wind farm owners, it is considerably urgent to investigate and explore advanced intelligent techniques with respect to the monitoring, operation, and maintenance of wind farms, which will be beneficial for improving the safety and reliability of wind farm systems, reducing operation and maintenance costs, enhancing power generation efficiency, and speeding up the implementation of smart wind farms.

Advanced machine learning techniques have made tremendous progress in the monitoring, operation, and maintenance of wind farms; however, the current machine learning approaches are fully data driven, not capable of coping with the mass of monitoring and detection data, and with little domain knowledge in data processing, fault diagnosis and prediction, health monitoring and management, and maintenance. Additionally, there are often complicated fault mechanisms and fewer fault samples of all key components of wind farms, due to robust manufacturing technologies and continuous data monitoring early warning applied in this type of safety-critical power assets. As a result, current machine learning methods are often characterized by poor generalization performance and not providing untrustworthy diagnostic and predictive decisions for wind farm owners. In this context, it is significantly necessary to explore and examine advanced and innovative paradigms for synergizing new machine learning- and knowledge-driven techniques for data processing, condition monitoring, fault diagnosis, fault prediction, and maintenance decision-making such as deep Gaussian process, causal graphs, and graph neural network, from perfectives of both physical and data modelling. These paradigms provide the crucial potential to substantially strengthen the flexibility and trustworthiness of machine learning approaches, and further enhance their high-reliability applications in the monitoring, operation and maintenance of wind farms.

The main objective of this Research Topic is to provide a collective idea and novel methodology related to advanced machine learning in monitoring, operation and maintenance to enhance the high reliability and low maintenance cost of wind farms. We welcome all types of articles, including original research, reviews and communications, and seek contributions on the monitoring, operation and maintenance of wind farms based on advanced machine learning methods. Topics to consider include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Knowledge-guided machine learning.
  • Machine learning for monitoring of wind farms.
  • Advanced machine learning for operation and maintenance of wind farms.
  • Advanced machine learning-based digital twin approach.
  • Data and knowledge augmentation learning.
  • Trustworthy decision-making support for operation and maintenance of wind farms.
  • Advanced machine learning for prognostics and health management.
  • Knowledge-guided few shot learning for fault diagnosis.
  • Machine learning for encryption of communication systems.
  • Machine learning for wind power forecasting.
  • Physical model and knowledge-driven integrated learning.

Dr. Lei Kou
Prof. Dr. Yang Li
Prof. Dr. Teng Li
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 2409 KiB  
Article
Ultra-Short-Term Offshore Wind Power Prediction Based on PCA-SSA-VMD and BiLSTM
by Zhen Wang, Youwei Ying, Lei Kou, Wende Ke, Junhe Wan, Zhen Yu, Hailin Liu and Fangfang Zhang
Sensors 2024, 24(2), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020444 - 11 Jan 2024
Viewed by 676
Abstract
In order to realize the economic dispatch and safety stability of offshore wind farms, and to address the problems of strong randomness and strong time correlation in offshore wind power forecasting, this paper proposes a combined model of principal component analysis (PCA), sparrow [...] Read more.
In order to realize the economic dispatch and safety stability of offshore wind farms, and to address the problems of strong randomness and strong time correlation in offshore wind power forecasting, this paper proposes a combined model of principal component analysis (PCA), sparrow algorithm (SSA), variational modal decomposition (VMD), and bidirectional long- and short-term memory neural network (BiLSTM). Firstly, the multivariate time series data were screened using the principal component analysis algorithm (PCA) to reduce the data dimensionality. Secondly, the variable modal decomposition (VMD) optimized by the SSA algorithm was applied to adaptively decompose the wind power time series data into a collection of different frequency components to eliminate the noise signals in the original data; on this basis, the hyperparameters of the BiLSTM model were optimized by integrating SSA algorithm, and the final power prediction value was obtained. Ultimately, the verification was conducted through simulation experiments; the results show that the model proposed in this paper effectively improves the prediction accuracy and verifies the effectiveness of the prediction model. Full article
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17 pages, 13292 KiB  
Article
Anomaly Detection of Wind Turbine Driveline Based on Sequence Decomposition Interactive Network
by Qiucheng Lyu, Yuwei He, Shijing Wu, Deng Li and Xiaosun Wang
Sensors 2023, 23(21), 8964; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218964 - 3 Nov 2023
Viewed by 726
Abstract
Aimed at identifying the health state of wind turbines (WTs) accurately by using the comprehensive spatio and temporal information from the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data, a novel anomaly-detection method called decomposed sequence interactive network (DSI-Net) is proposed in this paper. [...] Read more.
Aimed at identifying the health state of wind turbines (WTs) accurately by using the comprehensive spatio and temporal information from the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data, a novel anomaly-detection method called decomposed sequence interactive network (DSI-Net) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a DSI-Net model is trained using preprocessed data from a healthy state. Subsequences of trend and seasonality are obtained by DSI-Net, which can dig out underlying features both in spatio and temporal dimensions through the interactive learning process. Subsequently, the trained model processes the online data and calculates the residual between true values and predicted values. To identify anomalies of the WTs, the residual and root mean square error (RMSE) are calculated and processed by exponential weighted moving average (EWMA). The proposed method is validated to be more effective than the existing models according to the control experiments. Full article
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16 pages, 4072 KiB  
Article
A New Short-Circuit Current Calculation and Fault Analysis Method Suitable for Doubly Fed Wind Farm Groups
by Jun Yin, Weichen Qian and Xiaobo Huang
Sensors 2023, 23(20), 8372; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208372 - 10 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 904
Abstract
The transient characteristics of wind farms in groups are quite different; in addition, there is a strong coupling between the wind farms and the grid, and these factors make the fault analysis of the grid with wind farm groups complicated. In order to [...] Read more.
The transient characteristics of wind farms in groups are quite different; in addition, there is a strong coupling between the wind farms and the grid, and these factors make the fault analysis of the grid with wind farm groups complicated. In order to solve this problem, a mathematical model of the converter is established based on the input-output external characteristics of the converter, and a transient model of a doubly fed wind turbine (DFIG) is presented considering the influence of the low-voltage ride-through control (LVRT) of the converter, and the effect mechanism of the LVRT strategy on the short-circuit current is analyzed. Finally, a short-circuit current calculation model of a doubly fed wind turbine with low-voltage crossing control is established. The interaction mechanism between wind farms during the fault is analyzed, and a short-circuit current calculation method of doubly fed wind farm groups is proposed. RTDS is used to verify the accuracy of the proposed short-circuit current calculation method for doubly fed field groups. On this basis, a method of power grid fault analysis after doubly fed field group access is discussed and analyzed. Full article
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20 pages, 758 KiB  
Article
Wind Speed Prediction Based on Error Compensation
by Xuguo Jiao, Daoyuan Zhang, Xin Wang, Yanbing Tian, Wenfeng Liu and Liping Xin
Sensors 2023, 23(10), 4905; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104905 - 19 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1256
Abstract
Wind speed prediction is very important in the field of wind power generation technology. It is helpful for increasing the quantity and quality of generated wind power from wind farms. By using univariate wind speed time series, this paper proposes a hybrid wind [...] Read more.
Wind speed prediction is very important in the field of wind power generation technology. It is helpful for increasing the quantity and quality of generated wind power from wind farms. By using univariate wind speed time series, this paper proposes a hybrid wind speed prediction model based on Autoregressive Moving Average-Support Vector Regression (ARMA-SVR) and error compensation. First, to explore the balance between the computation cost and the sufficiency of the input features, the characteristics of ARMA are employed to determine the number of historical wind speeds for the prediction model. According to the selected number of input features, the original data are divided into multiple groups that can be used to train the SVR-based wind speed prediction model. Furthermore, in order to compensate for the time lag introduced by the frequent and sharp fluctuations in natural wind speed, a novel Extreme Learning Machine (ELM)-based error correction technique is developed to decrease the deviations between the predicted wind speed and its real values. By this means, more accurate wind speed prediction results can be obtained. Finally, verification studies are conducted by using real data collected from actual wind farms. Comparison results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve better prediction results than traditional approaches. Full article
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