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Pharmaceutics
Special Issues
Photodynamic Therapy: Rising Star in Pharmaceutical Applications
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Photodynamic Therapy: Rising Star in Pharmaceutical Applications

A special issue of Pharmaceutics (ISSN 1999-4923). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Pharmaceutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 February 2024) | Viewed by 7523

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Udo Bakowsky

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
Interests: nanoscale drug delivery systems; photodynamic therapy; liposomes; gene therapy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Eduard Preis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
Interests: photodynamic therapy; antimicrobial therapy; nanofibers; polymeric nanoparticles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans used the positive effects of light against various diseases even thousands of years ago. Nevertheless, it took humanity until the late 19th century and early 20th century to overcome the preconception of phototherapy being an outgrowth of naturism. Nobel prize winner Niels Ryberg Finsen was one of the first to turn the spotlight on phototherapy and photodynamic therapy. Later, known researchers, like Downes and Blunt, Oscar Raab, and Hermann von Tappeiner, followed this path and made significant contributions to this field.

In this follow-up special issue of https://www.mdpi.com/journal/pharmaceutics/special_issues/Honor_Michael, we invite all researchers to contribute to our volume II and, in this way, accelerate the inclusion of photodynamic therapy in clinical practice guidelines.

Prof. Dr. Udo Bakowsky
Dr. Eduard Preis
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pharmaceutics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • all applications of PDT, e.g.,
    • PDT in tumor therapy
    • PDT in antimicrobial therapy (including biofilms and chronic wounds)
    • PDT in antiviral therapy (including COVID-19)
  • PDT in combination with other types of therapy, e.g.,
    • classical chemotherapy
    • antibiotics
    • stem-cell therapy
    • radiation therapy
    • ultrasound applications
    • photothermal therapy (PTT)
  • new photosensitizers and their effects
  • clinical applications of PDT
  • new carrier systems for PDT and their physicochemical characterization, e.g.,
    • liposomes
    • micelles
    • nanoparticles
    • fibers
    • nanorods

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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23 pages, 4265 KiB  
Article
Photodynamic Eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Ru-Photosensitizers Encapsulated in Enzyme Degradable Nanocarriers
by Kawaljit Kaur, Max Müller, Mareike Müller and Holger Schönherr
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(12), 2683; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15122683 - 27 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 806
Abstract
The development of new approaches for the treatment of the increasingly antibiotic-resistant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa was targeted by enhancing the effect of local antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(lactic acid) (PEG114-block-PLAx) nanocarriers that were [...] Read more.
The development of new approaches for the treatment of the increasingly antibiotic-resistant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa was targeted by enhancing the effect of local antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(lactic acid) (PEG114-block-PLAx) nanocarriers that were loaded with a ruthenium-based photosensitizer (PS). The action of tris(1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) bis(hexafluorophosphate) (RuPhen3) encapsulated in PEG114-block-PLAx micelles and vesicles was shown to result in an appreciable aPDT inactivation efficiency against planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In particular, the encapsulation of the PS, its release, and the efficiency of singlet oxygen (1O2) generation upon irradiation with blue light were studied spectroscopically. The antimicrobial effect was analyzed with two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Compared with PS-loaded micelles, formulations of the PS-loaded vesicles showed 10 times enhanced activity with a strong photodynamic inactivation effect of at least a 4.7 log reduction against both a Pseudomonas aeruginosa lab strain and a clinical isolate collected from the lung of a cystic fibrosis (CF) patient. This work lays the foundation for the targeted eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using aPDT in various medical application areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy: Rising Star in Pharmaceutical Applications)
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14 pages, 2721 KiB  
Article
Novel Iron-Chelating Prodrug Significantly Enhanced Fluorescence-Mediated Detection of Glioma Cells Experimentally In Vitro
by Charlotte Reburn, George Gawthorpe, Alexis Perry, Mark Wood and Alison Curnow
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(12), 2668; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15122668 - 24 Nov 2023
Viewed by 691
Abstract
(1) Background: The protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-mediated fluorescence-guided resection and interoperative photodynamic therapy (PDT) of remaining cells may be effective adjuvants to the resection of glioma. Both processes may be enhanced by increasing intracellular PpIX concentrations, which can be achieved through iron chelation. AP2-18 [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-mediated fluorescence-guided resection and interoperative photodynamic therapy (PDT) of remaining cells may be effective adjuvants to the resection of glioma. Both processes may be enhanced by increasing intracellular PpIX concentrations, which can be achieved through iron chelation. AP2-18 is a novel combinational drug, which ester-links a PpIX precursor (aminolaevulinic acid; ALA) to an iron-chelating agent (CP94). (2) Methods: Human glioma U-87 MG cells were cultured in 96-well plates for 24 h and incubated for 3 or 6 h with various test compound combinations: ALA (±) CP94, methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) (±) CP94 and AP2-18. PpIX fluorescence was measured at 0, 3 or 6 h with a Bio-tek Synergy HT plate reader, as well as immediately after irradiation with a 635 nm red light (Aktilite CL16 LED array), representing the PDT procedure. Cell viability post-irradiation was assessed using the neutral red assay. (3) Results: AP2-18 significantly increased PpIX fluorescence compared to all other test compounds. All treatment protocols effectively achieved PDT-induced cytotoxicity, with no significant difference between test compound combinations. (4) Conclusions: AP2-18 has potential to improve the efficacy of fluorescence-guided resection either with or without the subsequent intraoperative PDT of glioma. Future work should feature a more complex in vitro model of the glioma microenvironment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy: Rising Star in Pharmaceutical Applications)
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17 pages, 12498 KiB  
Article
Lipid-Coated Polymeric Nanoparticles for the Photodynamic Therapy of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas
by Valeri Roschenko, Abdallah M. Ayoub, Konrad Engelhardt, Jens Schäfer, Muhammad Umair Amin, Eduard Preis, Robert Mandic and Udo Bakowsky
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(10), 2412; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15102412 - 02 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1067
Abstract
Next to alcohol and tobacco abuse, infection with human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is a major risk factor for developing head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), leading to 350,000 casualties worldwide each year. Limited therapy options and drug resistance raise the urge for alternative [...] Read more.
Next to alcohol and tobacco abuse, infection with human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is a major risk factor for developing head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), leading to 350,000 casualties worldwide each year. Limited therapy options and drug resistance raise the urge for alternative methods such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), a minimally invasive procedure used to treat HNSCC and other cancers. We prepared lipid-coated polymeric nanoparticles encapsulating curcumin as the photosensitizer (CUR-LCNPs). The prepared CUR-LCNPs were in the nanometer range (153.37 ± 1.58 nm) and showed an encapsulation efficiency of 92.69 ± 0.03%. Proper lipid coating was visualized using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The CUR-LCNPs were tested in three HPVpos and three HPVneg HNSCC lines regarding their uptake capabilities and in vitro cell killing capacity, revealing a variable but highly significant tumor cell inhibiting effect in all tested HNSCC cell lines. No significant differences were detected between the HPVpos and HPVneg HNSCC groups (mean IC50: (9.34 ± 4.73 µmol/L vs. 6.88 ± 1.03 µmol/L), suggesting CUR-LCNPs/PDT to be a promising therapeutic option for HNSCC patients independent of their HPV status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy: Rising Star in Pharmaceutical Applications)
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Review

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18 pages, 3524 KiB  
Review
Innovative Phosphorene Nanoplatform for Light Antimicrobial Therapy
by Elisa Passaglia and Antonella Sgarbossa
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(12), 2748; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15122748 - 09 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1919
Abstract
Over the past few years, antibiotic resistance has reached global dimensions as a major threat to public health. Consequently, there is a pressing need to find effective alternative therapies and therapeutic agents to combat drug-resistant pathogens. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), largely employed as a [...] Read more.
Over the past few years, antibiotic resistance has reached global dimensions as a major threat to public health. Consequently, there is a pressing need to find effective alternative therapies and therapeutic agents to combat drug-resistant pathogens. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), largely employed as a clinical treatment for several malignant pathologies, has also gained importance as a promising antimicrobial approach. Antimicrobial PDT (aPDT) relies on the application of a photosensitizer able to produce singlet oxygen (1O2) or other cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon exposure to appropriate light, which leads to cell death after the induced photodamage. Among different types of 2D nanomaterials with antimicrobial properties, phosphorene, the exfoliated form of black phosphorus (bP), has the unique property intrinsic photoactivity exploitable for photothermal therapy (PTT) as well as for PDT against pathogenic bacteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy: Rising Star in Pharmaceutical Applications)
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27 pages, 5672 KiB  
Review
Photodynamic Therapy-Induced Anti-Tumor Immunity: Influence Factors and Synergistic Enhancement Strategies
by Wenxin Chou, Tianzhen Sun, Nian Peng, Zixuan Wang, Defu Chen, Haixia Qiu and Hongyou Zhao
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(11), 2617; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15112617 - 11 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1355
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an approved therapeutic procedure that exerts cytotoxic activity towards tumor cells by activating photosensitizers (PSs) with light exposure to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Compared to traditional treatment strategies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, PDT not only [...] Read more.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an approved therapeutic procedure that exerts cytotoxic activity towards tumor cells by activating photosensitizers (PSs) with light exposure to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Compared to traditional treatment strategies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, PDT not only kills the primary tumors, but also effectively suppresses metastatic tumors by activating the immune response. However, the anti-tumor immune effects induced by PDT are influenced by several factors, including the localization of PSs in cells, PSs concentration, fluence rate of light, oxygen concentration, and the integrity of immune function. In this review, we systematically summarize the influence factors of anti-tumor immune effects mediated by PDT. Furthermore, an update on the combination of PDT and other immunotherapy strategies are provided. Finally, the future directions and challenges of anti-tumor immunity induced by PDT are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy: Rising Star in Pharmaceutical Applications)
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17 pages, 1331 KiB  
Systematic Review
Influence of Photosensitizer on Photodynamic Therapy for Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review
by Thaís B. M. O. Schweigert, João P. R. Afonso, Renata K. da Palma, Iransé Oliveira-Silva, Carlos H. M. Silva, Elias Ilias Jirjos, Wilson Rodrigues Freitas Júnior, Giuseppe Insalaco, Orlando A. Guedes and Luís V. F. Oliveira
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(3), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16030307 - 22 Feb 2024
Viewed by 702
Abstract
The treatment of peri-implantitis is challenging in the clinical practice of implant dentistry. With limited therapeutic options and drug resistance, there is a need for alternative methods, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat peri-implantitis. This [...] Read more.
The treatment of peri-implantitis is challenging in the clinical practice of implant dentistry. With limited therapeutic options and drug resistance, there is a need for alternative methods, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat peri-implantitis. This study evaluated whether the type of photosensitizer used influences the results of inflammatory control, reduction in peri-implant pocket depth, bleeding during probing, and reduction in bone loss in the dental implant region. We registered the study in the PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Review) database. We searched three main databases and gray literature in English without date restrictions. In vivo randomized clinical studies involving individuals with peri-implantitis, smokers, patients with diabetes, and healthy controls were included. PDT was used as the primary intervention. Comparators considered mechanical debridement with a reduction in pocket depth as the primary outcome and clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, gingival index, plaque index, and microbiological analysis as secondary outcomes. After reviewing the eligibility criteria, we included seven articles out of 266. A great variety of photosensitizers were observed, and it was concluded that the selection of the most appropriate type of photosensitizer must consider the patient’s characteristics and peri-implantitis conditions. The effectiveness of PDT, its effects on the oral microbiome, and the clinical patterns of peri-implantitis may vary depending on the photosensitizer chosen, which is a crucial factor in personalizing peri-implantitis treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy: Rising Star in Pharmaceutical Applications)
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