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Pathogens
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Reviews From Section "Animal Pathogens"
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Reviews From Section "Animal Pathogens"

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2020) | Viewed by 17451

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Sébastien Besteiro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Inserm, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
Interests: cellular parasitology; Apicomplexa; Toxoplasma; autophagy; metabolism; cell biology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

The "Animal Pathogens" section of the journal was established in 2019. We are proud to inform you that there are now 56 Editorial Board members and that 244 papers have been published so far in this section. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many scholars have experienced significant delays in their research work. In spite of the current situation some researchers have managed to carry on with their research projects, but for many the situation has been disruptive because of lockdowns or lab closures. On a bright side, however, it also means they can dedicate more time to academic writing. With that in mind, we are establishing this Special Issue specifically dedicated to Review Papers. The goal of this Special Issue is thus to sollicit Reviews, Editorials and Commentaries on contemporary and hot topics from our esteemed Editorial Board members focusing on progress in their research field over the recent years.

Dr. Sébastien Besteiro
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 1317 KiB  
Article
Lack of Interleukin-6 Affects IFN-γ and TNF-α Production and Early In Vivo Control of Brucella abortus Infection
by Erika S. Guimarães, Jéssica M. Martins, Marco Túlio R. Gomes, Daiane M. Cerqueira and Sergio C. Oliveira
Pathogens 2020, 9(12), 1040; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121040 - 11 Dec 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2592
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine promptly produced in response to infections, which contributes to host defense through the stimulation of acute phase immune responses. Brucella abortus is an intracellular bacterium that causes chronic disease in humans and domestic animals and triggers a [...] Read more.
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine promptly produced in response to infections, which contributes to host defense through the stimulation of acute phase immune responses. Brucella abortus is an intracellular bacterium that causes chronic disease in humans and domestic animals and triggers a robust immune response, characterized by the production of inflammatory cytokines. However, the mechanisms of IL-6-related immune responses in the context of Brucella infections are not completely understood. In this report, we describe an increased susceptibility of IL-6 knockout (KO) mice in the early phase of Brucella infection. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IL-6 is required for interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induction by infected splenocytes, indicating a protective role for IL-6 against B. abortus that parallels with Th1 type of immune response. Additionally, IL-6 KO mice exhibited reduced splenomegaly during the early phase of the infection. Corroborating this result, IL-6 KO mice displayed reduced numbers of macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils in the spleen and reduced myeloperoxidase activity in the liver compared to wild-type infected mice. However, we demonstrate that IL-6 is not involved in B. abortus intracellular restriction in mouse macrophages. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that IL-6 contributes to host resistance during the early phase of B. abortus infection in vivo, and suggest that its protective role maybe partially mediated by proinflammatory immune responses and immune cell recruitment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews From Section "Animal Pathogens")
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18 pages, 2034 KiB  
Article
Immune Modulation and the Development of Fowl Typhoid: A Model of Human Disease?
by Ying Tang, Michael Jones, Paul A. Barrow and Neil Foster
Pathogens 2020, 9(10), 843; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9100843 - 15 Oct 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2671
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) is the cause of typhoid in chickens but the immune factors that may facilitate the development of typhoid have not been fully elucidated. We show that, in contrast to non-typhoid S. Enteritidis infection, S [...] Read more.
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) is the cause of typhoid in chickens but the immune factors that may facilitate the development of typhoid have not been fully elucidated. We show that, in contrast to non-typhoid S. Enteritidis infection, S. Gallinarum significantly reduced nitrite ion production and expression of mRNA for heterophil granulocyte chemoattractants CXCLi2 and IL-6 in chicken monocyte-derived macrophages (chMDMs) (p < 0.05) at 6 h post-infection (pi). S. Gallinarum also reduced IFN-γ and IL-17 expression by CD4+ lymphocytes cultured with infected chMDMs for 5 days but did not induce a Th2 phenotype or anergy. In vivo, S. Gallinarum also induced significantly lower expression of CXCLi1, CXCLi2, IL-1β, IL-6 and iNOS mRNA in the caecal tonsil by day 2 pi (p < 0.05–0.01) and consistently lower levels of IFN-γ, IL-18, IL-12, and IL-17. In the spleen, S. Gallinarum induced significantly lower levels of iNOS and IFN-γ (p < 0.01 and 0.05 respectively) and consistently lower levels of IL-18 and IL-12 but significantly greater (p < 0.01) expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 at day 4 and 5 pi when compared to S. Enteritidis. This immune phenotype was associated with transit from the intestinal tissues to the liver by S. Gallinarum, not observed following S. Enteritidis infection. In conclusion, we report an immune mechanism that may facilitate typhoid disease in S. Gallinarum-infected chickens. However, down-regulation of inflammatory mediators, upregulation of IL-10, and associated liver colonisation are also characteristic of human typhoid, suggesting that this may also be a useful model of typhoid in humans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews From Section "Animal Pathogens")
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Review

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17 pages, 558 KiB  
Review
Occurrence and Role of Selected RNA-Viruses as Potential Causative Agents of Watery Droppings in Pigeons
by Ewa Łukaszuk and Tomasz Stenzel
Pathogens 2020, 9(12), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121025 - 06 Dec 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4237
Abstract
The diseases with watery droppings (diarrhea and/or polyuria) can be considered some of the most severe health problems in domestic pigeons of various ages. Although they do not always lead to bird death, they can contribute to poor weight gains and hindered development [...] Read more.
The diseases with watery droppings (diarrhea and/or polyuria) can be considered some of the most severe health problems in domestic pigeons of various ages. Although they do not always lead to bird death, they can contribute to poor weight gains and hindered development of young pigeons and, potentially, to poor racing results in sports birds. The gastrointestinal tract disorders of pigeons may be of various etiology, but some of the causative agents are viral infections. This review article provides information collected from scientific reports on RNA-viruses belonging to the Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, and Coronaviridae families; the Avulavirinae subfamily; and the Rotavirus genus that might be implicated in such health problems. It presents a brief characterization, and possible interspecies transmission of these viruses. We believe that this review article will help clinical signs of infection, isolation methods, occurrence in pigeons and poultry, systemize and summarize knowledge on pigeon enteropathogenic viruses and raise awareness of the importance of disease control in pigeons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews From Section "Animal Pathogens")
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17 pages, 1570 KiB  
Review
Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Infection in Chickens: Multiple System Disease with Immune Suppression
by Shahnas M. Najimudeen, Mohamed S. H. Hassan, Susan C. Cork and Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
Pathogens 2020, 9(10), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9100779 - 24 Sep 2020
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7324
Abstract
In the early 1930s, infectious bronchitis (IB) was first characterized as a respiratory disease in young chickens; later, the disease was also described in older chickens. The etiology of IB was confirmed later as being due to a coronavirus: the infectious bronchitis virus [...] Read more.
In the early 1930s, infectious bronchitis (IB) was first characterized as a respiratory disease in young chickens; later, the disease was also described in older chickens. The etiology of IB was confirmed later as being due to a coronavirus: the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Being a coronavirus, IBV is subject to constant genome change due to mutation and recombination, with the consequence of changing clinical and pathological manifestations. The potential use of live attenuated vaccines for the control of IBV infection was demonstrated in the early 1950s, but vaccine breaks occurred due to the emergence of new IBV serotypes. Over the years, various IBV genotypes associated with reproductive, renal, gastrointestinal, muscular and immunosuppressive manifestations have emerged. IBV causes considerable economic impacts on global poultry production due to its pathogenesis involving multiple body systems and immune suppression; hence, there is a need to better understand the pathogenesis of infection and the immune response in order to help developing better management strategies. The evolution of new strains of IBV during the last nine decades against vaccine-induced immune response and changing clinical and pathological manifestations emphasize the necessity of the rational development of intervention strategies based on a thorough understanding of IBV interaction with the host. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews From Section "Animal Pathogens")
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