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Various Adsorbents for Water Purification Processes, Volume II
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Various Adsorbents for Water Purification Processes, Volume II

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Processes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 January 2023) | Viewed by 10876

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Monika Wawrzkiewicz

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Guest Editor
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Marie Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
Interests: sorption and separation of inorganic (heavy metal ions) and organic compounds (dyes, phenols); textile wastewaters treatment; chemical modification of synthetic and natural polymers as adsorbents for water treatment; hybrid materials; low-cost adsorbents; anion-exchange resins; synthetic oxide materials; photochemistry; environmental protection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Anna Wołowicz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Marie Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Square 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
Interests: sorption and separation of inorganic and organic compounds e.g., heavy metal ions, dyes, phenols; textile wastewaters treatment; ion-exchange resins; synthetic oxide materials; hybrid materials; low-cost adsorbents; environmental protection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Currently, one of the main problems of global importance is the increasing amount of pollution generated into the environment due to the intensive development of industry, the use of its goods and active human activity. Particular attention is paid to those industries that consume considerable amounts of water in technological processes and thus generate significant amounts of wastewater containing harmful and toxic substances posing an immediate threat to the health and life of living organisms, including humans. Heavy metal ions, metalloids and various types of organic compounds such as dyes, pesticides, surfactants, phenols, WWA and many others are particularly dangerous. Therefore, there is a need to remove them and monitor their concentration in the environment so that the permissible standards are not exceeded and in order to avoid legal consequences.

Adsorption or its combination with other techniques enables effective removal, sorption and separation of organic and inorganic impurities using various types of materials, i.e. functionalized and non-functionalized polymeric resins, carbon type sorbents, natural and synthetic oxide materials, clay minerals and zeolites, biopolymers, biomass, low-cost adsorbents, composite and hybrid materials. Therefore, attempts to search for effective adsorbents and assess their adsorption properties play an important role from a cognitive and application point of view.

It is our pleasure to invite you to submit to this Special Issue research articles and review papers as well as short communications discussing the recent developments in the field of synthesis, modification, physicochemical characteristics (physicochemical parameters modifications, for example, connected with the solubility, stability, crosslinking), and evaluation of adsorption properties of different materials to obtain adsorbents for applications in water and wastewater treatment  and purification processes. The topics of the papers to be submitted to this Special Issue are defined, but not limited, by the keywords presented below.

Dr. Monika Wawrzkiewicz
Dr. Anna Wołowicz
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • adsorbents
  • adsorption
  • environment
  • wastewaters
  • heavy metals
  • dyes
  • pesticides
  • toxic substances
  • purification
  • removal

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 3852 KiB  
Article
Sapo-34 Obtained from Amazonian Flint Kaolin: Influence of Impurities of “Oxidized Fe/Ti” in Synthesis and Its Application in the Removal of Cationic Dye from Water
by Darllan R. Pinheiro, Alice P. Pinheiro, Fabio A. Pontes, João Vitor K. Soares, Roberto F. Neves and Simone P. A. Paz
Processes 2023, 11(3), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11030662 - 22 Feb 2023
Viewed by 969
Abstract
Non-processed kaolin (flint kaolin) from a mine located in the Capim area (Amazon region, northern Brazil), usually considered as waste, was selected as a source of silicon and aluminum in the synthesis of SAPO-34. This is a molecular sieve and cationic exchanger chosen [...] Read more.
Non-processed kaolin (flint kaolin) from a mine located in the Capim area (Amazon region, northern Brazil), usually considered as waste, was selected as a source of silicon and aluminum in the synthesis of SAPO-34. This is a molecular sieve and cationic exchanger chosen for tests focusing on the removal of methylene blue in aqueous solutions, which is a cationic dye widely used by textile industries in Brazil. The results revealed that the SAPO-34 has been successfully synthesized with typical cubic morphology, good crystallinity (>90%), and thermal stability (~998 °C). Although the oxidized Fe/Ti impurities contained in the flint kaolin affect the degree of crystallinity of the zeolitic product, its adsorptive properties are not significantly affected, which demonstrates the excellent adsorption results (pH = 11; % removal > 90%). It proved to be an adsorbent with considerable adsorption capacity (9.83 mg·g−1). The pH test confirmed the acidic surface characteristics (pH solution 2–4; ↓ removal), and the kinetic model that best fitted the experimental data was pseudo-second-order, with R2 = 0.998 (kinetics controlled by chemisorption). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Various Adsorbents for Water Purification Processes, Volume II)
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11 pages, 3744 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Application of Coal-Liquefaction-Residue-Based Carbon Material
by Liang Xu, Yizhe Lu, Nuerbiya Yalikun, Congchao Shi, Haoyang Wang, Yueyuan Xu and Jie Liu
Processes 2022, 10(11), 2455; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112455 - 19 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1220
Abstract
P-Nitrophenol (4-NP) is a high toxicity material and has harmful effects on the environment. Thus, the analysis of 4-NP is an important topic at present. In this work, the fabrication of a novel electrochemical sensor based on coal-liquefaction-residue (CLR)-derived porous carbon (PC) materials. [...] Read more.
P-Nitrophenol (4-NP) is a high toxicity material and has harmful effects on the environment. Thus, the analysis of 4-NP is an important topic at present. In this work, the fabrication of a novel electrochemical sensor based on coal-liquefaction-residue (CLR)-derived porous carbon (PC) materials. CLR-based porous carbon material was prepared by the high-temperature carbonization method and the morphology and structure of the materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and other characterization methods. Subsequently, the electrochemical properties of the modified electrodes were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements. The results showed that under optimal conditions, the sensor had a good electrochemical performance for environmental pollutant 4-NP. In particular, the linear range of the sensor was 10–200 μmol·L-1 and the detection limit was 1.169 μmol·L−1 on the basis of the signal-to-noise ratio S/N = 3. The electrode showed excellent stability, reproducibility and repetitiveness and the sensor also had good selectivity. In addition, the newly constructed sensor exhibited adsorption-controlled kinetics and the recovery rate of 4-NP in actual water samples could reach 90.06~95.17%, indicating that the sensor had good practical application prospects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Various Adsorbents for Water Purification Processes, Volume II)
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14 pages, 3469 KiB  
Article
Ionic Polyacrylamides as Stability-Modifying Substances of Soil Mineral Suspensions Containing Heavy Metal Impurities
by Małgorzata Wiśniewska, Gracja Fijałkowska, Katarzyna Szewczuk-Karpisz, Karolina Herda and Stanisław Chibowski
Processes 2022, 10(8), 1473; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10081473 - 27 Jul 2022
Viewed by 1145
Abstract
The accumulation of heavy metal in soils is a serious environmental problem. The aim of this paper was to compare the adsorption mechanism of ionic polyacrylamides (PAMs)—anionic and cationic with different contents of functional groups, on the surface of clay minerals—montmorillonite (type 2:1) [...] Read more.
The accumulation of heavy metal in soils is a serious environmental problem. The aim of this paper was to compare the adsorption mechanism of ionic polyacrylamides (PAMs)—anionic and cationic with different contents of functional groups, on the surface of clay minerals—montmorillonite (type 2:1) and kaolinite (type 1:1), without and with the presence of heavy metal ions (Cr(VI) or Pb(II)). The dependence of solution pH, structure of mineral, type of PAM, ionic form of heavy metal, as well as order of adsorbates addition on the adsorption efficiency and stability of the clay mineral-polymer-heavy metal system was determined. In addition to adsorption and stability studies, electrokinetic and potentiometric titration measurements were performed. It was shown that the mixed PAM+heavy metal adsorption layers modify the surface properties of clay minerals significantly, which in many cases leads to the effective destabilization of the solid suspension and its separation from the liquid phase. Moreover, the most important factor, which influences the adsorbed amount of ionic polyacrylamide, turned out to be the internal structure of layered aluminosilicates and the presence of inter-package spaces capable of adsorbate molecules accumulating. For this reason the obtained adsorption capacity of montmorillonite is about 100 times higher in comparison to kaolinite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Various Adsorbents for Water Purification Processes, Volume II)
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20 pages, 5847 KiB  
Article
Purification of Textile Effluents Containing C.I. Acid Violet 1: Adsorptive Removal versus Hydrogen Peroxide and Peracetic Acid Based Advanced Oxidation
by Monika Wawrzkiewicz, Urszula Kotowska and Aneta Sokół
Processes 2021, 9(11), 1911; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9111911 - 26 Oct 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1987
Abstract
Textile effluent containing azo dyes such as C.I. Acid Violet 1 (AV1) can be degraded to toxic aromatic amines in the environment. Thus, there is a legitimate need to treat such effluents before they are discharged to surface waters. Two methods were proposed [...] Read more.
Textile effluent containing azo dyes such as C.I. Acid Violet 1 (AV1) can be degraded to toxic aromatic amines in the environment. Thus, there is a legitimate need to treat such effluents before they are discharged to surface waters. Two methods were proposed to remove AV1 from aqueous solutions: adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The sorption capacity of the strongly basic anion exchanger Purolite A520E of the polystyrene matrix determined from the Langmuir isotherm model was found to be 835 mg/g, while that of Lewatit S5428 of the polyacrylamide matrix Freundlich model seems to be more appropriate for describing the experimental data. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and external diffusion are the rate limiting steps of adsorption. The removal efficiency of AV1 by the anion exchangers was higher than 99% after 40 min of phase contact time. AOPs involved the usage of hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid (PAA) as oxidizing agents, while Fe2+ and simulated sunlight were used as oxidizing activators. AV1 oxidation followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the systems with the highest values of the rate constants turned out to be those in which Fe2+ was present. The efficiency of oxidation measured by the degree of decolorization in the systems with Fe2+ was higher than 99% after 10–60 min. AV1 mineralization was slower, but after 120 min of oxidation it was higher than 98% in the H2O2/Fe2+, PAA/Fe2+ and PAA/Fe2+/sunlight systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Various Adsorbents for Water Purification Processes, Volume II)
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19 pages, 47302 KiB  
Article
Hydrochloric Acid Modification and Lead Removal Studies on Naturally Occurring Zeolites from Nevada, New Mexico, and Arizona
by Garven M. Huntley, Rudy L. Luck, Michael E. Mullins and Nick K. Newberry
Processes 2021, 9(7), 1238; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9071238 - 17 Jul 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2686
Abstract
Four naturally occurring zeolites were examined to verify their assignments as chabazites AZLB-Ca and AZLB-Na (Bowie, Arizona) and clinoptilolites NM-Ca (Winston, New Mexico) and NV-Na (Ash Meadows, Nevada). Based on powder X-ray diffraction, NM-Ca was discovered to be mostly quartz with some clinoptilolite [...] Read more.
Four naturally occurring zeolites were examined to verify their assignments as chabazites AZLB-Ca and AZLB-Na (Bowie, Arizona) and clinoptilolites NM-Ca (Winston, New Mexico) and NV-Na (Ash Meadows, Nevada). Based on powder X-ray diffraction, NM-Ca was discovered to be mostly quartz with some clinoptilolite residues. Treatment with concentrated HCl (12.1 M) acid resulted in AZLB-Ca and AZLB-Na, the chabazite-like species, becoming amorphous, as confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. In contrast, NM-Ca and NV-Na, which are clinoptilolite-like species, withstood boiling in concentrated HCl acid. This treatment removes calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, aluminum, and iron atoms or ions from the framework while leaving the silicon framework intact as confirmed via X-ray fluorescence and diffraction. SEM images on calcined and HCl treated NV-Na were obtained. BET surface area analysis confirmed an increase in surface area for the two zeolites after treatment, NM-Ca 20.0(1) to 111(4) m2/g and NV-Na 19.0(4) to 158(7) m2/g. 29Si and 27Al MAS NMR were performed on the natural and treated NV-Na zeolite, and the data for the natural NV-Na zeolite suggested a Si:Al ratio of 4.33 similar to that determined by X-ray fluorescence of 4.55. Removal of lead ions from solution decreased from the native NM-Ca, 0.27(14), NV-Na, 1.50(17) meq/g compared to the modified zeolites, 30 min HCl treated NM-Ca 0.06(9) and NV-Na, 0.41(23) meq/g, and also decreased upon K+ ion pretreatment in the HCl modified zeolites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Various Adsorbents for Water Purification Processes, Volume II)
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Review

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23 pages, 1107 KiB  
Review
Adsorbents Used for Microcystin Removal from Water Sources: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects
by Widad El Bouaidi, Ghizlane Enaime, Mohammed Loudiki, Abdelrani Yaacoubi, Mountasser Douma, Abdelaziz Ounas and Manfred Lübken
Processes 2022, 10(7), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10071235 - 21 Jun 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1727
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria in water sources, driven by climate change and eutrophication, is of great concern worldwide today. Cyanobacterial blooms can negatively affect water bodies and generate harmful secondary metabolites, namely microcystins (MCs), which significantly impair water quality. Various adsorbents [...] Read more.
The increasing occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria in water sources, driven by climate change and eutrophication, is of great concern worldwide today. Cyanobacterial blooms can negatively affect water bodies and generate harmful secondary metabolites, namely microcystins (MCs), which significantly impair water quality. Various adsorbents used for MC removal from water sources were assessed in this investigation. Activated carbon constitutes the most widely used adsorbent for treating contaminated waters due to its high affinity for adsorbing MCs. Alternative adsorbents have also been proposed and reported to provide higher efficiency, but the studies carried out so far in this regard are still insufficient. The mechanisms implicated in MC adsorption upon different adsorbents should be further detailed for a better optimization of the adsorption process. Certainly, adsorbent characteristics, water pH and temperature are the main factors influencing the adsorption of MCs. In this context, optimization studies must be performed considering the effectiveness, economic aspects associated with each adsorbent. This review provides guidelines for more practical field applications of the adsorption in the treatment of waters actually contaminated with MCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Various Adsorbents for Water Purification Processes, Volume II)
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