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Microwave Remote Sensing for Hydrology

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A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Remote Sensing in Geology, Geomorphology and Hydrology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2020) | Viewed by 45305

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Joaquín Muñoz Sabater

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Guest Editor

European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Shinfield Road, Reading RG2 9AX, UK
Interests: data assimilation for land surface processes; microwave remote sensing; generation of satellite-based Climate Data Records; land surface reanalysis; climate change and socio-economic impacts; weather forecasting

Dr. Luca Brocca

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Guest Editor

National Research Council, Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection, via Madonna Alta 126, 06128 Perugia, Italy
Interests: soil moisture; rainfall; river discharge; flood; landslide; drought; water resources management; agriculture
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Maria Piles

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Guest Editor

Image Processing Lab, Universitat de València, Parc Científic, Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna (València), Spain
Interests: earth observation; microwave remote sensing; estimation of soil moisture and vegetation biogeophysical parameters; development of multi-sensor techniques for enhanced retrievals with focus on agriculture, forestry, wildfire prediction, extreme detection and climate studies

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The current understanding of the Earth’s global hydrological cycle has benefited from advances in active and passive spaceborne microwave sensors and techniques. The most recent availability of microwave data from the Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission adds to other innovative data, such as those from the Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT), the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS), the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-2), or the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) missions. They provide a unique wealth of multi-sensor multi-frequency microwave data suited for hydrological studies. For instance, they are able to provide timely information of key input parameters for hydrological simulations such as soil moisture and the snow state.

Data assimilation techniques have been able to integrate the above key microwave data and point-based land surface observations into hydrological models in a physically consistent manner, either by simply adjusting the simulated hydrological variable by a numerical model, or by calibrating model parameters governing the water distribution and exchange among different soil layers, which are difficult to define at large spatial scales.

In this Special Issue, we welcome original research and case studies focusing on recent advances in microwave remote sensing for hydrologic research and applications. Contributions may include but are not limited to:

Data assimilation techniques for hydrological studies using data from microwave sensors;
The synergetic use of active and passive microwave data to improve the characterization of the water state of the soil;
Case studies showing the potential benefit brought by microwave data into hydrological research;
The development of coupling schemes aiming at merging remote sensing data and land surface models for hydrologic forecasting;
Innovative studies using the potential of Copernicus missions to enhance hydrological applications;

Dr. Joaquín Muñoz Sabater
Dr. Luca Brocca
Dr. Maria Piles
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

microwave sensors
hydrological forecasting
hydrological applications
data assimilation
soil moisture
snow state
Sentinel
SMOS
SMAP
AMSR-2
ASCAT
multi-sensor synergy

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 2760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assimilating SMOS Brightness Temperature for Hydrologic Model Parameters and Soil Moisture Estimation with an Immune Evolutionary Strategy

by Feng Ju, Ru An, Zhen Yang, Lijun Huang and Yaxing Sun

Remote Sens. 2020, 12(10), 1556; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101556 - 14 May 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2399

Abstract

Hydrological models play an essential role in data assimilation (DA) systems. However, it is a challenging task to acquire the distributed hydrological model parameters that affect the accuracy of the simulations at a grid scale. Remote sensing data provide an ideal observation for DA to estimate parameters and state variables. In this study, a special assimilation scheme was proposed to jointly estimate parameters and soil moisture (SM) by assimilating brightness temperature (TB) from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. Variable infiltration capacity (VIC) hydrological model and L-band microwave emission of the biosphere model (L-MEB) are coupled as model and observation operators, respectively. The scheme combines two stages of estimators, one for the static model parameters and the other for the dynamic state variables. The estimators approximate the posterior probability distribution of an unknown target through sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) sampling. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) and immune evolution strategy are embedded in both stages to solve particle impoverishment problems. To evaluate the effectiveness of the scheme, the estimated SM sets are compared with in-situ observations and SMOS products in Maqu on the Tibetan Plateau. Specifically, the root mean square error decreased from 0.126 to 0.087 m³m⁻³ for surface SM, with a slight impact on the root zone. The temporal correlation between DA results and in-situ measurements increased to 0.808 and 0.755 for surface SM (+0.057) and root zone SM (+0.040), respectively. The results demonstrate that assimilating TB has tremendous potential as an approach to improve the estimation of distributed model parameters and SMs of surface and root zone at a grid scale, and the immune evolution strategy is effective for increasing the accuracy of approximation in sampling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Remote Sensing for Hydrology)

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22 pages, 8673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of SMOS Soil Moisture Data Assimilation within the Operational Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS)

by Calum Baugh, Patricia de Rosnay, Heather Lawrence, Toni Jurlina, Matthias Drusch, Ervin Zsoter and Christel Prudhomme

Remote Sens. 2020, 12(9), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091490 - 07 May 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3608

Abstract

In this study the impacts of Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) soil moisture data assimilation upon the streamflow prediction of the operational Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS) were investigated. Two GloFAS experiments were performed, one which used hydro-meteorological forcings produced with the assimilation of the SMOS data, the other using forcings which excluded the assimilation of the SMOS data. Both sets of experiment results were verified against streamflow observations in the United States and Australia. Skill scores were computed for each experiment against the observation datasets, the differences in the skill scores were used to identify where GloFAS skill may be affected by the assimilation of SMOS soil moisture data. In addition, a global assessment was made of the impact upon the 5th and 95th GloFAS flow percentiles to see how SMOS data assimilation affected low and high flows respectively. Results against in-situ observations found that GloFAS skill score was only affected by a small amount. At a global scale, the results showed a large impact on high flows in areas such as the Hudson Bay, central United States, the Sahel and Australia. There was no clear spatial trend to these differences as opposing signs occurred within close proximity to each other. Investigating the differences between the simulations at individual gauging stations showed that they often only occurred during a single flood event; for the remainder of the simulation period the experiments were almost identical. This suggests that SMOS data assimilation may affect the generation of surface runoff during high flow events, but may have less impact on baseflow generation during the remainder of the hydrograph. To further understand this, future work could assess the impact of SMOS data assimilation upon specific hydrological components such as surface and subsurface runoff. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Remote Sensing for Hydrology)

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20 pages, 3499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying Long-Term Land Surface and Root Zone Soil Moisture over Tibetan Plateau

by Ruodan Zhuang, Yijian Zeng, Salvatore Manfreda and Zhongbo Su

Remote Sens. 2020, 12(3), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030509 - 05 Feb 2020

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 4356

Abstract

It is crucial to monitor the dynamics of soil moisture over the Tibetan Plateau, while considering its important role in understanding the land-atmosphere interactions and their influences on climate systems (e.g., Eastern Asian Summer Monsoon). However, it is very challenging to have both the surface and root zone soil moisture (SSM and RZSM) over this area, especially the study of feedbacks between soil moisture and climate systems requires long-term (e.g., decadal) datasets. In this study, the SSM data from different sources (satellites, land data assimilation, and in-situ measurements) were blended while using triple collocation and least squares method with the constraint of in-situ data climatology. A depth scaling was performed based on the blended SSM product, using Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) matching approach and simulation with Soil Moisture Analytical Relationship (SMAR) model, to estimate the RZSM. The final product is a set of long-term (~10 yr) consistent SSM and RZSM product. The inter-comparison with other existing SSM and RZSM products demonstrates the credibility of the data blending procedure used in this study and the reliability of the CDF matching method and SMAR model in deriving the RZSM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Remote Sensing for Hydrology)

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23 pages, 5536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Prior Estimation of the Spatial Distribution Parameter of Soil Moisture Storage Capacity Using Satellite-Based Root-Zone Soil Moisture Data

by Yifei Tian, Lihua Xiong, Bin Xiong and Ruodan Zhuang

Remote Sens. 2019, 11(21), 2580; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11212580 - 03 Nov 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2973

Abstract

Integration of satellite-based data with hydrological modelling was generally conducted via data assimilation or model calibration, and both approaches can enhance streamflow predictions. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of another approach that uses satellite-based soil moisture data to directly estimate the [...] Read more.

β

to represent the degree of the spatial distribution of soil moisture storage capacity in the semi-distributed Hymod model. The impact of using historical root-zone soil moisture data from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission on the prior estimation of the parameter

β

was explored. Two different ways to incorporate the root-zone soil moisture data to estimate the parameter

β

are proposed, i.e., one is to derive a priori distribution of

β

, and the other is to derive a fixed value for

β

. The simulations of the Hymod models employing the two ways to estimate

β

are compared with the results produced by the original model, i.e., the one without employing satellite-based data to estimate the parameter

β

, at three study catchments (the Upper Hanjiang River catchment, the Xiangjiang River catchment, and the Ganjiang River catchment). The results illustrate that the two ways to incorporate the SMAP root-zone soil moisture data in order to predetermine the parameter

β

of the semi-distributed Hymod model both perform well in simulating streamflow during the calibration period, and a slight improvement was found during the validation period. Notably, deriving a fixed

β

value from satellite soil moisture data can provide better performance for ungauged catchments despite reducing the model freedom degrees due to fixing the

β

value. It is concluded that the robustness of the Hymod model in predicting the streamflow can be improved when the spatial information of satellite-based soil moisture data is utilized to estimate the parameter

β

. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Remote Sensing for Hydrology)

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18 pages, 2365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating Gravimetric Water Content of a Winter Wheat Field from L-Band Vegetation Optical Depth

by Thomas Meyer, Thomas Jagdhuber, María Piles, Anita Fink, Jennifer Grant, Harry Vereecken and François Jonard

Remote Sens. 2019, 11(20), 2353; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11202353 - 11 Oct 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3174

Abstract

A considerable amount of water is stored in vegetation, especially in regions with high precipitation rates. Knowledge of the vegetation water status is essential to monitor changes in ecosystem health and to assess the vegetation influence on the water budget. In this study, we develop and validate an approach to estimate the gravimetric vegetation water content (m_g), defined as the amount of water [kg] per wet biomass [kg], based on the attenuation of microwave radiation through vegetation. m_g is expected to be more closely related to the actual water status of a plant than the area-based vegetation water content (VWC), which expresses the amount of water [kg] per unit area [m²]. We conducted the study at the field scale over an entire growth cycle of a winter wheat field. Tower-based L-band microwave measurements together with in situ measurements of vegetation properties (i.e., vegetation height, and m_g for validation) were performed. The results indicated a strong agreement between the in situ measured and retrieved m_g (R² of 0.89), with mean and standard deviation (STD) values of 0.55 and 0.26 for the in situ measured m_g and 0.57 and 0.19 for the retrieved m_g, respectively. Phenological changes in crop water content were captured, with the highest values of m_g obtained during the growth phase of the vegetation (i.e., when the water content of the plants and the biomass were increasing) and the lowest values when the vegetation turned fully senescent (i.e., when the water content of the plant was the lowest). Comparing in situ measured m_g and VWC, we found their highest agreement with an R² of 0.95 after flowering (i.e., when the vegetation started to lose water) and their main differences with an R² of 0.21 during the vegetative growth of the wheat vegetation (i.e., where the m_g was constant and VWC increased due to structural changes in vegetation). In addition, we performed a sensitivity analysis on the vegetation volume fraction (δ), an input parameter to the proposed approach which represents the volume percentage of solid plant material in air. This δ-parameter is shown to have a distinct impact on the thermal emission at L-band, but keeping δ constant during the growth cycle of the winter wheat appeared to be valid for these m_g retrievals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Remote Sensing for Hydrology)

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17 pages, 3941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drought Monitoring Utility using Satellite-Based Precipitation Products over the Xiang River Basin in China

by Qian Zhu, Yulin Luo, Dongyang Zhou, Yue-Ping Xu, Guoqing Wang and Haiying Gao

Remote Sens. 2019, 11(12), 1483; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121483 - 22 Jun 2019

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4058

Abstract

Drought is a natural hazard disaster that can deeply affect environments, economies, and societies around the world. Therefore, accurate monitoring of patterns in drought is important. Precipitation is the key variable to define the drought index. However, the spare and uneven distribution of rain gauges limit the access of long-term and reliable in situ observations. Remote sensing techniques enrich the precipitation data at different temporal–spatial resolutions. In this study, the climate prediction center morphing (CMORPH) technique (CMORPH-CRT), the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) multi-satellite precipitation analysis (TRMM 3B42V7), and the integrated multi-satellite retrievals for global precipitation measurement (IMERG V05) were evaluated and compared with in situ observations for the drought monitoring in the Xiang River Basin, a humid region in China. A widely-used drought index, the standardized precipitation index (SPI), was chosen to evaluate the drought monitoring utility. The atmospheric water deficit (AWD) was used for comparison of the drought estimation with SPI. The results were as follows: (1) IMERG V05 precipitation products showed the highest accuracy against grid-based precipitation, followed by CMORPH-CRT, which performed better than TRMM 3B42V7; (2) IMERG V05 showed the best performance in SPI-1 (one-month SPI) estimations compared with CMORPH-CRT and TRMM 3B42V7; (3) SPI-1 was more suitable for drought monitoring than AWD in the Xiang River Basin, because its high R-values and low root mean square error (RMSE) compared with the corresponding index based on in situ observations; (4) drought conditions in 2015 were apparently more severe than that in 2016 and 2017, with the driest area mainly distributed in the southwest part of the Xiang River Basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Remote Sensing for Hydrology)

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22 pages, 3548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of L-Band SAR Data for Soil Moisture Estimations over Agricultural Areas in the Tropics

by Mehrez Zribi, Sekhar Muddu, Safa Bousbih, Ahmad Al Bitar, Sat Kumar Tomer, Nicolas Baghdadi and Soumya Bandyopadhyay

Remote Sens. 2019, 11(9), 1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091122 - 11 May 2019

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 7709

Abstract

The main objective of this study is to analyze the potential use of L-band radar data for the estimation of soil moisture over tropical agricultural areas under dense vegetation cover conditions. Ten radar images were acquired using the Phased Array Synthetic Aperture Radar/Advanced Land Observing Satellite (PALSAR/ALOS)-2 sensor over the Berambadi watershed (south India), between June and October of 2018. Simultaneous ground measurements of soil moisture, soil roughness, and leaf area index (LAI) were also recorded. The sensitivity of PALSAR observations to variations in soil moisture has been reported by several authors, and is confirmed in the present study, even for the case of very dense crops. The radar signals are simulated using five different radar backscattering models (physical and semi-empirical), over bare soil, and over areas with various types of crop cover (turmeric, marigold, and sorghum). When the semi-empirical water cloud model (WCM) is parameterized as a function of the LAI, to account for the vegetation’s contribution to the backscattered signal, it can provide relatively accurate estimations of soil moisture in turmeric and marigold fields, but has certain limitations when applied to sorghum fields. Observed limitations highlight the need to expand the analysis beyond the LAI by including additional vegetation parameters in order to take into account volume scattering in the L-band backscattered radar signal for accurate soil moisture estimation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Remote Sensing for Hydrology)

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22 pages, 4535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Satellite Soil Moisture for Agricultural Drought Monitoring: Assessment of SMAP-Derived Soil Water Deficit Index in Xiang River Basin, China

by Qian Zhu, Yulin Luo, Yue-Ping Xu, Ye Tian and Tiantian Yang

Remote Sens. 2019, 11(3), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030362 - 11 Feb 2019

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 7445

Abstract

Agricultural drought can have long-lasting and harmful impacts on both the ecosystem and economy. Therefore, it is important to monitor and predict agricultural drought accurately. Soil moisture is the key variable to define the agricultural drought index. However, in situ soil moisture observations are inaccessible in many areas of the world. Remote sensing techniques enrich the surface soil moisture observations at different tempo-spatial resolutions. In this study, the Level 2 L-band radiometer soil moisture dataset was used to estimate the Soil Water Deficit Index (SWDI). The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) dataset was evaluated with the soil moisture dataset obtained from the China Land Soil Moisture Data Assimilation System (CLSMDAS). The SMAP-derived SWDI (SMAP_SWDI) was compared with the atmospheric water deficit (AWD) calculated with precipitation and evapotranspiration from meteorological stations. Drought monitoring and comparison were accomplished at a weekly scale for the growing season (April to November) from 2015 to 2017. The results were as follows: (1) in terms of Pearson correlation coefficients (R-value) between SMAP and CLSMDAS, around 70% performed well and only 10% performed poorly at the grid scale, and the R-value was 0.62 for the whole basin; (2) severe droughts mainly occurred from mid-June to the end of September from 2015 to 2017; (3) severe droughts were detected in the southern and northeastern Xiang River Basin in mid-May of 2015, and in the northern basin in early August of 2016 and end of November 2017; (4) the values of percentage of drought weeks gradually decreased from 2015 to 2017, and increased from the northeast to the southwest of the basin in 2015 and 2016; and (5) the average value of R and probability of detection between SMAP_SWDI and AWD were 0.6 and 0.79, respectively. These results show SMAP has acceptable accuracy and good performance for drought monitoring in the Xiang River Basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Remote Sensing for Hydrology)

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17 pages, 11985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Approach for Soil Moisture Estimation in Gully Fields of the Loess Plateau Using Sentinel-1A Radar Images

by Shanchuan Guo, Xuyu Bai, Yu Chen, Shaoliang Zhang, Huping Hou, Qianlin Zhu and Peijun Du

Remote Sens. 2019, 11(3), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030349 - 10 Feb 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3660

Abstract

As an essential ecological parameter, soil moisture is important for understanding the water exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere, especially in the Loess Plateau (China). Although Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images can be used for soil moisture retrieval, it is still a challenge to mitigate the impacts of complex terrain over hilly areas. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to propose an improved approach for soil moisture estimation in gully fields based on the joint use of the Advanced Integral Equation Model (AIEM) and the Incidence Angle Correction Model (IACM) from Sentinel-1A observations. AIEM is utilized to build a simulation database of microwave backscattering coefficients from various radar parameters and surface parameters, which is the data basis for the retrieval modeling. IACM is proposed to correct the deviation between the local incidence angle at the scatterer and the radar viewing angle. The study area is located in the Loess Plateau of China, where the main land cover is mostly bare land and the terrain is complex. The Sentinel-1A SAR data in C-band with dual polarization acquired on October 19th, 2017 was adopted to extract the VV&VH polarimetric backscattering coefficients. The in situ measurements of soil moisture were collected on the same day of the SAR acquisition, for evaluating the accuracy of the SAR-derived soil moisture. The results showed that, firstly, the estimated soil moisture with volumetric content between 0% and 20% was in the majority. Subsequently, both the RMSE of estimation values (0.963%) and the standard deviation of absolute errors (0.957%) demonstrated a good accuracy of the improved approach. Moreover, the evaluation of IACM confirmed that the improved approach coupling IACM and AIEM was more efficient than employing AIEM solely. In conclusion, the proposed approach has a strong ability to estimate the soil moisture in the gully fields of the Loess Plateau from Sentinel-1A data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Remote Sensing for Hydrology)

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18 pages, 3285 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Sub-Kilometric Numerical Simulations of C-Band Radar Backscatter over the French Alps against Sentinel-1 Observations

by Gaëlle Veyssière, Fatima Karbou, Samuel Morin, Matthieu Lafaysse and Vincent Vionnet

Remote Sens. 2019, 11(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11010008 - 20 Dec 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4131

Abstract

This study compares numerical simulations and observations of C-band radar backscatter in a wide region (2300 km

^{2}

) in the Northern French Alps. Numerical simulations were performed using a model chain composed of the SAFRAN meteorological reanalysis, the Crocus snowpack model and [...] Read more.

This study compares numerical simulations and observations of C-band radar backscatter in a wide region (2300 km

^{2}

) in the Northern French Alps. Numerical simulations were performed using a model chain composed of the SAFRAN meteorological reanalysis, the Crocus snowpack model and the radiative transfer model Microwave Emission Model for Layered Snowpacks (MEMLS3&a), operating at a spatial resolution of 250-m. The simulations, without any bias correction, were evaluated against 141 Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar observation scenes with a resolution of 20 m over three snow seasons from October 2014 to June 2017. Results show that there is good agreement between observations and simulations under snow-free or dry snow conditions, consistent with the fact that dry snow is almost transparent at C-band. Under wet snow conditions, although the changes in time and space are well correlated, there is a significant deviation, up to 5 dB, between observations and simulations. The reasons for these discrepancies were explored, including a sensitivity analysis on the impact of the liquid water percolation scheme in Crocus. This study demonstrates the feasibility of performing end-to-end simulations of radar backscatter over extended geographical region. This makes it possible to envision data assimilation of radar data into snowpack models in the future, pending that deviations are mitigated, either through bias corrections or improved physical modeling of both snow properties and corresponding radar backscatter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Remote Sensing for Hydrology)

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