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Polymers
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Antibacterial Activity of Polymeric Materials
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Antibacterial Activity of Polymeric Materials

A topical collection in Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This collection belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Viewed by 24835

Editor

Prof. Dr. Ana María Díez-Pascual

E-Mail Website
Collection Editor
Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Interests: nanomaterials; polymers; nanocomposites; inorganic nanoparticles; antibacterial agents; surfactants; interphases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Topical Collection Information

Over recent years, there has been widespread use of plastics for applications in the biomedical and food industries. Materials used for these applications need to meet some requirements in terms of bicompatibility and acceptable mechanical properties. Further, it is crucial to restrict the growth of harmful bacteria or pathogens that can induce material degradation and loss of properties. Hence, it is essential to design new polymer-based materials with antibacterial action.  This can be attained in several pathways, including the design of new biopolymers incorporating specific functional groups that provide antibacterial activity, the addition of inorganic nanoparticles (Ag, Au, Cu) or metal oxide nanoparticles (ZnO, TiO2) that provide biocide action, the incorporation of carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide) that provide antibacterial action and the addition of other active agents with biocide action.

The goal of this Special Issue is to gather the latest advances regarding the synthesis, characterization, and properties of  polymer-based materials with antibacterial actions. Both original articles and reviews are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Ana María Díez-Pascual
Guest Editor

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • polymers
  • antibacterial action
  • bacteria
  • biocompatibility
  • nanoparticles
  • mechanical properties.

Published Papers (9 papers)

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2023

Jump to: 2022, 2021, 2020

11 pages, 2380 KiB  
Communication
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles against Listeria monocytogenes
by Sara Pereira, Ana Costa-Ribeiro, Pilar Teixeira, Laura Rodríguez-Lorenzo, Marta Prado, Miguel A. Cerqueira and Alejandro Garrido-Maestu
Polymers 2023, 15(18), 3759; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15183759 - 14 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1590
Abstract
Chitosan is obtained from the deacetylation of chitin, and it is known to possess antimicrobial activity. It has attracted attention as it may be used for treating infections caused by different types of microorganisms due to its broad spectrum. Its application in the [...] Read more.
Chitosan is obtained from the deacetylation of chitin, and it is known to possess antimicrobial activity. It has attracted attention as it may be used for treating infections caused by different types of microorganisms due to its broad spectrum. Its application in the form of micro- or nanoparticles (CM/CN) has expanded its usage, as in this form, it retains its activity, and remain stable in aqueous solutions. However, inconsistencies in the results reported by different authors have been identified. In this communication, the antimicrobial activity of CN produced from different starting materials was tested against Listeria monocytogenes. It was observed that, even though all the starting materials were reported to have a molecular weight (MW) below 200 kDa and degree of deacetylation (DD) > 75%, the size of the CNs were significantly different (263 nm vs. 607 nm). Furthermore, these differences in sizes exerted a direct effect on the antimicrobial properties of the particles, as when testing the ones with the smallest size, i.e., 263 nm, a lower Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was achieved, i.e., 0.04 mg/mL. Even though the largest particles, i.e., 607 nm, in individual experiments were able to achieve an MIC of 0.03 mg/mL, the results with CN presented great variation among replicates and up to 0.2 mg/mL were needed in other replicates. The starting material has a critical impact on the properties of the CN, and it must be carefully characterized and selected for the intended application, and MW and DD solely do not fully account for these properties. Full article
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2022

Jump to: 2023, 2021, 2020

18 pages, 23455 KiB  
Article
Lignin-Mediated Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis for Photocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Yellow 4G and In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Antibacterial Activities
by Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Si-Kyung Cho, Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Avinash Ashok Kadam, Gajanan Sampatrao Ghodake, Verjesh Kumar Magotra, Manu Kumar, Ram Naresh Bharagava, Sunita Varjani, Ramasubba Reddy Palem, Sikandar I. Mulla, Dong-Su Kim and Han-Seung Shin
Polymers 2022, 14(3), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14030648 - 08 Feb 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3397
Abstract
This study explored the potential of abundantly available sodium lignosulfonate (LS) as a reducer and fabricating agent in preparing silver nanoparticles (LS–Ag NPs). The operational conditions were optimized to make the synthesis process simpler, rapid, and eco-friendly. The prepared LS–Ag NPs were analyzed [...] Read more.
This study explored the potential of abundantly available sodium lignosulfonate (LS) as a reducer and fabricating agent in preparing silver nanoparticles (LS–Ag NPs). The operational conditions were optimized to make the synthesis process simpler, rapid, and eco-friendly. The prepared LS–Ag NPs were analyzed via UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Results demonstrated that LS–Ag NPs were of crystalline structure, capped with LS constituents, and spherical in shape with a size of approximately 20 nm. Under optimized conditions, LS–Ag NPs exhibited significant photocatalytic activity in Reactive Yellow 4G degradation. The effects of photocatalyst (LS–Ag NPs) dosage, dye concentration, and its reusability for dye degradation were studied to make the process practically applicable in textile wastewater treatment. Additionally, the synthesized LS–Ag NPs displayed significant free radical scavenging against 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with an IC50 value of (50.2 ± 0.70 µg/mL) and also exhibited antidiabetic activity in terms of inhibition in the activity of carbohydrate-degrading marker enzyme α-glucosidase with an IC50 value of (58.1 ± 0.65 µg/mL). LS–Ag NPs showed substantial antibacterial potential against pathogenic strains, namely E. coli and S. aureus. In conclusion, LS–Ag NPs can be a reliable and eco-friendly material for their possible application in the treatment of dye-containing wastewater and have a great perspective in the biomedical and pharmaceutical sectors. Full article
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18 pages, 7259 KiB  
Article
Medical-Grade Polyamide 12 Nanocomposite Materials for Enhanced Mechanical and Antibacterial Performance in 3D Printing Applications
by Nectarios Vidakis, Markos Petousis, Emmanuel Velidakis, Apostolos Korlos, John D. Kechagias, Dimitris Tsikritzis and Nikolaos Mountakis
Polymers 2022, 14(3), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14030440 - 22 Jan 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2528
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, wide use of 3D printing technologies has been enabled. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is the most widely used technique in 3D printing communities worldwide for the fabrication of medical components such as face shields and respiratory valves. In the [...] Read more.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, wide use of 3D printing technologies has been enabled. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is the most widely used technique in 3D printing communities worldwide for the fabrication of medical components such as face shields and respiratory valves. In the current study, the potential of Polyamide 12 (PA12) silver-doped antibacterial nanopowder (AgDANP) nanocomposites is evaluated for everyday FFF usage. Filling loadings of 1.0-2.0-3.0 and 4.0 wt.% were selected for nanocomposite preparation. Mechanical performance analysis was conducted on the basis of tensile, flexural, impact, and Vickers microhardness measurements in FFF 3D-printed specimens. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images were used for morphology and processing evaluation, as well as thermal performance measurements, conducted by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) tests. Finally, the antibacterial performance was tested using the agar-well diffusion screening method, and the shape effect of the specimens was also investigated. The addition of 2.0 wt.% AgDANPs resulted in an enhancement of approximately 27% for both tensile and flexural stresses, while the antibacterial performance was sufficiently high among the nanocomposites tested. The shape effect exhibited the potential for antibacterial performance at low filling ratios, while the effect was diminished with increasing filler of AgDANPs. Full article
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11 pages, 1624 KiB  
Article
Denture Acrylic Resin Material with Antibacterial and Protein-Repelling Properties for the Prevention of Denture Stomatitis
by Salwa Omar Bajunaid, Bashayer H. Baras, Michael D. Weir and Hockin H. K. Xu
Polymers 2022, 14(2), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14020230 - 07 Jan 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2752
Abstract
Denture stomatitis is a multifactorial pathological condition of the oral mucosa that affects up to 72% of denture wearers. It is commonly seen on the palatal mucosa and characterized by erythema on the oral mucosa that are in contact with the denture surface. [...] Read more.
Denture stomatitis is a multifactorial pathological condition of the oral mucosa that affects up to 72% of denture wearers. It is commonly seen on the palatal mucosa and characterized by erythema on the oral mucosa that are in contact with the denture surface. The aim of this study was to incorporate 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) into a high impact polymethylmethacrylate heat-cured denture base acrylic resin as a potential treatment for denture stomatitis. We used a comparative study design to examine the effect of incorporating MPC as a protein repellent agent and DMAHDM as an antifungal agent to prevent the adherence of Candida albicans to the denture base material. The dual incorporation of MPC and DMAHDM reduced C. albicans biofilm colony-forming unit by two orders of magnitude when compared to the control group devoid of the bioactive agents. Although the addition of MPC and DMAHDM alone or in combination significantly reduced the flexural strength of the material, they showed reduced roughness values when compared to control groups. This new denture acrylic resin provides the benefit of enhancing C. albicans biofilm elimination through dual mechanisms of action, which could potentially reduce the prevalence of denture stomatitis. Full article
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20 pages, 43897 KiB  
Article
Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Antimicrobial Polymers Based on the Inclusion of Polyethylene Glycol/TiO2 Nanocomposites in Cyclodextrin as Drug Carriers for Sulfaguanidine
by Hemat M. Dardeer, Arafat Toghan, Magdi E. A. Zaki and Rokaia B. Elamary
Polymers 2022, 14(2), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14020227 - 06 Jan 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2137
Abstract
Polymers and their composites have recently attracted attention in both pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a versatile polymer extensively used in medicine. Herein, three novel PEG-based polymers that are pseudopolyrotaxane (PEG/α-CD) (1), titania–nanocomposite (PEG/TiO2NPs) (2 [...] Read more.
Polymers and their composites have recently attracted attention in both pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a versatile polymer extensively used in medicine. Herein, three novel PEG-based polymers that are pseudopolyrotaxane (PEG/α-CD) (1), titania–nanocomposite (PEG/TiO2NPs) (2), and pseudopolyrotaxane–titania–nanocomposite (PEG/α-CD/TiO2NPs) (3), were synthesized and characterized. The chemical structure, surface morphology, and optical properties of the newly materials were examined by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, SEM, and UV–Vis., respectively. The prepared polymers were used as drug carriers of sulfaguanidine as PEG/α-CD/Drug (4), PEG/TiO2NPs/Drug (5), and PEG/α-CD/TiO2NPs/Drug (6). The influence of these drug-carrying formulations on the physical and chemical characteristics of sulfaguanidine including pharmacokinetic response, solubility, and tissue penetration was explored. Evaluation of the antibacterial and antibiofilm effect of sulfaguanidine was tested before and after loading onto the prepared polymers against some Gram-negative and positive bacteria (E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)), as well. The results of this work turned out to be very promising as they confirmed that loading sulfaguanidine to the newly designed polymers not only showed superior antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy compared to the pure drug, but also modified the properties of the sulfaguanidine drug itself. Full article
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2021

Jump to: 2023, 2022, 2020

14 pages, 1729 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Antimicrobial Activities of Thai Household Essential Oils in Chitosan Film
by Juthamas Tantala, Pornchai Rachtanapun and Chitsiri Rachtanapun
Polymers 2021, 13(9), 1519; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13091519 - 09 May 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2951
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens mostly contaminate ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products by post-process contamination and cause foodborne disease outbreaks. Preventing post-process contamination and controlling microbial growth during storage by packing the RTE meats with active antimicrobial film from chitosan combined with the synergism of Thai household [...] Read more.
Foodborne pathogens mostly contaminate ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products by post-process contamination and cause foodborne disease outbreaks. Preventing post-process contamination and controlling microbial growth during storage by packing the RTE meats with active antimicrobial film from chitosan combined with the synergism of Thai household essential oils was investigated. Here, we analyzed antimicrobial activity and mechanical properties of chitosan films incorporated with essential oil of fingerroot (EOF) and holy basil (EOH) based on their fractional inhibitory concentration and isobolograms. We showed that antimicrobial activities of chitosan film and chitosan films formulated with EOF:EOH displayed a dramatical reduction of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A concentration by 7 Log in 12 h. Chitosan film incorporated with EOF:EOH at ratio 0.04:0.04% v/v/w strongly retarded growth of total viable count of L. monocytogenes on vacuum-packed bologna slices during seven days of storage at 4 and 10 °C. Combined EOF and EOH added to chitosan films did not alter thickness, elongation (%) and colors (L*, a* and b*) of the chitosan film, but it increased water vapor transmission rate and decreased film tensile strength. Results suggested that chitosan film had strong antibacterial properties. Its effectiveness in inhibiting foodborne pathogenic bacteria in ready-to-eat meat products was enhanced by adding a combination of EOF:EOH. Full article
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13 pages, 2659 KiB  
Article
Antibacterial Amphiphilic Copolymers of Dimethylamino Ethyl Methacrylate and Methyl Methacrylate to Control Biofilm Adhesion for Antifouling Applications
by Shehla Mushtaq, Nasir M. Ahmad, Azhar Mahmood and Mudassir Iqbal
Polymers 2021, 13(2), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13020216 - 09 Jan 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3431
Abstract
Amphiphilic copolymers are recognized as important biomaterials and used as antibacterial agents due to their effective inhibition of bacterial growth. In current study, the amphiphilic copolymers of P(DMAEMA-co-MMA) were synthesized using free radical polymerization by varying the concentrations of hydrophilic monomer 2-dimethylamino ethylmethacrylate [...] Read more.
Amphiphilic copolymers are recognized as important biomaterials and used as antibacterial agents due to their effective inhibition of bacterial growth. In current study, the amphiphilic copolymers of P(DMAEMA-co-MMA) were synthesized using free radical polymerization by varying the concentrations of hydrophilic monomer 2-dimethylamino ethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA) and hydrophobic monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA) having PDI value of 1.65–1.93. The DMAEMA monomer, through ternary amine with antibacterial property optimized copolymers, P(DMAEMA-co-MMA), compositions to control biofilm adhesion. Antibacterial activity of synthesized copolymers was elucidated against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Gram-negative Escherchia coli (ATCC 8739) by disk diffusion method, and zones of inhibition were measured. The desired composition that was PDM1 copolymer had shown good zones of inhibition i.e., 19 ± 0.33 mm and 20 ± 0.33 mm for E. coli and S. aureus respectively. The PDM1 and PDM2 have exhibited significant control over bacterial biofilm adhesion as tested by six well plate method. SEM study of bacterial biofilm formation has illustrated that these copolymers act in a similar fashion like cationic biocide. These compositions viz. PDM1 and PDM2, may be useful in development of bioreactors, sensors, surgical equipment and drug delivery devices. Full article
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2020

Jump to: 2023, 2022, 2021

13 pages, 2633 KiB  
Article
Biocidal Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Bis-Quaternary Onium Salts of Poly(aspartate-co-succinimide)
by Mohamed H. El-Newehy, Meera Moydeen A., Ali K. Aldalbahi, Badr M. Thamer, Yehia A.-G. Mahmoud and Hany El-Hamshary
Polymers 2021, 13(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13010023 - 23 Dec 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2351
Abstract
Microbial multidrug resistance presents a real problem to human health. Therefore, water-soluble polymers based on poly(aspartate-co-succinimide) were synthesized via reaction of poly(aspartate-co-succinimide) with bis-quaternary ammonium or quaternary salts. The resultant copolymers were characterized by various techniques such as FTIR, [...] Read more.
Microbial multidrug resistance presents a real problem to human health. Therefore, water-soluble polymers based on poly(aspartate-co-succinimide) were synthesized via reaction of poly(aspartate-co-succinimide) with bis-quaternary ammonium or quaternary salts. The resultant copolymers were characterized by various techniques such as FTIR, TGA, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and elemental microanalysis. Antimicrobial activities of the new onium salts were investigated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhi, and the fungi; Candida albicans,Aspergillus niger, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus flavus by agar diffusion method. Antimicrobial activity was studied in terms of inhibition zone diameters, in addition to the estimation of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the prepared compounds. A. niger and E. coli were the most affected microorganisms among the tested microorganisms with an inhibition zone of 19–21 (mm) in case of biocides, (V) and (VII). The obtained results showed that the quaternary onium salts have higher activity compared to the aspartate copolymer with MIC concentrations of 25 mg/mL for (VII) and (V) and 50 mg/mL for (VI) and (IV). Full article
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12 pages, 2608 KiB  
Article
Antibacterial Mechanism of Silkworm Seroins
by Hongtao Zhu, Xiaolu Zhang, Mengyao Lu, Haiqin Chen, Shiyi Chen, Jiaxuan Han, Yan Zhang, Ping Zhao and Zhaoming Dong
Polymers 2020, 12(12), 2985; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122985 - 14 Dec 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2293
Abstract
Seroin 1 and seroin 2 are abundant in silkworm cocoon silk and show strong antibacterial activities, and thus are thought to protect cocoon silk from damage by bacteria. In this study, we characterized the expression pattern of silkworm seroin 3, and found that [...] Read more.
Seroin 1 and seroin 2 are abundant in silkworm cocoon silk and show strong antibacterial activities, and thus are thought to protect cocoon silk from damage by bacteria. In this study, we characterized the expression pattern of silkworm seroin 3, and found that seroin 3 is synthesized in the female ovary and secreted into egg to play its roles. After being infected, seroin 1, 2, and 3 were significantly up-regulated in the silkworm. We synthesized the full-length protein of seroin 1, 2, and 3 and their N/C-terminal domain (seroin-N/C), and compared the antimicrobial activities in vitro. All three seroins showed higher antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negative bacteria. Seroin 2 showed better antibacterial effect than seroin 1 and 3, whereas seroin 1/2/3-N was better than seroin 1/2/3-C. We found that seroin 2-C has stronger peptidoglycan binding ability than seroin 2-N per the ELISA test. The binding sites of seroin 2 with bacteria were blocked by peptidoglycan, which resulted in the loss of the antibacterial activity of seroin 2. Collectively, these findings suggest that seroin 1 and 2 play antibacterial roles in cocoon silk, whereas seroin 3 functions in the eggs. The three silkworm seroins have the same antibacterial mechanism, that is, binding to bacterial peptidoglycan by the C-terminal domain and inhibiting bacterial growth by the N-terminal domain. Full article
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