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15 pages, 2479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Chitosan for Flocculation Recovery of Bacillus Biomass Grown on Dairy and Wine Industry Effluents

by Selena Dmitrović, Nataša Lukić, Ivana Pajčin, Vanja Vlajkov, Jovana Grahovac and Aleksandar Jokić

Processes 2023, 11(4), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041099 - 04 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1142

Abstract

The downstream processing of efficient biomass-based microbial biopesticides is heavily reliant on obtaining the largest concentration of viable cells in the most cost-effective manner. The goal of this research was to assess the ability of chitosan flocculation to recover bacterial Bacillus sp. BioSol021 [...] Read more.

The downstream processing of efficient biomass-based microbial biopesticides is heavily reliant on obtaining the largest concentration of viable cells in the most cost-effective manner. The goal of this research was to assess the ability of chitosan flocculation to recover bacterial Bacillus sp. BioSol021 biomass from the broth after biological treatment of wastewaters from the dairy and wine industries. Second-order factorial design models were used to estimate the effect of chitosan concentration and mixing speed on flocculation efficiency, settling velocity, and antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus flavus, i.e., inhibition zone diameter. Response surface methodology was followed by multi-objective optimization by applying the desirability function (DF) and genetic algorithm (GA). The optimum values for flocculation efficiency, settling velocity, and inhibition zone diameter for cheese whey effluent were 88%, 0.10 mm/s, and 51.00 mm, respectively. In the case of winery flotation effluent, the optimum values were flocculation efficiency 95% and settling velocity 0.05 mm/s, while the inhibition zone diameter was 48.00 mm. These results indicate that utilizing chitosan as a flocculation agent not only fits the criteria for effective downstream processing, but also has a synergistic effect on Bacillus sp. antibacterial activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Food Waste and By-Products)

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10 pages, 1410 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Assessment of a Formulation Containing a Castanea sativa Shells Extract on Skin Face Parameters: In Vivo Evaluation

by Ana Margarida Silva, Paulo C. Costa, Cristina Delerue-Matos and Francisca Rodrigues

Processes 2022, 10(11), 2230; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112230 - 31 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1050

Abstract

In the last years, the demand for new eco-friendly ingredients has increased on the cosmetic market. Consumers are more aware of sustainable principles and, simultaneously, more conscious regarding the skin aging process. Chestnut (Castanea sativa) shells are a food by-product produced [...] Read more.

In the last years, the demand for new eco-friendly ingredients has increased on the cosmetic market. Consumers are more aware of sustainable principles and, simultaneously, more conscious regarding the skin aging process. Chestnut (Castanea sativa) shells are a food by-product produced in high quantities in Europe. This waste has been described as a rich source of phenolic compounds with skin biological effects, such as antioxidant, antiradical, and anti-inflammatory activities. Despite the huge number of assays reporting the richness of chestnut shell extracts in bioactive compounds as well as the development of cosmetic formulations containing these extracts, no in vivo assays have assessed their clinical efficacy in human volunteers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on skin face parameters of a formulation containing a chestnut shell extract in human volunteers (n = 22) who applied the product twice per day, for 56 days. For that, biophysical techniques, including Corneometer^®, Cutometer^®, and Primos^Premium, were employed, allowing the quantification of skin hydration and firmness, as well as of wrinkles’ depth and volume and wrinkles’ skin roughness. The results demonstrated that the formulation led to a slight decrease in roughness and wrinkles’ depth, although no significant differences with respect to a placebo were observed. In addition, a clear improvement of skin hydration was achieved (t0 = 54.00 Arbitrary Units (A.U.) and t56 = 58.62 A.U.). In contrast to the placebo, the active formulation increased skin firmness up to 31.76% in 50.00% of the volunteers, but without significant differences with respect to the placebo, probably due to the short period of treatment. A long-term use of the product is recommended to possibly observe significant differences in all parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Food Waste and By-Products)

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9 pages, 267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Anti-Hypertensive and Hypoglycemic Potential of Bioactive Compounds Derived from Pulasan Rind

by Seok Shin Tan, Seok Tyug Tan and Chin Xuan Tan

Processes 2022, 10(3), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10030592 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1887

Abstract

Pulasan (Nephelium mutabile Blume) is an underutilized fruit native to tropical countries, including Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. To date, the medicinal potential of pulasan remains unexplored, although this fruit shares the same genus with the well-known rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum). [...] Read more.

Pulasan (Nephelium mutabile Blume) is an underutilized fruit native to tropical countries, including Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. To date, the medicinal potential of pulasan remains unexplored, although this fruit shares the same genus with the well-known rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum). Therefore, the current study aims to examine the antioxidant properties of different parts of pulasan (flesh, rind, and kernel) and investigate the bioactive profile, anti-hypertensive and hypoglycemic properties of pulasan rind. Pulasan were extracted using different solvents, including distilled water, methanol, and ethanol. The antioxidant capacity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and the antioxidant component was identified by total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC). The bioactive profile of pulasan rind was characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The anti-hypertensive and hypoglycemic properties of pulasan rind were determined with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) assay and alpha-amylase inhibition assay, respectively. Emerging findings revealed that pulasan rind exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity (DPPH, TEAC, and FRAP) in all extraction solvents and antioxidant components (TPC and TFC) in ethanolic extract. The ethanolic extracts of pulasan rind also had higher ACE and alpha-amylase inhibition activities than the distilled water extracts. Geraniin, chlorogenic acid, catechin, corilagin, syringic acid, and naringenin of pulasan rind may function as anti-hypertensive agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Food Waste and By-Products)

8 pages, 1214 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

Functional Compounds from Banana Peel Used to Decrease Oxidative Stress Effects

by Ionela Avram, Florentina Gatea and Emanuel Vamanu

Processes 2022, 10(2), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10020248 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6050

Abstract

Banana peel, a little-used waste, contains a high amount of biologically active compounds. The aim of the study is to demonstrate in vitro, the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial effects of hydroalcoholic extracts from yellow (BP) and red (BPR) banana peels. The analysis [...] Read more.

Banana peel, a little-used waste, contains a high amount of biologically active compounds. The aim of the study is to demonstrate in vitro, the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial effects of hydroalcoholic extracts from yellow (BP) and red (BPR) banana peels. The analysis of the extracts by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE) has confirmed the presence of several bioactive compounds. BPR has a higher in vitro antioxidant activity than BP, which correlates with a significant cytotoxic, antimicrobial effect, with a UVA/UVB rate of 0.9. In the case of BPR, the results confirm the presence of isoquercitrin and kaempferol in a 1:3 ratio. The bioactive compounds from the extracts have shown a different interaction with HCT-8 cell lines and with tested bacterial strains with pathogenic properties. The HCA analysis proved the biological value of BPR to reduce oxidative stress and its potential use in natural products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Food Waste and By-Products)

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16 pages, 4143 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detoxification of Copper and Chromium via Dark Hydrogen Fermentation of Potato Waste by Clostridium butyricum Strain 92

by Vira Hovorukha, Olesia Havryliuk, Galina Gladka, Antonina Kalinichenko, Monika Sporek, Jan Stebila, Dmitri Mavrodi, Ruslan Mariychuk and Oleksandr Tashyrev

Processes 2022, 10(1), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10010170 - 17 Jan 2022

Viewed by 1718

Abstract

The accumulation of various types of waste containing both organic and inorganic metal-containing compounds is extremely hazardous for living organisms. The possibility of polymer degradation, biohydrogen synthesis, and metal detoxification via the dark fermentation of model potato waste was investigated. For this purpose, [...] Read more.

The accumulation of various types of waste containing both organic and inorganic metal-containing compounds is extremely hazardous for living organisms. The possibility of polymer degradation, biohydrogen synthesis, and metal detoxification via the dark fermentation of model potato waste was investigated. For this purpose, the strict anaerobic strain was isolated and identified as Clostridium butyricum. The high efficiency of dark hydrogen fermentation of potatoes with yield of hydrogen in 85.8 ± 15.3 L kg⁻¹ VS_potato was observed. The copperand chromium salts solutions were added to the culture fluid to obtain the concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg L⁻¹ Cu(II) and Cr(VI) in the active phase of growth (19 h of cultivation). Metals at a concentration of 200 mg L⁻¹ inhibited the fermentation process the most. The hydrogen yield decreased in 7.2 and 3.6 times to 11.9 ± 2.1 and 23.8 ± 5.6 L kg⁻¹ VSpotato in the presence of 200 mg L⁻¹ Cu(II) and Cr(VI), respectively. The efficiencies of the chromium bioremoval in all variants of the experiment were 100%, and those of copper bioremoval were about 90%. A pure culture of strict anaerobes Clostridium butyricum strain 92 was used for the first time for the detoxification of metals. The presented results confirmed the possibility of this promising strain application for industrial H₂ production and the bioremediation of contaminated sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Food Waste and By-Products)

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13 pages, 2168 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Production of Omega-3 Oil by Aurantiochytrium mangrovei Using Spent Osmotic Solution from Candied Fruit Industry as Sole Organic Carbon Source

by Giovanni L. Russo, Antonio L. Langellotti, Thierry Blasco, Maria Oliviero, Raffaele Sacchi and Paolo Masi

Processes 2021, 9(10), 1834; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9101834 - 15 Oct 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2121

Abstract

Osmotic dehydration is an important phase in the production of dried products, including most fruits and vegetables, in the food industry. The drying process for candied fruit produces a liquid waste called “spent osmotic solution”, which is characterized by a high content of [...] Read more.

Osmotic dehydration is an important phase in the production of dried products, including most fruits and vegetables, in the food industry. The drying process for candied fruit produces a liquid waste called “spent osmotic solution”, which is characterized by a high content of organic compounds, mostly dissolved sugars. The sugar content of this food by-product could be valorized through the growth of biomass with a high added value. In this study, the spent osmotic solution from the candied fruit industry was used as an organic carbon source for the growth and production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the cultivation of Aurantiochytrium mangrovei RCC893. The carbon content of the standard media was completely replaced by the sugars present in this food by-product. After that, the growth condition of this strain was optimized through response surface methodologies using a central composite design (CCD), and the optimal combination of the spent osmotic solution and nitrogen was established. Moreover, a scale-up trial was performed using the optimal conditions obtained after CCD to evaluate the scalability of the process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Food Waste and By-Products)

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Review

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15 pages, 1119 KiB

Open AccessReview

Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels) Seed: A Review on Nutritional Profile, Functional Food Properties, Health-Promoting Applications, and Safety Aspects

by Manoj Kumar, Baohong Zhang, Jyoti Nishad, Aman Verma, Vijay Sheri, Sangram Dhumal, Radha, Niharika Sharma, Deepak Chandran, Marisennayya Senapathy, Abhijit Dey, Sureshkumar Rajalingam, Muthamiselvan Muthukumar, Pran Mohankumar, Ryszard Amarowicz, Mirian Pateiro and José M. Lorenzo

Processes 2022, 10(11), 2169; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112169 - 23 Oct 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6393

Abstract

Jamun (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels) is highly perishable with a very short shelf life, hence, jamun fruit is either consumed fresh as soon as it is harvested or converted to value-added products such as jam, wine, juice, and jellies. The processing of [...] Read more.

Jamun (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels) is highly perishable with a very short shelf life, hence, jamun fruit is either consumed fresh as soon as it is harvested or converted to value-added products such as jam, wine, juice, and jellies. The processing of jamun fruit generates a large quantity of seeds as the primary waste. Jamun seeds are a rich source of macronutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals, and vitamins, thus making them an important ingredient in the food industry. The valorization of underutilized, nutritionally rich byproducts of the food processing industry has been providing new ways for unlocking their potential in the functional food industry or therapeutic food formulations. This review presents a detailed nutritional profile of jamun seeds and its potent application in the food industry as a possible functional ingredient. Along with its beneficial nutritional profile, the review also throws light upon the safety aspects associated with jamun seed consumption along with its acceptable daily intake. Safety and toxicity studies have motivated researchers and industrialists to search for possible applications in the food industry. Jamun seeds with array of nutritional benefits can be an important functional ingredient; however, further extensive research is necessary to find suitable levels of application of jamun seed in food products for harnessing its nutritional potential without affecting the products’ sensory palatability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Food Waste and By-Products)

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20 pages, 1117 KiB

Open AccessReview

Seed Waste from Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.): A Comprehensive Insight on Bioactive Compounds, Health Promoting Activity and Safety Profile

by Neeraj Kumari, Suraj Prakash, Manoj Kumar, Radha, Baohong Zhang, Vijay Sheri, Nadeem Rais, Deepak Chandran, Abhijit Dey, Tanmay Sarkar, Sangram Dhumal, Sunil Kumar, Dipendra Kumar Mahato, Marthandan Vishvanathan, Pran Mohankumar, Mirian Pateiro and José M. Lorenzo

Processes 2022, 10(10), 2119; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10102119 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7810

Abstract

Annona squamosa L. (custard apple or sugar apple), belonging to the Annonaceae family, is a small tree or shrub that grows natively in subtropical and tropical regions. Seeds of the custard apple have been employed in folk medicines because of the presence of [...] Read more.

Annona squamosa L. (custard apple or sugar apple), belonging to the Annonaceae family, is a small tree or shrub that grows natively in subtropical and tropical regions. Seeds of the custard apple have been employed in folk medicines because of the presence of bioactive chemicals/compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds and acetogenins and cyclopeptides that are responsible for various biological activities. The seeds also show the presence of tannins, vitamin C, vitamin E and a higher content of amino acids. From investigations, it has been shown that the seeds of A. squamosa have considerable potential to be used as an antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antioxidant and antitumor/anticancer agent. Cyclosquamosin B, extracted from the custard apple seed, possesses vasorelaxant properties. Tocopherols and fatty acids, notably oleic acid and linoleic acid, are also found in the seed oil. A. squamosa seeds contain a high amount of annonaceous acetogenins compounds, which are potent mitochondrial complex I inhibitors and have high cytotoxicity. A survey primarily based on the nutritional, phytochemical and biological properties showed that A. squamosa seeds can be used for the discovery of novel products, including pharmaceutical drugs. Although there are sufficient in vitro and in vivo experimental investigations supporting the benefits of seeds, clinical investigations/trials are still needed to determine the health contributing benefits of A. squamosa seeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Food Waste and By-Products)

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