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Polymers
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Layered Materials-Polymer Based Fire Retardant Composites
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Layered Materials-Polymer Based Fire Retardant Composites

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 9675

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yi Qian

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
Interests: flame retardant; layered double hydroxide; polymer composites; smoke suppression
Dr. Long Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
Interests: polymeric membrane electrodes; flame retardant polymer composites

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, developing fire retardant additives for polymer composites have attracted worldwide attention. Advanced layered materials are becoming promising components owing to their superior performance for heat isolation in the combustion processes. Moreover, functionalized layered materials may improve the smoke suppression properties of the composites.

This Special Issue aims to highlight the aspects of the development of layered materials and characterizations of their fire-retardant properties, with a focus on advanced research of fire retardant mechanisms.

Polymers: Layered Material-Polymer Based Fire Retardant Composites includes topics about the development of advanced layered materials and their impact on the fire-retardant performance of polymer composites.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

  • Fire retardant advanced layered materials;
  • Fire retardant layered double hydroxide;
  • Fire retardant layered materials/polymer composites;
  • Mechanism of fire retardant;
  • Smoke suppression properties of advanced layered materials;
  • Future perspectives for fire retardant advanced layered materials.

Prof. Dr. Yi Qian
Dr. Long Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • layered materials
  • polymer
  • fire retardant
  • composites

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 8128 KiB  
Article
Organophosphorus Reinforced Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanocomposites Doped with Silver-Loaded Zeolite L Nanoparticles as Sustainable Materials for Packaging Applications
by Tăchiță Vlad-Bubulac, Corneliu Hamciuc, Diana Serbezeanu, Dana Mihaela Suflet, Daniela Rusu, Gabriela Lisa, Ion Anghel, Dana-Maria Preda, Totka Todorova and Cristina Mihaela Rîmbu
Polymers 2023, 15(11), 2573; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15112573 - 4 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1305
Abstract
The sustainable development of innovative eco-friendly multifunctional nanocomposites, possessing superior characteristics, is a noteworthy topic. Novel semi-interpenetrated nanocomposite films based on poly(vinyl alcohol) covalently and thermally crosslinked with oxalic acid (OA), reinforced with a novel organophosphorus flame retardant (PFR-4) derived from co-polycondensation in [...] Read more.
The sustainable development of innovative eco-friendly multifunctional nanocomposites, possessing superior characteristics, is a noteworthy topic. Novel semi-interpenetrated nanocomposite films based on poly(vinyl alcohol) covalently and thermally crosslinked with oxalic acid (OA), reinforced with a novel organophosphorus flame retardant (PFR-4) derived from co-polycondensation in solution reaction of equimolar amounts of co-monomers, namely, bis((6-oxido-6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorinyl)-(4-hydroxyaniline)-methylene)-1,4-phenylene, bisphenol S, and phenylphosphonic dichloride, in a molar ratio of 1:1:2, and additionally doped with silver-loaded zeolite L nanoparticles (ze-Ag), have been prepared by casting from solution technique. The morphology of the as prepared PVA-oxalic acid films and their semi-interpenetrated nanocomposites with PFR-4 and ze-Ag was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the homogeneous distribution of the organophosphorus compound and nanoparticles within the nanocomposite films has been introspected by means of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). It was established that composites with a very low phosphorus content had noticeably improved flame retardancy. The peak of the heat release rate was reduced up to 55%, depending on the content of the flame-retardant additive and the doping ze-Ag nanoparticles introduced into the PVA/OA matrix. The ultimate tensile strength and elastic modulus increased significantly in the reinforced nanocomposites. Considerably increased antimicrobial activity was revealed in the case of the samples containing silver-loaded zeolite L nanoparticles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Layered Materials-Polymer Based Fire Retardant Composites)
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17 pages, 4615 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Alkyl Terminal Chain Length of Schiff-Based Cyclotriphosphazene Derivatives towards Epoxy Resins on Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties
by Nur Atika Waldin and Zuhair Jamain
Polymers 2023, 15(6), 1431; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15061431 - 14 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1448
Abstract
A series of Schiff-based cyclotriphosphazenes with different alkyl chain length terminal ends, 4a (dodecyl) and 4b (tetradecyl), were synthesized and the structures were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and 1H, 13C, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and carbon, [...] Read more.
A series of Schiff-based cyclotriphosphazenes with different alkyl chain length terminal ends, 4a (dodecyl) and 4b (tetradecyl), were synthesized and the structures were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and 1H, 13C, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis. The flame-retardant and mechanical properties of the epoxy resin (EP) matrix were examined. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 4a (26.55%) and 4b (26.71%) revealed a good increment compared to pure EP (22.75%). The LOI results corresponded to their thermal behavior studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the char residue analyzed under field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The mechanical properties of EP showed a positive impact on tensile strength with a trend of EP < 4a < 4b. The tensile strength went from 8.06 N/mm2 (pure EP) to 14.36 and 20.37 N/mm2, indicating that the additives were compatible with epoxy resin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Layered Materials-Polymer Based Fire Retardant Composites)
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16 pages, 4493 KiB  
Article
Cooperative Effect of ZIF-67-Derived Hollow NiCo-LDH and MoS2 on Enhancing the Flame Retardancy of Thermoplastic Polyurethane
by Yi Qian, Wenyuan Su, Long Li, Rongmin Zhao, Haoyan Fu, Jiayin Li, Peidong Zhang, Qingjie Guo and Jingjing Ma
Polymers 2022, 14(11), 2204; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14112204 - 29 May 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2134
Abstract
In this work, a novel three-dimensional (3D) hollow nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide (NiCo-LDH) was synthesized using zeolitic imidazole framework-67 (ZIF-67) as a template, and then utilized to functionalize molybdenum disulfide (NiCo-LDH/MoS2) via electrostatic force. Flame retardant thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites were [...] Read more.
In this work, a novel three-dimensional (3D) hollow nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide (NiCo-LDH) was synthesized using zeolitic imidazole framework-67 (ZIF-67) as a template, and then utilized to functionalize molybdenum disulfide (NiCo-LDH/MoS2) via electrostatic force. Flame retardant thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites were prepared by the melt blending method. Compared to pure TPU, NiCo-LDH/MoS2 filled TPU composite was endowed with a decrease of 30.9% and 55.7% of the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and the peak smoke production rate (PSPR), respectively. Furthermore, the addition of NiCo-LDH/MoS2 can significantly improve the thermal stability and char yield of the TPU composite. The catalytic carbonization effect and dilution effect of NiCo-LDH, and the barrier effect of MoS2 nanosheets enable TPU composites with excellent flame retardancy and toxic gas suppression ability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Layered Materials-Polymer Based Fire Retardant Composites)
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21 pages, 49603 KiB  
Article
Diblock Copolymers Containing Titanium-Hybridized Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Used as a Macromolecular Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resin
by Ruirui Zhou, Lijie Lin, Birong Zeng, Xindan Yi, Chenyu Huang, Kunpeng Du, Xiaohui Liu, Yiting Xu, Conghui Yuan and Lizong Dai
Polymers 2022, 14(9), 1708; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091708 - 22 Apr 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1897
Abstract
In this paper, the 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-containing diblock copolymer poly[(p-hydroxybenzaldehyde methacrylate)m-b-(2-((6-oxidodibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin-6-yl)oxy)ethyl methacrylate)n] (abbrev. poly(HAMAm-b-HEPOMAn)) was synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. When it was continued to react with titanium-hybridized aminopropyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (Ti-POSS) [...] Read more.
In this paper, the 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-containing diblock copolymer poly[(p-hydroxybenzaldehyde methacrylate)m-b-(2-((6-oxidodibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin-6-yl)oxy)ethyl methacrylate)n] (abbrev. poly(HAMAm-b-HEPOMAn)) was synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. When it was continued to react with titanium-hybridized aminopropyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (Ti-POSS) through a Schiff-base reaction, new grafted copolymers poly[(Ti-POSS-HAMA)m-b-HEPOMAn] (abbrev. PolyTi) were obtained. Then, they were used as macromolecular flame retardant to modify epoxy resin materials. The thermal, flame retardant and mechanical properties of the prepared EP/PolyTi composites were tested by TGA, DSC, LOI, UL-94, SEM, Raman, DMA, etc. The migration of phosphorus moiety from epoxy resin composites was analyzed by immersing the composites into ethanol/H2O solution and recording the extraction solution by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results showed that the added PolyTi enhanced the glass transition temperature, the carbon residue, the graphitization of char, LOI, and mechanical properties of the EP/PolyTi composites when compared to pure cured EP. Furthermore, the phosphorus moieties were more likely to migrate from EP/DOPO composites than that from EP/PolyTi composites. Obviously, compared with small molecular flame retardant modified EP, the macromolecular flame retardant modified EP/PolyTi composites exhibited better thermal stability, flame retardancy, and resistance to migration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Layered Materials-Polymer Based Fire Retardant Composites)
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17 pages, 4673 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of 3D Hollow Layered Double Hydroxide-Molybdenum Disulfide Hybrid Materials and Their Application in Flame Retardant Thermoplastic Polyurethane
by Yi Qian, Wenyuan Su, Long Li, Haoyan Fu, Jiayin Li and Yihao Zhang
Polymers 2022, 14(8), 1506; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14081506 - 7 Apr 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2360
Abstract
The development of high-performance thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with high flame retardancy and low toxicity has always been the focus of its research. In this paper, the novel 3D hollow layered double hydroxide/molybdenum disulfide (LDH/MoS2) hybrid materials were synthesized by hydrothermal method [...] Read more.
The development of high-performance thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with high flame retardancy and low toxicity has always been the focus of its research. In this paper, the novel 3D hollow layered double hydroxide/molybdenum disulfide (LDH/MoS2) hybrid materials were synthesized by hydrothermal method using the MIL-88A as in situ sacrificial template and MoS2 as synergistic flame retardant. Among all TPU composites, the peak heat release rate, total heat release rate, and total smoke release rate of TPU/NiFeTb-LDH/MoS2 were reduced by 50.9%, 18.2%, and 35.8% compared with pure TPU, respectively. The results of the thermogravimetric infrared analysis demonstrated that the contents of combustible volatiles (hydrocarbons) and toxic volatiles (CO and HCN) emitted from TPU/LDH/MoS2 were significantly reduced, indicating that LDH/MoS2 hybrid materials can dramatically enhance the fire safety of TPU composites. Combined with the analysis of carbon residues and thermal stability of TPU composites, the enhanced flame retardancy and smoke suppression performances are primarily attributed to the catalytic carbonization of LDH and the physical barrier effect of MoS2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Layered Materials-Polymer Based Fire Retardant Composites)
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