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Conservation of Grapevine Genetic Resources
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Conservation of Grapevine Genetic Resources

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 January 2023) | Viewed by 15231

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Zvjezdana Markovic

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Guest Editor
Department of Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetišimunska 15, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: biotechnology of viticulture; tissue culture and expecially cryopreservation of grape geneplasm; general viticulture; organic viticulture
Dr. Jean Carlos Bettoni

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Guest Editor
Independent Researcher, 35 Brasil Correia Street, Videira 89560510, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Interests: germplasm conservation; cryopreservation procedures; pathogen eradication; horticultural species; plant tissue culture; micropropagation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Grapevines are one of the longest domesticated plant species, and are among the most important fruit crops cultivated and consumed worldwide. Grapes have a rich genetic diversity and are traditionally conserved in genebanks, primarily as whole plants in the field. Field plantings are readily available for use in breeding programs and propagation; however, they are expensive and could be lost in the event of biological or environmental disasters. Considering that the gender of many cultivars is important for winemaking production, we can assume that different cultivars react differently in conditions of cultivation, maintenance, and also conservation itself. However, in some countries, certain cultivars present a part of national heritage, and need to be conserved because of the genetic variability of the gender in the terms of breeding activities. Complementary conservation strategies should be considered by genebanks to securely conserve collections of Vitis genetic resources for future requirements of breeding programs. In vitro technologies have demonstrated the potential for developing additional conservation strategies for grapevines.

Methods are based on slow growth storage and cryopreservation. In vitro storage under slow growth involves the application of media-reduced nutrients, lowering the photoperiod and incubation temperature (4–5°C), resulting in prolonged subcultures. The cultures remain in a condition where the cell metabolism is reduced, allowing medium-term conservation for a few months to years. Cryopreservation is freezing at ultralow temperatures using liquid nitrogen. Under cryopreserved conditions, the genetic integrity of the plant tissue is kept for an indefinite period of time, without any manipulations. It is also cost-effective to maintain collections for extended periods of time in liquid nitrogen, and it minimizes the risk of contamination compared with field or in vitro collections.

Reliable cryopreservation methods that result in high levels of regrowth after liquid nitrogen exposure are key to the development of successful base collections. Recent advances in grapevine cryopreservation using vitrification-based procedures appear to be promising in order to overcome species- and genotype-specific responses. This represents one of the major challenges for the widespread use of the cryopreservation procedure. The implementation of protocols requires prior validation of particular protocols to some groups of cultivars, and consequently the design of genebank for each repository.

This Special Issue publishes research articles and reviews addressing short- medium- and long-term preservation of germplasm including field, in vitro and cryopreserved collections, safe germplasm exchange, management of germplasm banks, description, identification and evaluation of germplasm for grapevine.

Dr. Zvjezdana Markovic
Dr. Jean Carlos Bettoni
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Plants is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biotechnology in viticulture
  • long-term conservation
  • viticulture progress
  • field collections
  • other methods for conservation

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 957 KiB  
Article
Morphological and Genetic Clonal Diversity within the ‘Greco Bianco’ Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Variety
by Clizia Villano, Giandomenico Corrado, Boris Basile, Ermanno Di Serio, Alessandro Mataffo, Elvira Ferrara and Riccardo Aversano
Plants 2023, 12(3), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030515 - 23 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1730
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) has been propagated vegetatively for hundreds of years. Therefore, plants tend to accumulate somatic mutations that can result in an intra-varietal diversity capable of generating distinct clones. Although it is common that winemakers request specific clones or selections [...] Read more.
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) has been propagated vegetatively for hundreds of years. Therefore, plants tend to accumulate somatic mutations that can result in an intra-varietal diversity capable of generating distinct clones. Although it is common that winemakers request specific clones or selections for planting new vineyards, relatively limited information is available on the extent, degree, and morphological impact of the clonal diversity in traditional, highly valued grapevine varieties within production areas protected by geographical denomination of origin. Here, we present a morphological and genetic investigation of the intra-varietal diversity in ‘Greco Bianco’, the grapevine variety used to produce the DOCG and PDO “Greco di Tufo” wine. Seventeen clones from different farms (all within the allowed production area) were phenotypically characterized using ampelographic and ampelometric traits. The clones were also genotyped with Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) and retrotransposon-based DNA markers (REMAP). The morphological analysis indicated a uniformity in the qualitatively scored traits, and a limited variability for the quantitative traits of the bunch and of the berry composition. The molecular markers also depicted variability among clones, which was more evident with the use of REMAPs. The comparison of the discriminatory information of the three analyses indicated that they provided different estimates of the level of diversity. The evaluation described herein of the clonal variability has implications for the management and protection of clonal selections in ‘Greco Bianco’ and prompts for further multidisciplinary investigations on its possible role in winemaking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation of Grapevine Genetic Resources)
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13 pages, 339 KiB  
Article
Efficient Assessment and Large-Scale Conservation of Intra-Varietal Diversity of Ancient Grapevine Varieties: Case Study Portugal
by Elsa Gonçalves and Antero Martins
Plants 2022, 11(15), 1917; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11151917 - 24 Jul 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1618
Abstract
There are thousands of ancient grapevine varieties in Europe, each one having a high level of intra-varietal diversity with regard to important economic traits (yield, soluble solids content, acidity, anthocyanins, and others). However, this potential has become exposed to a process of genetic [...] Read more.
There are thousands of ancient grapevine varieties in Europe, each one having a high level of intra-varietal diversity with regard to important economic traits (yield, soluble solids content, acidity, anthocyanins, and others). However, this potential has become exposed to a process of genetic erosion since the middle of the last century. The main objective of this work is to present experimental strategies for conservation and utilization of intra-varietal diversity. A concrete example is given about the actions performed in Portugal since 1978. Two main approaches for the conservation of intra-varietal diversity were performed: (1) strict conservation (in pots and in the field without experimental design) for future generations; and (2) conservation and, simultaneously, evaluation of the intra-varietal variability for selection to fulfil the immediate needs of the grape and wine sector (in the field with experimental design). More than 30,000 accessions of Portuguese autochthonous varieties are conserved. Using the theory of mixed models, intra-varietal diversity of the yield was found for the 59 varieties studied. The conservation and the evaluation of the intra-varietal diversity for quantitative traits will allow to extract high economic value, as well as to ensure its utilization to meet the objectives of the vine and wine sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation of Grapevine Genetic Resources)
13 pages, 1930 KiB  
Article
Recovering Ancient Grapevine Cultivars in the Balearic Islands: Sanitary Status Evaluation and Virus Elimination
by Hanan El Aou-ouad, Rafael Montero, Elena Baraza and Josefina Bota
Plants 2022, 11(13), 1754; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11131754 - 30 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1927
Abstract
Recuperation and genetic diversity preservation of local cultivars have acquired a huge interest in viticulture areas worldwide. In the Balearic Islands, most of the old cultivars are only preserved in grapevine germplasm banks, and so far, the sanitary status of these local cultivars [...] Read more.
Recuperation and genetic diversity preservation of local cultivars have acquired a huge interest in viticulture areas worldwide. In the Balearic Islands, most of the old cultivars are only preserved in grapevine germplasm banks, and so far, the sanitary status of these local cultivars has remained unexplored. The aim of this study was to survey and detect the virus incidence of all conserved cultivars in the government Grapevine Germplasm Bank of the Balearic Islands and to promote the sanitary recovery of two important minor cultivars, Argamussa and Gorgollassa. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screenings were performed on 315 vines of 33 local cultivars. It was shown that the local cultivars were highly infected with simple (39.7%) and mixed infections (52.1%) and only 8.25% of them were free from the viruses tested. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) infection was the most common (82%). Moreover, Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) were also present with considerable incidence (25.4% and 43.5%, respectively). In addition, two sanitation protocols were used: shoot tip culture (ST) and thermotherapy in combination with shoot tip culture (CT). Virus elimination using only ST was effective to obtain “healthy” vines of cvs. Argamussa and Gorgollassa. It is important to emphasize that the methods described in the current study were rapid and effective in eliminating both GLRaV-3 and GFLV, also in combination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation of Grapevine Genetic Resources)
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14 pages, 932 KiB  
Article
Virus and Virus-like Pathogens in the Grapevine Virus Collection of Croatian Autochthonous Grapevine Cultivars
by Darko Vončina, Alfredo Diaz-Lara, Darko Preiner, Maher Al Rwahnih, Kristian Stevens, Snježana Jurić, Nenad Malenica, Silvio Šimon, Baozhong Meng, Edi Maletić, Hrvoje Fulgosi and Bogdan Cvjetković
Plants 2022, 11(11), 1485; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111485 - 31 May 2022
Viewed by 1818
Abstract
Grapevine collections play an important role, especially in the study of viruses and virus-like pathogens. In 2009, after an initial ELISA screening for eight viruses (arabis mosaic virus, grapevine fanleaf virus, grapevine fleck virus, grapevine leafroll-associated viruses 1, 2, and 3, and grapevine [...] Read more.
Grapevine collections play an important role, especially in the study of viruses and virus-like pathogens. In 2009, after an initial ELISA screening for eight viruses (arabis mosaic virus, grapevine fanleaf virus, grapevine fleck virus, grapevine leafroll-associated viruses 1, 2, and 3, and grapevine viruses A and B), a collection of 368 grapevine accessions representing 14 different Croatian autochthonous cultivars and containing single or mixed infection of viruses was established to further characterize the viral pathogens. Subsequently, Western blot, RT-PCR, cloning, and sequencing revealed that grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus was frequently found in accessions of the collection, with isolates showing substantial genetic diversity in the helicase and coat protein regions. High-throughput sequencing of 22 grapevine accessions provides additional insight into the viruses and viroids present in the collection and confirms the fact that Croatian autochthonous grapevine cultivars have high infection rates and high virome diversity. The recent spread of “flavescence dorée” phytoplasma in Europe has not spared the collection. After the first symptoms observed in 2020 and 2021, the presence of phytoplasma was confirmed by LAMP in six grapevine accessions and some of them were lost. Single or multiple viruses and viroids, as well as own rooted grapevines in the collection, make the plants susceptible to various abiotic factors, which, together with the recent occurrence of “flavescence dorée”, makes the maintenance of the collection a challenge. Future efforts will be directed towards renewing the collection, as 56% of the original collection has been lost in the last 13 years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation of Grapevine Genetic Resources)
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Review

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33 pages, 3340 KiB  
Review
Grapevine Shoot Tip Cryopreservation and Cryotherapy: Secure Storage of Disease-Free Plants
by Jean Carlos Bettoni, Zvjezdana Marković, Wenlu Bi, Gayle M. Volk, Toshikazu Matsumoto and Qiao-Chun Wang
Plants 2021, 10(10), 2190; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102190 - 15 Oct 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4017
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis spp.) is one of the most economically important temperate fruit crops. Grapevine breeding programs require access to high-quality Vitis cultivars and wild species, which may be maintained within genebanks. Shoot tip cryopreservation is a valuable technique for the safe, long-term [...] Read more.
Grapevine (Vitis spp.) is one of the most economically important temperate fruit crops. Grapevine breeding programs require access to high-quality Vitis cultivars and wild species, which may be maintained within genebanks. Shoot tip cryopreservation is a valuable technique for the safe, long-term conservation of Vitis genetic resources that complements traditional field and in vitro germplasm collections. Vitis is highly susceptible to virus infections. Virus-free plants are required as propagation material for clonally propagated germplasm, and also for the global exchange of grapevine genetic resources. Shoot tip cryotherapy, a method based on cryopreservation, has proven to be effective in eradicating viruses from infected plants, including grapevine. This comprehensive review outlines/documents the advances in Vitis shoot tip cryopreservation and cryotherapy that have resulted in healthy plants with high regrowth levels across diverse Vitis species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation of Grapevine Genetic Resources)
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Other

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0 pages, 2409 KiB  
Opinion
A Field Collection of Indigenous Grapevines as a Valuable Repository for Applied Research
by Shani Shecori, Mafatlal M. Kher, Kamal Tyagi, Larry Lerno, Yishai Netzer, Amnon Lichter, Susan E. Ebeler and Elyashiv Drori
Plants 2022, 11(19), 2563; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11192563 - 28 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1916
Abstract
The grapevine is an economically important plant, with a historical connection to the development of human culture. Currently, over 6000 accessions are known as individual grapevine varieties, some of which are important to national heritage, valuable for current viticultural practices, and as genetic [...] Read more.
The grapevine is an economically important plant, with a historical connection to the development of human culture. Currently, over 6000 accessions are known as individual grapevine varieties, some of which are important to national heritage, valuable for current viticultural practices, and as genetic resources to maintain plasticity under changing climatic conditions, environmental sustainability, and market demands. Recently, the diversity of cultivated grapevines has declined significantly, due to the increased focus of global wine industries on a few major cultivars. Moreover, due to biotic and abiotic stresses, the wild V. vinifera germplasm’s genetic diversity has declined, with some varieties on the verge of extinction. Vitis germplasm conservation can be achieved via either in situ (e.g., protected areas) or Ex situ (e.g., field collections, seed banks, and tissue culture collections) methods. This study aims to highlight the importance of Vitis field bank collections. We demonstrate the research done in the Israeli indigenous Vitis vinifera collection. The multi-layer analysis of the varieties enabled the identification of drought stress-resistant varieties, and suggested a mechanism for this resistance through noting the dramatic phenological differences in foliage development between resistant and sensitive varieties. In addition, we show a general characterization of the varieties via major grape characteristics, including bunch and berry shape, as well as their possible utilization based on their aromatic and phenolic profiles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation of Grapevine Genetic Resources)
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