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Pathogens
Special Issues
Food- and Waterborne Viruses: Detection and Inactivation
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Food- and Waterborne Viruses: Detection and Inactivation

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2024) | Viewed by 3328

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Leena Maunula

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Guest Editor
Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
Interests: enteric viruses; hepatitis E virus; food safety; virus persistence
Dr. Sandra Martin-Latil

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Enteric Virus Unit (UVE), Fodd Safety Laboratory, ANSES, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
Interests: foodborne viruses; detection methods; food safety; host-pathogen interaction
Dr. Gloria Sanchez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Environmental Virology and Food Safety Lab (VISAFELab), Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
Interests: emerging viruses; molecular techniques; food safety
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viruses, especially enteric viruses, frequently cause food- and waterborne disease outbreaks. The root source for the contamination of food or water is often sewage, since humans excrete vast numbers of viruses in their faeces. A typical characteristic of these viruses is their stability in the environment and food.

Food- and waterborne viruses cause various symptoms, and a small number of viruses is enough to infect humans. Persons infected with noroviruses that cause diarrhoea and vomiting often excrete viruses for a couple of weeks after the disappearance of their symptoms or they can be symptomless, and thus pose a challenge for food safety.

The food source can be ready-to-eat food, shellfish, fresh products, such as lettuce or berries, or other produce that has not undergone thorough heat treatment. On one hand, the water used during irrigation or during processing might be contaminated with norovirus or hepatitis A virus due to inadequate water treatment. On the other hand, an epidemiological connection between zoonotic hepatitis E viruses and consumption of pork sausages has been shown. It is well known that pigs and wild boar are commonly infected with HEV globally.

We have still knowledge gaps in the context of the detection and inactivation of food- and waterborne viruses. We need more data on how long viruses survive in food and water and how to efficiently remove viruses using wastewater treatment. We welcome original articles, reviews, mini-reviews, and outbreak studies for food- and waterborne viruses, not excluding other viruses found in sewage.

Dr. Leena Maunula
Dr. Sandra Martin-Latil
Dr. Gloria Sanchez
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • foodborne virus
  • waterborne virus
  • virus detection
  • virus inactivation
  • food safety

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 1889 KiB  
Article
Dynamic and Seasonal Distribution of Enteric Viruses in Surface and Well Water in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)
by Islem Abid, Albert Blanco, Nawal Al-Otaibi, Susana Guix, Maria I. Costafreda, Rosa M. Pintó and Albert Bosch
Pathogens 2023, 12(12), 1405; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12121405 - 29 Nov 2023
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Abstract
Enteric viruses are the major cause of gastroenteritis and enteric hepatitis worldwide, but in some areas like Saudi Arabia, little is known about their presence in water sources. The available information from clinical samples is not enough to figure out their actual prevalence. [...] Read more.
Enteric viruses are the major cause of gastroenteritis and enteric hepatitis worldwide, but in some areas like Saudi Arabia, little is known about their presence in water sources. The available information from clinical samples is not enough to figure out their actual prevalence. The aim of this study was to gather information for the first time in Saudi Arabia on the presence of the Norovirus (NoV) genogroup GI and GII, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV) in water. For this purpose, thirteen monthly samples were collected from Lake Wadi Hanifa and surrounding wells from December 2014 to November 2015. Viruses were detected and quantified using real-time RT-qPCR. Despite HEV findings being anecdotic, our results highlight interesting behaviors of the other viruses. There was a higher prevalence of noroviruses in Wadi Hanifa samples than in well water samples (46.43% vs. 12.5% of NoV GI; 66.67% vs. 8.33% of NoV GII). On the contrary, similar levels of HAV positivity were observed (40.48% in surface water vs. 43.06% in well water). Also, a strong influence of flooding events on HAV and NoV GI occurrence was observed in both surface and well water samples, with NoV GII apparently not affected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food- and Waterborne Viruses: Detection and Inactivation)
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10 pages, 1330 KiB  
Article
Development of an Ex Vivo Assay for Identification of Infectious Hepatitis E Virus in Different Kinds of Food Samples
by Renate W. Hakze-van der Honing, Sophie van Oort, René A. M. Dirks and Wim H. M. van der Poel
Pathogens 2023, 12(10), 1231; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101231 - 11 Oct 2023
Viewed by 968
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus and a major cause of acute viral hepatitis. HEV is responsible for 20 million infections worldwide in humans every year. HEV-3 and HEV-4 are zoonotic and are responsible for most of the HEV [...] Read more.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus and a major cause of acute viral hepatitis. HEV is responsible for 20 million infections worldwide in humans every year. HEV-3 and HEV-4 are zoonotic and are responsible for most of the HEV cases in developed countries. Consumption of contaminated pig meat or pig products is considered to be the main transmission route of HEV HEV-3 in Europe. Prevalence studies for HEV generally use PCR methods to detect the presence or absence of genomic RNA. However, these methods do not discriminate infectious virus particles from non-infectious material. Previously developed HEV cell culture systems only worked with high efficiency after cell line adaptation of the subjected virus strains. In this manuscript, the development of a culture system for the detection of infectious HEV strains is described. For this purpose, we optimized the isolation and the growth of primary hepatocytes from young piglets. Subsequently, the isolated hepatocytes were used to culture HEV of different origins, such as liver tissue samples and sausage samples. This method can be applied to better assess the risk of infection through consumption of food products associated with HEV RNA contamination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food- and Waterborne Viruses: Detection and Inactivation)
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12 pages, 695 KiB  
Article
The Virucidal Effect of the Chlorination of Water at the Initial Phase of Disinfection May Be Underestimated If Contact Time Calculations Are Used
by Fredy Saguti, Inger Kjellberg, Marianela Patzi Churqui, Hao Wang, Timur Tunovic, Jakob Ottoson, Olof Bergstedt, Helene Norder and Kristina Nyström
Pathogens 2023, 12(10), 1216; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101216 - 03 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1117
Abstract
For the microbiological safety of drinking water, disinfection methods are used to remove or inactivate microorganisms. Chlorine and chlorine dioxide are often used as disinfectants in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). We investigated the effectiveness of these chemicals in inactivate echovirus 30 (E30), [...] Read more.
For the microbiological safety of drinking water, disinfection methods are used to remove or inactivate microorganisms. Chlorine and chlorine dioxide are often used as disinfectants in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). We investigated the effectiveness of these chemicals in inactivate echovirus 30 (E30), simian 11 rotavirus (RV SA11), and human adenovirus type 2 (HAdV2) in purified water from a DWTP. Within two minutes of contact, chlorine dioxide inactivated E30 by 4-log10, RV SA11 by 3-log10, and HAdV2 could not be detected, while chlorine reduced E30 by 3-log10, RV SA11 by 2–3log10, and HAdV2 by 3–4log10. However, viral genomes could be detected for up to 2 h using qPCR. The CT method, based on a combination of disinfectant concentration and contact time, during such a short initial phase, is problematic. The high concentrations of disinfectant needed to neutralize organic matter may have a strong immediate effect on virus viability. This may lead to the underestimation of disinfection and overdosing of disinfectants in water with organic contamination. These results are useful for the selection of disinfection systems for reuse of treated wastewater and in the risk assessment of water treatment processes using chlorine and chlorine dioxide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food- and Waterborne Viruses: Detection and Inactivation)
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