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Climate and Environmental Changes Monitored by Satellite Remote Sensing II

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A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Atmospheric Remote Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2023) | Viewed by 18569

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Dr. Hainan Gong

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Guest Editor

Center for Monsoon System Research, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Interests: climate and environmental changes; climate dynamics; atmospheric physics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Peng Zhang

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Guest Editor

National Satellite Meteorological Centre, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: atmospheric remote sensing; quantitative remote sensing of aerosols and dust storms; application of satellite remote sensing products
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Dr. Luca Lelli

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Co-Guest Editor

1. Department of Physics, Institute of Environmental Physics, University Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
2. Institute for Remote Sensing Methods, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany
Interests: clouds; aerosols; atmospheric composition; radiative transfer; time series analysis; trend detection; climate data records; climate networks
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

During recent decades, the global climate has experienced unprecedented changes. Extreme climate and environmental events are becoming more frequent and intense. Extreme climate and environmental events cause massive casualties and losses, high economic costs, and have far-reaching impacts on both human society and the natural environment. Therefore, knowledge of the regime of climate and environmental extremes is critical to assess the magnitude and rate of climate and environmental changes in the world. Satellite remote sensing data are very useful for monitoring the states and processes of climates and the environment at various spatiotemporal scales. Therefore, satellite remote sensing is crucial for advancing our understanding of the global climate and environmental extremes and their impacts.

This Special Issue is the second edition of Special Issue: “Climate and Environmental Changes Monitored by Satellite Remote Sensing” and is further devoted to advancing our understanding of climate and environmental extremes using satellite remote sensing observations and their derived products. Articles on all aspects of the analysis of climate and environmental extremes using satellite remote sensing observations are welcome, including but not limited to:

extreme events (floods, droughts, tropical cyclones, heat waves, cold waves, dust storms, and severe haze);
monitoring and detection;
space–time distribution at various scales;
external forcing/drivers and internal factors/variability.

Dr. Hainan Gong
Prof. Dr. Peng Zhang
Dr. Luca Lelli
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

climate and environmental extremes
remote sensing
floods
droughts
tropical cyclones
heat waves
cold waves
dust storms
severe haze

Related Special Issue

Climate and Environmental Changes Monitored by Satellite Remote Sensing III in Remote Sensing (7 articles)

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 3109 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Uncertainty of SNO Cross-Calibration for Satellite Infrared Channels

by Zhong Gu, Lin Chen, Huixing Dai, Lin Tian, Xiuqing Hu and Peng Zhang

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(13), 3313; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15133313 - 28 Jun 2023

Viewed by 869

Abstract

The on-orbit radiometric calibration is a fundamental task in quantitative remote sensing applications. A widely used calibration method is the cross-calibration based on Simultaneous Nadir Observation (SNO), which involves using high-precision reference instruments to calibrate lower-precision onboard instruments. However, despite efforts to match the observation time, spatial location, field geometry, and instrument spectra, errors can still be introduced during the matching processes and linear regression analysis. This paper focuses on the error generated by sample matching and the error fitting method generated by the sample fitting method. An error propagation analysis is performed to develop a generic model for assessing the uncertainty of the SNO cross-calibration method itself in meteorological satellite infrared channels. The model is validated using the payload parameters of the Hyperspectral Infrared Atmospheric Sounder (HIRAS) and the Medium Resolution Spectral Imager (MERSI) instruments aboard the FengYun-3D (FY-3D). Simulation experiments are performed considering typical bright temperatures, different background fields, and varying matching threshold conditions. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model in capturing the error propagation chain in the SNO cross-calibration process. The model provides valuable insight into error analysis in the SNO cross-calibration method and can assist in determining the optimal sample matching threshold for achieving radiometric calibration accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate and Environmental Changes Monitored by Satellite Remote Sensing II)

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19 pages, 5357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Different Characteristics and Drivers of the Extraordinary Pakistan Rainfall in July and August 2022

by Yuanyuan Ma, Xiaoxue Hu, Yiting Chen, Zhiyuan Hu, Taichen Feng and Guolin Feng

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(9), 2311; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092311 - 27 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1606

Abstract

The unprecedented and long-lasting abnormal monsoon rainfall attacked Pakistan in the summer of 2022, causing severe flooding. This study investigated the sub-seasonal characteristics and mechanisms of this distinctively extreme precipitation event. The historical rainfall in July and August and extreme precipitation mainly occurred in northern Pakistan. Both the monthly rainfall in July and August 2022 and the extreme precipitation during the summer were far exceeding the historical record and involved unique spatial distribution. The rainfall in July 2022 is nationwide and mainly located in northern Pakistan, while the rainfall in August and extreme precipitation occurred in southern Pakistan. Different physical processes are responsible for the precipitation in July and August 2022. In July, the South Asian high (SAH) and Iranian high extended eastward. Meanwhile, the anticyclonic circulation anomalies occurred in northwestern Pakistan and the easterly winds enhanced in the south side of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), which strengthened water vapor transporting from the Bay of Bengal and cooperated with the cyclonic system over the Arabian Sea to enhance the precipitation over Pakistan. In August, the SAH further extended eastward and the Western Pacific Subtropical High extended westward to the TP. Meanwhile, the European blocking (EB) developed, and a deep trough appeared over northwestern Pakistan. This weakened the easterly flow along southern TP but enhanced the southerly flow accompanying the cyclone over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, and thus guided the water vapor transporting to southern Pakistan and enhanced the precipitation. The extreme precipitation in July was mainly attributed to the unusually strong Indian monsoon, while the extreme precipitation in August was the result of a combination of the Indian monsoon and EB. The study provided important information about extreme precipitation in Pakistan, which will help policymakers take measures to deal with the effects of flooding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate and Environmental Changes Monitored by Satellite Remote Sensing II)

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18 pages, 6069 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Radiative Energy Budget for East Asia Based on GK-2A/AMI Observation Data

by Il-Sung Zo, Joon-Bum Jee, Kyu-Tae Lee, Kwon-Ho Lee, Mi-Young Lee and Yong-Soon Kwon

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(6), 1558; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061558 - 12 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1349

Abstract

The incident and emitted radiative energy data for the top of the atmosphere (TOA) are essential in climate research. Since East Asia (11–61°N, 80–175°E) is complexly composed of land and ocean, real-time satellite data are used importantly for analyzing the detailed energy budget or climate characteristics of this region. Therefore, in this study, the radiative energy budget for East Asia, during the year 2021, was analyzed using GEO-KOMPSAT-2A/Advanced Metrological Imager (GK-2A/AMI) and the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts reanalysis (ERA5) data. The results showed that the net fluxes for the TOA and surface were −4.09 W·m⁻² and −8.24 W·m⁻², respectively. Thus, the net flux difference of 4.15 W·m⁻² between TOA and surface implied atmospheric warming. These results, produced by GK-2A/AMI, were well-matched with the ERA5 data. However, they varied with surface characteristics; the atmosphere over ocean areas warmed because of the large amounts of longwave radiation emitted from surfaces, while the atmosphere over the plain area was relatively balanced and the atmosphere over the mountain area was cooled because large amount of longwave radiation was emitted to space. Although the GK2A/AMI radiative products used for this study have not yet been sufficiently compared with surface observation data, and the period of data used was only one year, they were highly correlated with the CERES (Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System of USA), HIMAWARI/AHI (Geostationary Satellite of Japan), and ERA5 data. Therefore, if more GK-2A/AMI data are accumulated and analyzed, it could be used for the analysis of radiant energy budget and climate research for East Asia, and it will be an opportunity to greatly increase the utilization of total meteorological products of 52 types, including radiative products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate and Environmental Changes Monitored by Satellite Remote Sensing II)

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28 pages, 13751 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Driving Factors of Dust Emissions in East Asia (2000–2021)

by Ning Wang, Jian Chen, Yuanyuan Zhang, Yongming Xu and Wenzheng Yu

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(2), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020410 - 09 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1485

Abstract

The climate effect and environmental pollution caused by dust discharged into the atmosphere have attracted much attention. However, the driving factors of dust emissions have not been studied thoroughly. Here, spatiotemporal variations in dust emissions and the relationship between dust emissions and large-scale atmospheric circulation in East Asia from 2000 to 2021 were investigated using Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2, Cloud-Aerosol Lidar Pathfinder Satellite Observations, ERA5 reanalysis data, and climate indices. Results showed that the Taklimakan Desert in the Tarim Basin, the Gurbantonggut Desert in the Junggar Basin, the Turpan Basin, and the Gobi Desert in western Inner Mongolia and southern Mongolia are the main sources of dust emissions in East Asia. The period of strong dust emissions is from March to May, and emissions to the atmosphere were mainly distributed at 0–4 km in the troposphere. In the eastern and southwestern Tarim Basin, northern Junggar Basin, and parts of the Gobi Desert in southern Mongolia, dust emissions have significantly increased over the past 22 years, whereas in the southwestern Tibetan Plateau, southwestern Inner Mongolia, and a small part of the northern Mongolian Gobi Desert there was a significant decreasing trend. The winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Arctic Oscillation (AO) were significantly negatively correlated with East Asian dust emissions the following spring. The various phases of the AO/NAO coupling have clear different effects on East Asian dust emissions in the spring. When the AO/NAO coupling was negative (positive), the East Asian trough and Siberian High were strengthened (weakened), the frequency of cold air activity increased (weakened), 800 hPa wind speed strengthened (weakened), and East Asian emissions increased (decreased). In AO−/NAO+ years, the Asian polar vortex was stronger to the south and the East Asian trough was stronger to the west. The Lake Baikal trough was in the deepening phase, which caused more polar cold air to move into East Asia, aggravating the intensity of dust activity. In the AO+/NAO− years, the Siberian High and East Asian trough weakened, which was unfavorable to the southward movement of cold air from Siberia. Therefore, the frequency of windy weather in East Asia decreased, partly weakening dust emissions. However, a positive geopotential anomaly in northeast China and a negative geopotential anomaly in South Asia triggered an anomalous enhancement in easterly wind in the tropospheric area over northwest China. Strengthening of the Balkhash trough provides favorable conditions for gale weather in northwest China. The frequency of gale weather increased, and dust emissions were enhanced in northwest China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate and Environmental Changes Monitored by Satellite Remote Sensing II)

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16 pages, 3706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Numerous Kinetic Energy-Rainfall Intensity Equations Using Disdrometer Data

by Linh Nguyen Van, Xuan-Hien Le, Giang V. Nguyen, Minho Yeon, May-Thi Tuyet Do and Giha Lee

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(1), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010156 - 27 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2102

Abstract

Calculating rainfall erosivity, which is the capacity of rainfall to dislodge soil particles and cause erosion, requires the measurement of the rainfall kinetic energy (KE). Direct measurement of KE has its own challenges, owing to the high cost and complexity of the measuring instruments involved. Consequently, the KE is often approximated using empirical equations derived from rainfall intensity (I_r) inputs in the absence of such instruments. However, the KE–I_r equations strongly depend on local climate patterns and measurement methods. Therefore, this study aims to compare and evaluate the efficacy of 27 KE–I_r equations with observed data. Based on a re-analysis, we also propose an exponential KE–I_r equation for the entire Korean site, and the spatial distribution of its parameter in the equation is also discussed. In this investigation, we used an optical disdrometer (OTT Parsivel²) to gather data in Sangju City (Korea) between June 2020 and December 2021. The outputs of this study are shown as follows: (1) The statistically most accurate estimates of KE expenditure and KE content in Sangju City are obtained using power-law equations given by Sanchez-Moreno et al. and exponential equations published by Lee and Won, respectively. (2) The suggested KE–I_r equation applied to the entire Korean site exhibits a comparable general correlation with the observed data. The parameter maps indicate a high variance in geography. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate and Environmental Changes Monitored by Satellite Remote Sensing II)

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15 pages, 4469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reasons for East Siberia Winter Snow Water Equivalent Increase in the Recent Decades

by Zhibiao Wang, Renguang Wu, Zhang Chen, Gang Huang and Xianke Yang

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(1), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010134 - 26 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1496

Abstract

With the rapid warming in the past few decades, the snow water equivalent (SWE) in winter and spring decreased generally over the Northern Hemisphere, but an increasing trend occurred in some areas, especially in east Siberia. In this paper, we analyze the sources and reasons for the SWE increase in east Siberia in winter since 1979 and document projected future SWE changes in this region. The winter SWE changes in east Siberia were not significant over the past four decades until the 2000s, and the SWE increased rapidly thereafter. The SWE increase after the 2000s is mainly contributed by SWE in November, followed by that in winter, and attributed to the increase in snowfall. With the moisture budget diagnosis, we found that the atmospheric dynamic-induced moisture convergence (vertical motion effect and horizontal advection of moisture) are the reasons that contributed to the winter snowfall increase in east Siberia. As east Siberia is cold in winter, even under the high radiative forcing scenario, precipitation in east Siberia will continue to increase and be dominated by snowfall until the 2060s. Thereafter, with the rainfall increase and the accelerated snowmelt due to rising temperature, precipitation will gradually shift to rainfall type and the SWE may turn to decrease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate and Environmental Changes Monitored by Satellite Remote Sensing II)

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19 pages, 4985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide over Pakistan Using Satellite Dataset

by Ning An, Farhan Mustafa, Lingbing Bu, Ming Xu, Qin Wang, Muhammad Shahzaman, Muhammad Bilal, Safi Ullah and Zhang Feng

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(22), 5882; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225882 - 20 Nov 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2881

Abstract

Satellites are an effective source of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) monitoring; however, city-scale monitoring of atmospheric CO₂ through space-borne observations is still a challenging task due to the trivial change in atmospheric CO₂ concentration compared to its natural variability and background concentration. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the potential of space-based observations to monitor atmospheric CO₂ changes at the city scale through simple data-driven analyses. We used the column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of CO₂ (XCO₂) from the Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) and the anthropogenic CO₂ emissions provided by the Open-Data Inventory for Anthropogenic Carbon dioxide (ODIAC) product to explain the scenario of CO₂ over 120 districts of Pakistan. To study the anthropogenic CO₂ through space-borne observations, XCO₂ anomalies (MXCO₂) were estimated from OCO-2 retrievals within the spatial boundary of each district, and then the overall spatial distribution pattern of the MXCO₂ was analyzed with several datasets including the ODIAC emissions, NO₂ tropospheric column, fire locations, cropland, nighttime lights and population density. All the datasets showed a similarity in the spatial distribution pattern. The satellite detected higher CO₂ concentrations over the cities located along the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) routes. The CPEC is a large-scale trading partnership between Pakistan and China and large-scale development has been carried out along the CPEC routes over the last decade. Furthermore, the cities were ranked based on mean ODIAC emissions and MXCO₂ estimates. The satellite-derived estimates showed a good consistency with the ODIAC emissions at higher values; however, deviations between the two datasets were observed at lower values. To further study the relationship of MXCO₂ and ODIAC emissions with each other and with some other datasets such as population density and NO₂ tropospheric column, statistical analyses were carried out among the datasets. Strong and significant correlations were observed among all the datasets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate and Environmental Changes Monitored by Satellite Remote Sensing II)

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16 pages, 5311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation on Southeast Asian Cold Surge Rainfall Monitored by TRMM Satellite Observation

by Zizhen Dong, Lin Wang, Ruowen Yang, Jie Cao and Peng Hu

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(20), 5200; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205200 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1313

Abstract

Based on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observation and ERA5 re-analysis dataset, this paper studies the influence of the northwestward-propagating quasi-biweekly oscillation (QBWO) over the western North Pacific on cold surge rainfall (CSR) over Southeast Asia. Cold surges are the most important driver affecting Southeast Asian rainfall on a synoptic scale. The presence of the QBWO during phases 6–8, in which the associated active convection coupling with a cyclonic circulation reaches Southeast Asia, provides a favorable environment for the increase of CSR. The increase in CSR primarily occurs east of the Philippines, leading to a high likelihood of triggering extreme rainfall. The effects from the QBWO are independent of those from the active MJO phases over Southeast Asia. Additionally, cold surge activity could also be influenced by the QBWO. An examination of the QBWO and MJO indicates that the most preferred phases for the occurrence of cold surges are the time when phase 1 of the QBWO co-exists with phase 7 of the MJO or the time when phase 7 of the QBWO couples with phase 5 of the MJO. Accordingly, about 40% of the total cold surge days would fall in either combination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate and Environmental Changes Monitored by Satellite Remote Sensing II)

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14 pages, 3171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Binhu and Cosmic-2 Radio Occultation Data

by Hongjie Zhang, Jingliang Huangfu, Xingbao Wang, Wen Chen, Wenwu Peng, Qi Tang, Yiqi Chu and Ziyue Xue

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(19), 4958; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194958 - 04 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1265

Abstract

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) technology has been widely used in Earth atmospheric detection and has a significant impact on numerical weather prediction (NWP), climate detection, and other fields. Cosmic-2 LEO-1 (C2E1) is a well-known RO data provider; however, its observations are confined to 45°S and 45°N. Recently, the Binhu meteorological observation test satellite (BH) has provided global coverage of RO data, including refractivity, specific humidity, and temperature data. In this study, RO data from BH and C2E1 are analyzed and compared from 8 February 2022 to 17 February 2022. Employing the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA-5) data as a reference, both BH and C2E1 RO data agree with the ERA data, with the refractivity, temperature, and specific humidity profiles reflecting the real conditions of the natural atmosphere. In addition, BH data are comparable to C2E1 data at low and middle latitudes (0–45°), and BH data at middle and high latitudes (45–90°) are of better quality than those at low and middle latitudes (0–45°). For example, without considering the errors introduced by the interpolation of the ERA-5 data for comparative analysis, the BH refractivity profiles show a mean absolute bias of 0.73 N at low and middle latitudes and only 0.23 N at middle and high latitudes, and that for BH specific humidity profiles at middle and high latitudes is 0.015 g/kg, which is only half of that at low and middle latitudes. The BH temperature and specific humidity data show promising data accuracy. Therefore, BH RO data may provide important supplementary data at higher latitudes and may improve future NWPs through assimilation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate and Environmental Changes Monitored by Satellite Remote Sensing II)

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20 pages, 10839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Responses of Satellite Chlorophyll-a to the Extreme Sea Surface Temperatures over the Arabian and Omani Gulf

by Manal Hamdeno, Hazem Nagy, Omneya Ibrahim and Bayoumy Mohamed

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(18), 4653; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184653 - 17 Sep 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2942

Abstract

Extreme events such as Marine Heat Waves (MHWs) and Low Chlorophyll-a (LChl-a) in the ocean have devastating impacts on the marine environment, particularly when they occur simultaneously (i.e., the compound of MHWs and LChl-a events). In this study, we investigate the spatiotemporal variability of MHWs and LChl-a events in the Arabian and Omani Gulf. For this purpose, we used satellite-based high-resolution observations of SST (0.05° × 0.05°; from 1982 to 2020) and chlorophyll-a concentration data (0.04° × 0.04°; from 1998 to 2020). Hourly air temperature, wind, and heat flux components from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA5) were used to explain the link between these extreme events and atmospheric forcings. Moreover, our results revealed that the annual frequency of MHW and LChl-a is related to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The results revealed an average SST warming trend of about 0.44 ± 0.06 °C/decade and 0.32 ± 0.04 °C/decade for the Arabian Gulf (AG) and the Gulf of Oman (OG), respectively. This warming rate was accompanied by MHW frequency and duration trends of 0.97 events/decade and 2.3 days/decade, respectively, for the entire study region from 1982 to 2020. The highest annual MHW frequencies were recorded in 2010 (6 events) and 2020 (5 events) associated with LChl-a frequency values of 4 and 2, respectively. La Niña events in 1999, 2010, 2011, and 2020 were associated with higher frequencies of MHW and LChl-a. The positive phase of IOD coincides with high MHW frequency in 2018 and 2019. The longest compound MHW and LChl-a event with a duration of 42 days was recorded in 2020 at OG. This extreme compound event was associated with wind stress reduction. Our results provide initial insights into the spatiotemporal variability of the compound MHW and LChl-a events that occurred in the AG and OG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate and Environmental Changes Monitored by Satellite Remote Sensing II)

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