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Polymers
Special Issues
Advanced Resin Matrix Composites: Synthesis, Characterization, Processing and Applications
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Advanced Resin Matrix Composites: Synthesis, Characterization, Processing and Applications

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 June 2024 | Viewed by 3635

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yizhuo Gu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Key Laboratory of Aerospace Materials and Performance, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
Interests: polymer composite; functional composite; process monitoring; epoxy resin; carbon fiber
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Shaokai Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Key Laboratory of Aerospace Materials and Performance, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
Interests: polymer composite; thermal conductivity; carbon nanotube-reinforced composite
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focuses on the advanced science and technology of resin matrix composites. This kind of advanced composite has the strongest influence on the academic field and industry, and its relevant developments regarding polymers are significant. The areas of interest of this Special Issue include new research results about materials, properties, testing methods and manufacturing techniques that have close relationships with the polymer. Special details about new polymer matrices, functional polymers, interphase design, properties in extreme environments, numerical analysis of composite properties, process simulation, 3-D printing, and 4-D printing are welcome. Besides fiber composites, studies on hybrid fiber composites and nanomaterial-reinforced fiber composites also belong in this Special Issue. Original research articles and comprehensive review articles will be accepted for submission. 

Dr. Yizhuo Gu
Prof. Dr. Shaokai Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fibers
  • thermoplastic resin
  • thermosetting resin
  • polymer matrix composites
  • interface/interphase
  • numerical analysis
  • process simulation
  • 3D printing
  • 4D printing

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 10762 KiB  
Article
Nanocellulose Grades with Different Morphologies and Surface Modification as Additives for Waterborne Epoxy Coatings
by Pieter Samyn and Patrick Cosemans
Polymers 2024, 16(8), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16081095 - 14 Apr 2024
Viewed by 821
Abstract
While adding different micro- and nanocellulose types into epoxy coating formulations with waterborne phenalkamine crosslinker, effects on processing conditions and coating performance were systematically investigated. The variations in viscosity, thermal and thermomechanical properties, mechanical behavior, abrasive wear, water contact angles, and coating morphologies [...] Read more.
While adding different micro- and nanocellulose types into epoxy coating formulations with waterborne phenalkamine crosslinker, effects on processing conditions and coating performance were systematically investigated. The variations in viscosity, thermal and thermomechanical properties, mechanical behavior, abrasive wear, water contact angles, and coating morphologies were evaluated. The selected additives include microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) at 1 to 10 wt.% and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), cellulose microfibers (CMF), and hydrophobically modified cellulose microfibers (mCMF) at 0.1 to 1.5 wt.%. The viscosity profiles are determined by the inherent additive characteristics with strong shear thinning effects for epoxy/CNF, while the epoxy/mCMF provides lower viscosity and better matrix compatibility owing to the lubrication of encapsulated wax. The crosslinking of epoxy/CNF is favored and postponed for epoxy/(CNC, CMF, mCMF), as the stronger interactions between epoxy and CNF are confirmed by an increase in the glass transition temperature and reduction in the dampening factor. The mechanical properties indicate the highest hardness and impact strength for epoxy/CNF resulting in the lowest abrasion wear rates, but ductility enhances and wear rates mostly reduce for epoxy/mCMF together with hydrophobic protection. In addition, the mechanical reinforcement owing to the specific organization of a nanocellulose network at percolation threshold concentrations of 0.75 wt.% is confirmed by microscopic analysis: the latter results in a 2.6 °C (CNF) or 1.6 °C (CNC) increase in the glass transition temperature, 50% (CNF) or 20% (CNC) increase in the E modulus, 37% (CNF) or 32% (CNC) increase in hardness, and 58% (CNF) or 33% (CNC) lower abrasive wear compared to neat epoxy, while higher concentrations up to 1.5 wt.% mCMF can be added. This research significantly demonstrates that nanocellulose is directly compatible with a waterborne phenalkamine crosslinker and actively contributes to the crosslinking of waterborne epoxy coatings, changing the intrinsic glass transition temperatures and hardness properties, to which mechanical coating performance directly relates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Resin Matrix Composites: Synthesis, Characterization, Processing and Applications)
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15 pages, 4187 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of DOPO-Containing Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)s by Oxidative Coupling Polymerization
by Cheng-Hao Lu, Chi Chang, Yu-Chen Huang, Jun-Xiang You and Mong Liang
Polymers 2024, 16(2), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16020303 - 22 Jan 2024
Viewed by 717
Abstract
A set of polyphenylene oxides incorporating DOPO (9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide) functionality, denoted as DOPO−R−PPO, was synthesized by copolymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol (2,6-DMP) with various DOPO-substituted tetramethyl bisphenol monomers. In the initial step, a Friedel–Crafts acylation reaction was employed to react 2,6-DMP with different acyl chlorides, leading [...] Read more.
A set of polyphenylene oxides incorporating DOPO (9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide) functionality, denoted as DOPO−R−PPO, was synthesized by copolymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol (2,6-DMP) with various DOPO-substituted tetramethyl bisphenol monomers. In the initial step, a Friedel–Crafts acylation reaction was employed to react 2,6-DMP with different acyl chlorides, leading to the formation of ketone derivatives substituted with 2,6-dimethylphenyl groups. Subsequently, the ketones, along with DOPO and 2,6-DMP, underwent a condensation reaction to yield a series of DOPO-substituted bisphenol derivatives. Finally, polymerizations of 2,6-dimethylphenol with these DOPO-substituted bisphenols were carried out in organic solvents using copper(I) bromide/N-butyldimethylamine catalysts (CuBr/DMBA) under a continuous flow of oxygen, yielding telechelic PPO oligomers with DOPO moieties incorporated into the polymer backbone. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized using various analytical techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). When compared to conventional poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)s with a similar molecular weight range, all DOPO−PPOs exhibited higher glass transition temperatures, enhanced thermal degradability, and increased char yield formation at 800 °C without compromising solubility in organic solvents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Resin Matrix Composites: Synthesis, Characterization, Processing and Applications)
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14 pages, 7872 KiB  
Article
Bio-Based Alkali Lignin Cooperative Systems for Improving the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam
by Xu Li, Chang Liu, Xinyu An, Li Niu, Jacko Feng and Zhiming Liu
Polymers 2023, 15(24), 4709; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15244709 - 14 Dec 2023
Viewed by 779
Abstract
Lignin was utilized as an environmentally friendly synergistic agent to augment the fire resistance and mechanical characteristics of rigid polyurethane foam (PUF)/melamine–formaldehyde resin ammonium polyphosphate (MFAPP). The incorporation of lignin significantly enhanced the charring capability and flame retardancy of PUF/MFAPP. Specifically, PUF/MFAPP12 [...] Read more.
Lignin was utilized as an environmentally friendly synergistic agent to augment the fire resistance and mechanical characteristics of rigid polyurethane foam (PUF)/melamine–formaldehyde resin ammonium polyphosphate (MFAPP). The incorporation of lignin significantly enhanced the charring capability and flame retardancy of PUF/MFAPP. Specifically, PUF/MFAPP12/A-lignin3 exhibited a charring residue of 23.1% at 800 °C, accompanied by an increase in the limiting oxygen index (LOI) to 23.1%, resulting in a UL-94 V-0 rating. The cone calorimeter test (CCT) revealed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production (TSP) values of PUF/MFAPP12/A-lignin3 were all lower than for pure PUF. MFAPP and alkali lignin exerted a noticeable influence on the physical and mechanical properties, leading to increases in density (35.4 kg/m3), thermal conductivity (32.68 mW/(m·K)), and compressive strength (160.5 kPa). Observations of the morphology and elemental composition of char residues after combustion indicated the formation of an intact, thick, and continuous char layer enriched with nitrogen and phosphorus elements, which acted as a protective shield for the underlying foam. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Resin Matrix Composites: Synthesis, Characterization, Processing and Applications)
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13 pages, 3964 KiB  
Article
Near-Infrared Light Triggered the Shape Memory Behavior of Polydopamine-Nanoparticle-Filled Epoxy Acrylate
by Qi Wang, Xuefeng Yan, Ping Liu, Yiyan Xu, Qingbao Guan and Zhengwei You
Polymers 2023, 15(16), 3394; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15163394 - 13 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 921
Abstract
Through the effective combination of photothermal conversion agent polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles and epoxy acrylate polymer (EA), a new kind of near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered shape memory polymer (PDA/EA) is developed. Due to the outstanding photothermal effect of PDA, even with a very low concentration [...] Read more.
Through the effective combination of photothermal conversion agent polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles and epoxy acrylate polymer (EA), a new kind of near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered shape memory polymer (PDA/EA) is developed. Due to the outstanding photothermal effect of PDA, even with a very low concentration of PDA (0.1 wt.%), when exposed to an 808 nm NIR light with a power of 1 W/cm2, the temporary shapes can be fully light-responsive, recovered in 60 s. Based on dynamic thermomechanical analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis, it can be seen that the introduction of PDA is beneficial for improving dynamic mechanical properties and thermal resistance compared to EA. As an environmentally friendly and highly efficient photoactive SMP, PDA/EA has a great application prospect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Resin Matrix Composites: Synthesis, Characterization, Processing and Applications)
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