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Plant Responses to Future Climate Scenarios

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A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2022) | Viewed by 26612

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Francisco Javier Cano Martin

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Guest Editor

Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Carretera de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Interests: C3 and C4 photosynthesis; water use efficiency; mesophyll conductance; stable isotopes; leaf anatomy; plant energy budget; primary metabolism; water and heat stresses

Dr. Alexander Watson-Lazowski

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John Innes Centre, Biochemistry and Metabolism Department, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
Interests: C3 and C4 photosynthesis; starch metabolism; transcriptomics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue Topic will focus on how plants respond to environmental stresses, either acting as a single stress or in combination. Future climate scenarios are encroaching at an alarming rate, placing both crop and wild plant species in a precarious position. It is becoming common for almost any land plant to experience heat stress and drought. These environmental extremes are entangled with rising atmospheric evaporative demand, CO₂ concentrations, and detrimental effects on plant performance and usually amplified by nutrient deficiencies. Understanding how plants respond to these environmental factors is key to implementing mitigating strategies as climate extremes worsen. Not only is this important for crop species, for which future yields will determine whether food production targets can be met, but also in wild plant species providing rich natural diversity and unevaluable ecological functions. Among the themes covered in this Special Issue of Plants are:

Characterization of single abiotic stress and/or in combination with other climate change drivers to uncover plant productivity thresholds and tolerance levels;
Morphological, developmental, physiological, anatomical, and/or molecular adaptations that help to delay/tolerate abiotic stresses;
Sink–source relationships to cope with abiotic stresses;
Trade-offs between plant productivity and tolerance to abiotic stresses;
Inter- and intraspecies diversity in response to abiotic stresses;
Comparisons among C₄ and C₃ cereal performances in response to abiotic stresses;
Agronomical practices that improve physiological traits to mitigate the effect of climate change in crop productivity.

From genes to the field, this Special Issue aims to add new insights and synthetize current knowledge to elucidate beneficial traits and practices that can be implemented to cope with ongoing climate change. Original research articles, correctly argued viewpoints, and reviews are welcome for this Special Issue.

Dr. Francisco Javier Cano Martin
Dr. Alexander Watson-Lazowski
Guest Editors

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Keywords

climate change
heat stress
drought
elevated CO2
VPD
stress combination
crops
C3 vs. C4
natural diversity
phenotypic plasticity

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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38 pages, 6866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Delineation of Genotype X Environment Interaction for Grain Yield in Spring Barley under Untreated and Fungicide-Treated Environments

by Vishnukiran Thuraga, Ulrika Dyrlund Martinsson, Ramesh R. Vetukuri and Aakash Chawade

Plants 2023, 12(4), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040715 - 06 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1226

Abstract

Barley (Hordeul vulgare L.) is the fourth most important cereal crop based on production and cultivated area. Biotic stresses, especially fungal diseases in barley, are devastating, incurring high possibilities of absolute yield loss. Identifying superior and stable yielding genotypes is crucial for accompanying the increasing barley demand. However, the identification and recommendation of superior genotypes is challenging due to the interaction between genotype and environment. Hence, the present investigation was aimed at evaluating the grain yield of different sets of spring barley genotypes when undergoing one of two treatments (no treatment and fungicide treatment) laid out in an alpha lattice design in six to seven locations for five years, through additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), GGE biplot (genotype + genotype X environment), and stability analysis. The combined analysis of variance indicated that the environment was the main factor that contributed to the variation in grain yield, followed by genotype X environment interaction (GEI) effects and genotypic effects. Ten mega environments (MEs) with five MEs from each of the treatments harboured well-adapted, stable yielding genotypes. Exploiting the stable yielding genotypes with discreet use of the representative and discriminative environments identified in the present study could aid in breeding for the improvement of grain yield in spring barley genotypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to Future Climate Scenarios)

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11 pages, 1692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Effect of Free-Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE) in Different Organs and Growth Stages of Two Cultivars of Durum Wheat

by Angie L. Gámez, Xue Han and Iker Aranjuelo

Plants 2023, 12(3), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030686 - 03 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1307

Abstract

Wheat is a target crop within the food security context. The responses of wheat plants under elevated concentrations of CO₂ (e[CO₂]) have been previously studied; however, few of these studies have evaluated several organs at different phenological stages simultaneously under free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) conditions. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of e[CO₂] in two cultivars of wheat (Triumph and Norin), analyzed at three phenological stages (elongation, anthesis, and maturation) and in different organs at each stage, under FACE conditions. Agronomic, biomass, physiological, and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics were examined in both ambient CO₂ (a[CO₂]) fixed at 415 µmol mol⁻¹ CO₂ and e[CO₂] at 550 µmol mol⁻¹ CO₂. We found minimal effect of e[CO₂] compared to a[CO₂] on agronomic and biomass parameters. Also, while exposure to 550 µmol mol⁻¹ CO₂ increased the photosynthetic rate of CO₂ assimilation (An), the current study showed a diminishment in the maximum carboxylation (V_c,max) and maximum electron transport (J_max) under e[CO₂] conditions compared to a[CO₂] at physiological level in both cultivars. However, even if no significant differences were detected between cultivars on photosynthetic machinery, differential responses between cultivars were detected in C and N dynamics at e[CO₂]. Triumph showed starch accumulation in most organs during anthesis and maturation, but a decline in N content was observed. Contrastingly, in Norin, a decrease in starch content during the three stages and an increase in N content was observed. The amino acid content decreased in grain and shells at maturation in both cultivars, which might indicate a minimal translocation from source to sink organs. These results suggest a greater acclimation to e[CO₂] enrichment in Triumph than Norin, because both the elongation stage and e[CO₂] modified the source–sink relationship. According to the differences between cultivars, future studies should be performed to test genetic variation under FACE technology and explore the potential of cultivars to cope with projected climate scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to Future Climate Scenarios)

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12 pages, 747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Legacy Effects in Buds and Leaves of European Beech Saplings (Fagus sylvatica) after Severe Drought

by Frank M. Thomas, Lena Schunck and Alexis Zisakos

Plants 2023, 12(3), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030568 - 26 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1091

Abstract

Against the background of climate change, we studied the effects of a severe summer drought on buds of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) saplings and on leaves formed during the subsequent spring in trees attributed to different drought-damage classes. For the first time, we combined assessments of the vitality (assessed through histochemical staining), mass and stable carbon isotope ratios (δ¹³C) of buds from drought-stressed woody plants with morphological and physiological variables of leaves that have emerged from the same plants and crown parts. The number, individual mass and vitality of the buds decreased and δ¹³C increased with increasing drought-induced damage. Bud mass, vitality and δ¹³C were significantly intercorrelated. The δ¹³C of the buds was imprinted on the leaves formed in the subsequent spring, but individual leaf mass, leaf size and specific leaf area were not significantly different among damage classes. Vitality and δ¹³C of the buds are suitable indicators of the extent of preceding drought impact. Bud vitality may be used as a simple means of screening saplings for the flushing capability in the subsequent spring. European beech saplings are susceptible, but—due to interindividual differences—are resilient, to a certain extent, to a singular severe drought stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to Future Climate Scenarios)

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18 pages, 2176 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isoprene-Emitting Tobacco Plants Are Less Affected by Moderate Water Deficit under Future Climate Change Scenario and Show Adjustments of Stress-Related Proteins in Actual Climate

by Susanna Pollastri, Violeta Velikova, Maurizio Castaldini, Silvia Fineschi, Andrea Ghirardo, Jenny Renaut, Jörg-Peter Schnitzler, Kjell Sergeant, Jana Barbro Winkler, Simone Zorzan and Francesco Loreto

Plants 2023, 12(2), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020333 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1688

Abstract

Isoprene-emitting plants are better protected against thermal and oxidative stresses, which is a desirable trait in a climate-changing (drier and warmer) world. Here we compared the ecophysiological performances of transgenic isoprene-emitting and wild-type non-emitting tobacco plants during water stress and after re-watering in actual environmental conditions (400 ppm of CO₂ and 28 °C of average daily temperature) and in a future climate scenario (600 ppm of CO₂ and 32 °C of average daily temperature). Furthermore, we intended to complement the present knowledge on the mechanisms involved in isoprene-induced resistance to water deficit stress by examining the proteome of transgenic isoprene-emitting and wild-type non-emitting tobacco plants during water stress and after re-watering in actual climate. Isoprene emitters maintained higher photosynthesis and electron transport rates under moderate stress in future climate conditions. However, physiological resistance to water stress in the isoprene-emitting plants was not as marked as expected in actual climate conditions, perhaps because the stress developed rapidly. In actual climate, isoprene emission capacity affected the tobacco proteomic profile, in particular by upregulating proteins associated with stress protection. Our results strengthen the hypothesis that isoprene biosynthesis is related to metabolic changes at the gene and protein levels involved in the activation of general stress defensive mechanisms of plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to Future Climate Scenarios)

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21 pages, 3342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elevated CO₂ Alters the Physiological and Transcriptome Responses of Pinus densiflora to Long-Term CO₂ Exposure

by Tae-Lim Kim, Hyemin Lim, Hoyong Chung, Karpagam Veerappan and Changyoung Oh

Plants 2022, 11(24), 3530; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243530 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1298

Abstract

Physiological response and transcriptome changes were observed to investigate the effects on the growth, metabolism and genetic changes of Pinus densiflora grown for a long time in an environment with an elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration. Pine trees were grown at ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (560 ppm and 720 ppm) CO₂ concentrations for 10 years in open-top chambers. The content of nonstructural carbohydrates was significantly increased in elevated CO₂. It was notable that the contents of chlorophylls significantly decreased at an elevated CO₂. The activities of antioxidants were significantly increased at an elevated CO₂ concentration of 720 ppm. We analyzed the differences in the transcriptomes of Pinus densiflora at ambient and elevated CO₂ concentrations and elucidated the functions of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). RNA-Seq analysis identified 2415 and 4462 DEGs between an ambient and elevated CO₂ concentrations of 560 ppm and 720 ppm, respectively. Genes related to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and starch/sucrose metabolism were unchanged or decreased at an elevated CO₂ concentration of 560 ppm and tended to increase at an elevated CO₂ concentration of 720 ppm. It was confirmed that the expression levels of genes related to photosynthesis and antioxidants were increased at an elevated CO₂ concentration of 720 ppm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to Future Climate Scenarios)

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17 pages, 3284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Response of Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Populations to Climate in the Easternmost Sites of Its European Distribution

by Cătălin-Constantin Roibu, Ciprian Palaghianu, Viorica Nagavciuc, Monica Ionita, Victor Sfecla, Andrei Mursa, Alan Crivellaro, Marian-Ionut Stirbu, Mihai-Gabriel Cotos, Andrei Popa, Irina Sfecla and Ionel Popa

Plants 2022, 11(23), 3310; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233310 - 30 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1642

Abstract

In the context of forecasted climate change scenarios, the growth of forest tree species at their distribution margin is crucial to adapt current forest management strategies. Analyses of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) growth have shown high plasticity, but easternmost beech populations have been rarely studied. To describe the response of the marginal beech population to the climate in the far east sites of its distribution, we first compiled new tree ring width chronologies. Then we analyzed climate–growth relationships for three marginal beech populations in the Republic of Moldova. We observed a relatively high growth rate in the marginal populations compared to core distribution sites. Our analyses further revealed a distinct and significant response of beech growth to all climatic variables, assessing for the first time the relationship between growth and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) which described how plant growth responds to drought. These results highlight that accumulated water deficit is an essential limiting factor of beech growth in this region. In conclusion, beech growth in the easternmost marginal population is drought-limited, and the sensitivity to VPD will need to be considered in future studies to update the forest management of other economic and ecologically important species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to Future Climate Scenarios)

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21 pages, 3212 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Prospecting the Resilience of Several Spanish Ancient Varieties of Red Grape under Climate Change Scenarios

by María Carmen Antolín, Eduardo Salinas, Ana Fernández, Yolanda Gogorcena, Inmaculada Pascual, Juan José Irigoyen and Nieves Goicoechea

Plants 2022, 11(21), 2929; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212929 - 31 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1336

Abstract

Background: Climate change results in warmer air temperatures and an uncertain amount and distribution of annual precipitations, which will directly impact rainfed crops, such as the grapevine. Traditionally, ancient autochthones grapevine varieties have been substituted by modern ones with higher productivity. However, this homogenization of genotypes reduces the genetic diversity of vineyards which could make their ability to adapt to challenges imposed by future climate conditions difficult. Therefore, this work aimed to assess the response of four ancient grapevine varieties to high temperatures under different water availabilities, focusing on plant water relations, grape technological and phenolic maturity, and the antioxidant capacity of the must. Methods: The study was conducted on fruit-bearing cuttings grown in pots in temperature-gradient greenhouses. A two-factorial design was established where two temperature regimes, ambient and elevated (ambient + 4 °C), were combined with two water regimes, full irrigation and post-veraison deficit irrigation, during fruit ripening. Results: There were significant differences among the ancient varieties regarding plant water relations and fruit quality. Conclusion: This research underlines the importance of evaluating the behavior of ancient grapevine varieties that could offer good options for the adaptation of viticulture to future climate conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to Future Climate Scenarios)

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8 pages, 1749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variability of Phenological Behaviours of Wild Fruit Tree Species Based on Discriminant Analysis

by Sina Cosmulescu, Dragoș Ștefănescu and Ana-Maria Stoenescu

Plants 2022, 11(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010045 - 24 Dec 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2599

Abstract

Vegetation phenology is considered an important biological indicator in understanding the behaviour of ecosystems and how it responds to environmental cues. The aim of this paper is to provide information on the variability of phenological behaviours based on discriminant analysis using the R software package with the following libraries: ggplot2, heplots, candisc, MASS, car, and klaR. Three phenological phases were analysed with eight wild fruit tree species from a forest ecosystem in the southwestern part of Romania (44°05′19.5” N 23°54′03.5” E). It was found that there is a large and very large variability for the “bud burst” phenophase, medium and low for “full flowering”, and reduced for the “all petals fallen” phenophase. For the analyzed data, the discriminant analysis model has high accuracy (accuracy: 0.9583; 95% CI: (0.7888, 0.9989). Partition plots show the results of “full flowering” and “all petals fallen” as a function of the “bud burst” of pockmarks when separated into eight clusters and eight clusters of “full flowering” as a function of “all petals fallen”. The differences observed, from a phenological point of view, are not only due to the different cold requirements of these species but also to the temperatures during the spring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to Future Climate Scenarios)

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19 pages, 5435 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating the Negative Effect of Drought Stress in Oat (Avena sativa L.) with Silicon and Sulphur Foliar Fertilization

by Erika Kutasy, Erika Buday-Bódi, István Csaba Virág, Fanni Forgács, Anteneh Agezew Melash, László Zsombik, Attila Nagy and József Csajbók

Plants 2022, 11(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010030 - 23 Dec 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3959

Abstract

A field experiment was carried out in the 2020–2021 growing season, aiming at investigating the abiotic stress tolerance of oat (Avena sativa L.) with silicon and sulphur foliar fertilization treatments and monitoring the effect of treatments on the physiology, production and stress tolerance of winter oat varieties. In the Hungarian national list of varieties, six winter oat varieties were registered in 2020, and all of the registered varieties were sown in a small plot field experiment in Debrecen, Hungary. The drought tolerance of the oat could be tested, because June was very dry in 2021; the rainfall that month totaled 6 mm only despite a 30-year average of 66.5 mm, and the average temperature for the month was 3.2 °C higher than the 30-year average. Foliar application of silicon and sulphur fertilizers caused differences in the photosynthesis rate, total conductance to CO₂, transpiration, water use efficiency, leaf area, chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, thousand kernel weight (TKW) and yield of winter oat. The application of silicon significantly increased the photosynthesis rate (16.8–149.3%), transpiration (5.4–5.6%), air–leaf temperature difference (16.2–43.2%), chlorophyll (1.0%) and carotenoid (2.5%) content. The yield increased by 10.2% (Si) and 8.0% (Si plus S), and the TKW by 3.3% (Si) and 5.0% (Si plus S), compared to the control plots. The plants in the control plots assimilated less CO₂ while transpiring 1 m³ water more than in the Si, S or Si plus S fertilized plots. The effect of the silicon varied from 9.0 to 195.4% in water use efficiency (WUE) in the three development stages (BBCH52, BBCH65 and BBCH77). A lower leaf area index was measured in the foliar fertilized plots; even so, the yield was higher, compared to that from the control plots. Great variation was found in response to the foliar Si and S fertilization among winter oat varieties—in WUE, 2.0–43.1%; in total conductance to CO₂, 4.9–37.3%; in leaf area, 1.6–34.1%. Despite the droughty weather of June, the winter oat varieties produced a high yield. The highest yield was in ‘GK Arany’ (7015.7 kg ha⁻¹), which was 23.8% more than the lowest yield (‘Mv Kincsem’, 5665.6 kg ha ⁻¹). In the average of the treatments, the TKW increased from 23.9 to 33.9 g (41.8%). ‘Mv Hópehely’ had the highest TKW. Our results provide information about the abiotic stress tolerance of winter oat, which, besides being a good model plant because of its drought resistance, is an important human food and animal feed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to Future Climate Scenarios)

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14 pages, 2520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adoption of Durum Wheat Cultivar ‘Salim’ with a Technical Package and Its Resilience to Climate Change Impacts in Smallholders: Case of Nebeur/Kef Region, Tunisia

by Sourour Ayed, Saida Mlouhi and Imen Bouhaouel

Plants 2021, 10(11), 2379; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112379 - 05 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2132

Abstract

In recent years, there has been an urgent need for local strategies to ensure food sustainability in Tunisia, recognized as a climate change hotspot region. In this context, adaptation measures, including the adoption of high-yielding durum wheat cultivars with adequate agronomical practices, are an important avenue to improving the productivity of the smallholders that represent 80% of Tunisian farmers. Thus, this study highlights the impact of (i) the adoption of the recently marketed durum wheat cultivar ‘Salim’ as compared to the common cultivar ‘Karim’ and the transfer of a technical package to 11 farmers in the Nebeur delegation/Kef-Tunisia (semi-arid region) during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 cropping seasons, and (ii) climate change on the expected mean grain yield and biomass by 2070, using the CropSyst agronomic cultivation model based on multi-year crop simulations run with a daily weather series (2020–2070). The adoption of ‘Salim’ with the recommended package, compared to ‘Karim’ with the farmer practices, significantly increased the grain yield (37.84%) and biomass (55.43%). Otherwise, the impact of the 0.8 °C temperature rise on the potential yields and biomass over the next 51 years was positive. Contrary to expectations, the yield increases for the two cultivars were very close, but the yield of ‘Salim’ (36.02 q ha⁻¹) remains much higher than that of ‘Karim’ (23.34 q ha⁻¹). On other hand, ‘Salim’ experienced a higher increase for biomass compared to that of ‘Karim’. These results indicate that the adoption of the ‘Salim’ cultivar with its technical package might be considered as a strategy of adaptation to Nebeur conditions and to future climate change events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to Future Climate Scenarios)

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Review

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20 pages, 2440 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Systematic Review on the Impacts of Climate Change on Coffee Agrosystems

by Christine Bilen, Daniel El Chami, Valentina Mereu, Antonio Trabucco, Serena Marras and Donatella Spano

Plants 2023, 12(1), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010102 - 25 Dec 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7209

Abstract

Coffee production is fragile, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports indicate that climate change (CC) will reduce worldwide yields on average and decrease coffee-suitable land by 2050. This article adopted the systematic review approach to provide an update of the literature available on the impacts of climate change on coffee production and other ecosystem services following the framework proposed by the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. The review identified 148 records from literature considering the effects of climate change and climate variability on coffee production, covering countries mostly from three continents (America, Africa, and Asia). The current literature evaluates and analyses various climate change impacts on single services using qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Impacts have been classified and described according to different impact groups. However, available research products lacked important analytical functions on the precise relationships between the potential risks of CC on coffee farming systems and associated ecosystem services. Consequently, the manuscript recommends further work on ecosystem services and their interrelation to assess the impacts of climate change on coffee following the ecosystem services framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to Future Climate Scenarios)

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