Editorial

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5 pages, 191 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Applications

by Djalal Trache and Luigi T. DeLuca

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(12), 2347; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10122347 - 26 Nov 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2179

Abstract

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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Applications)

Research

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23 pages, 7567 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterization of Silicon-Metal Fluoride Reactive Composites

by Siva Kumar Valluri, Mirko Schoenitz and Edward Dreizin

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(12), 2367; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10122367 - 28 Nov 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1704

Abstract

Fuel-rich composite powders combining elemental Si with the metal fluoride oxidizers BiF₃ and CoF₂ were prepared by arrested reactive milling. Reactivity of the composite powders was assessed using thermoanalytical measurements in both inert (Ar) and oxidizing (Ar/O₂) environments. Powders [...] Read more.

Fuel-rich composite powders combining elemental Si with the metal fluoride oxidizers BiF₃ and CoF₂ were prepared by arrested reactive milling. Reactivity of the composite powders was assessed using thermoanalytical measurements in both inert (Ar) and oxidizing (Ar/O₂) environments. Powders were ignited using an electrically heated filament; particle combustion experiments were performed in room air using a CO₂ laser as an ignition source. Both composites showed accelerated oxidation of Si when heated in oxidizing environments and ignited readily using the heated filament. Elemental Si, used as a reference, did not exhibit appreciable oxidation when heated under the same conditions and could not be ignited using either a heated filament or laser. Lower-temperature Si fluoride formation and oxidation were observed for the composites with BiF₃; respectively, the ignition temperature for these composite powders was also lower. Particle combustion experiments were successful with the Si/BiF₃ composite. The statistical distribution of the measured particle burn times was correlated with the measured particle size distribution to establish the effect of particle sizes on their burn times. The measured burn times were close to those measured for similar composites with Al and B serving as fuels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Applications)

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11 pages, 1681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterization of Al/HTPB Composite for High Energetic Materials

by Alexander Vorozhtsov, Marat Lerner, Nikolay Rodkevich, Sergei Sokolov, Elizaveta Perchatkina and Christian Paravan

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(11), 2222; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10112222 - 08 Nov 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3012

Abstract

Nanosized Al (nAl) powders offer increased reactivity than the conventional micron-sized counterpart, thanks to their reduced size and increased specific surface area. While desirable from the combustion viewpoint, this high reactivity comes at the cost of difficult handling and implementation of the nanosized [...] Read more.

Nanosized Al (nAl) powders offer increased reactivity than the conventional micron-sized counterpart, thanks to their reduced size and increased specific surface area. While desirable from the combustion viewpoint, this high reactivity comes at the cost of difficult handling and implementation of the nanosized powders in preparations. The coating with hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) is proposed to improve powder handling and ease of use of nAl and to limit its sensitivity to aging. The nAl/HTPB composite can be an intermediate product for the subsequent manufacturing of mixed high-energy materials while maintaining the qualities and advantages of nAl. In this work, experimental studies of the high-energy mixture nAl/HTPB are carried out. The investigated materials include two composites: nAl (90 wt.%) + HTPB (10 wt.%) and nAl (80 wt.%) + HTPB (20 wt.%). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is performed from 30 to 1000 °C at slow heating rate (10 °C/min) in inert (Ar) and oxidizing (air) environment. The combustion characteristics of propellant formulations loaded with conventional and HTPB-coated nAl are analyzed and discussed. Results show the increased burning rate performance of nAl/HTPB-loaded propellants over the counterpart loaded with micron-sized Al. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Applications)

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15 pages, 2795 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Thermal Aging Affects Ignition and Combustion Properties of Reactive Al/CuO Nanolaminates: A Joint Theoretical/Experimental Study

by A. Estève, G. Lahiner, B. Julien, S. Vivies, N. Richard and C. Rossi

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(10), 2087; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10102087 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1981

Abstract

The paper reports a joint experimental/theoretical study on the aging of reactive Al/CuO nanolaminates, investigating both structural modifications and combustion properties of aged systems. We first show theoretically that the long-term storage (over several decades) in ambient temperature marginally affects nanolaminates structural properties [...] Read more.

The paper reports a joint experimental/theoretical study on the aging of reactive Al/CuO nanolaminates, investigating both structural modifications and combustion properties of aged systems. We first show theoretically that the long-term storage (over several decades) in ambient temperature marginally affects nanolaminates structural properties with an increase in an interfacial layer of only 0.3 nm after 30 years. Then, we observe that the first thermal aging step occurs after 14 days at 200 °C, which corresponds to the replacement of the natural Al/CuO interfaces by a proper ~11 nm thick amorphous alumina. We show that this aging step does impact the nanolaminates structure, leading, for thin bilayer thicknesses, to a substantial loss of the energetic reservoir: considering a stoichiometric Al/CuO stack, the heat of reaction can be reduced by 6–40% depending on the bilayer thickness ranging from 150 nm (40%) to 1 µm (6%). The impact of such thermal aging (14 days at 200 °C) and interfacial modification on the initiation and combustion properties have been evaluated experimentally and theoretically. Varying Al to CuO ratio of nanolaminates from 1 to 3, we show that ignition time of aged systems does not increase over 10% at initiation power densities superior to 15 W·mm⁻². In contrast, burn rate can be greatly impacted depending on the bilayer thickness: annealing a stoichiometric nanolaminates with a bilayer thickness of 300 nm at 200 °C for 14 days lowers its burn rate by ~25%, whereas annealing a fuel rich nanolaminates with the same bilayer thickness under the same thermal conditions leads to a burn rate decrease of 20%. When bilayer thickness is greater than 500 nm, the burn rate is not really affected by the thermal aging. Finally, this paper also proposes a time–temperature diagram to perform accelerated thermal aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Applications)

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6 pages, 1586 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Layered Al/CuO Thin Films for Tunable Ignition and Actuations

by Ludovic Salvagnac, Sandrine Assie-Souleille and Carole Rossi

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(10), 2009; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10102009 - 12 Oct 2020

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 2098

Abstract

Sputter-deposited Al/CuO multilayers are used to manufacture tunable igniters and actuators, with applications in various fields such as defense, space and infrastructure safety. This paper describes the technology of deposition and the characteristics of Al/CuO multilayers, followed by some examples of the applications [...] Read more.

Sputter-deposited Al/CuO multilayers are used to manufacture tunable igniters and actuators, with applications in various fields such as defense, space and infrastructure safety. This paper describes the technology of deposition and the characteristics of Al/CuO multilayers, followed by some examples of the applications of these energetic layers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Applications)

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20 pages, 5845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hematite Nanoparticles Decorated on Carbon Mesospheres and Their Synergetic Action on the Thermal Decomposition of Nitrocellulose

by Abdenacer Benhammada, Djalal Trache, Mohamed Kesraoui and Salim Chelouche

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(5), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10050968 - 18 May 2020

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 4444

Abstract

In this study, carbon mesospheres (CMS) and iron oxide nanoparticles decorated on carbon mesospheres (Fe₂O₃-CMS) were effectively synthesized by a direct and simple hydrothermal approach. α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles have been successfully dispersed in situ on a CMS [...] Read more.

In this study, carbon mesospheres (CMS) and iron oxide nanoparticles decorated on carbon mesospheres (Fe₂O₃-CMS) were effectively synthesized by a direct and simple hydrothermal approach. α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles have been successfully dispersed in situ on a CMS surface. The nanoparticles obtained have been characterized by employing different analytical techniques encompassing Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The produced carbon mesospheres, mostly spherical in shape, exhibited an average size of 334.5 nm, whereas that of Fe₂O₃ supported on CMS is at around 80 nm. The catalytic effect of the nanocatalyst on the thermal behavior of cellulose nitrate (NC) was investigated by utilizing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The determination of kinetic parameters has been carried out using four isoconversional kinetic methods based on DSC data obtained at various heating rates. It is demonstrated that Fe₂O₃-CMS have a minor influence on the decomposition temperature of NC, while a noticeable diminution of the activation energy is acquired. In contrast, pure CMS have a slight stabilizing effect with an increase of apparent activation energy. Furthermore, the decomposition reaction mechanism of NC is affected by the introduction of the nano-catalyst. Lastly, we can infer that Fe₂O₃-CMS may be securely employed as an effective catalyst for the thermal decomposition of NC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Applications)

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11 pages, 2740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Controllable Electrically Guided Nano-Al/MoO₃ Energetic-Film Formation on a Semiconductor Bridge with High Reactivity and Combustion Performance

by Xiaogang Guo, Qi Sun, Taotao Liang and A. S. Giwa

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(5), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10050955 - 18 May 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2274

Abstract

Film-forming techniques and the control of heat release in micro-energetic chips or devices create challenges and bottlenecks for the utilization of energy. In this study, promising nano-Al/MoO₃ metastable intermolecular composite (MIC) chips with an uniform distribution of particles were firstly designed via [...] Read more.

Film-forming techniques and the control of heat release in micro-energetic chips or devices create challenges and bottlenecks for the utilization of energy. In this study, promising nano-Al/MoO₃ metastable intermolecular composite (MIC) chips with an uniform distribution of particles were firstly designed via a convenient and high-efficiency electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique at room temperature and under ambient pressure conditions. The mixture of isopropanol, polyethyleneimine, and benzoic acid proved to be an optimized dispersing agent for EPD. The kinetics of EPD for oxidants (Al) and reductants (MoO₃) were systematically investigated, which contributed to adjusting the equivalence ratio of targeted energetic chips after changing the EPD dynamic behaviors of Al and MoO₃ in suspension. In addition, the obtained nano-Al/MoO₃ MIC energetic chips showed excellent heat-release performance with a high heat release of ca. 3340 J/g, and were successfully ignited with a dazzling flame recorded by a high-speed camera. Moreover, the fabrication method here is fully compatible with a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS), which suggests promising potential in designing and developing other MIC energetic chips or devices for micro-ignition/propulsion applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Applications)

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18 pages, 4119 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Decomposition Behavior and Thermal Safety of Nitrocellulose with Different Shape CuO and Al/CuO Nanothermites

by Ergang Yao, Ningning Zhao, Zhao Qin, Haixia Ma, Haijian Li, Siyu Xu, Ting An, Jianhua Yi and Fengqi Zhao

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(4), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10040725 - 11 Apr 2020

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 3314

Abstract

Bamboo leaf-like CuO(b) and flaky-shaped CuO(f) were prepared by the hydrothermal method, and then combined with Al nanoparticles to form Al/CuO(b) and Al/CuO(f) by the ultrasonic dispersion method. The phase, composition, morphology, and structure of the composites were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction [...] Read more.

Bamboo leaf-like CuO(b) and flaky-shaped CuO(f) were prepared by the hydrothermal method, and then combined with Al nanoparticles to form Al/CuO(b) and Al/CuO(f) by the ultrasonic dispersion method. The phase, composition, morphology, and structure of the composites were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy scattering spectrometer (EDS). The compatibility of CuO, Al/CuO and nitrocellulose (NC) was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effects of CuO and Al/CuO on the thermal decomposition of NC were also studied. The results show that the thermal decomposition reactions of CuO-NC composite, Al/CuO-NC composite, and NC follow the same kinetic mechanism of Avrami-Erofeev equation. In the cases of CuO and Al/CuO, they could promote the O-NO₂ bond cleavage and secondary autocatalytic reaction in condensed phase. The effects of these catalysts have some difference in modifying the thermolysis process of NC due to the microstructures of CuO and the addition of Al nanopowders. Furthermore, the presence of Al/CuO(f) can make the Al/CuO(f)-NC composite easier to ignite, whereas the composites have strong resistance to high temperature. Compatibility and thermal safety analysis showed that the Al/CuO had good compatibility with NC and it could be used safely. This contribution suggests that CuO and Al/CuO played key roles in accelerating the thermal decomposition of NC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Applications)

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10 pages, 2112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supercritical Antisolvent Processing of Nitrocellulose: Downscaling to Nanosize, Reducing Friction Sensitivity and Introducing Burning Rate Catalyst

by Oleg S. Dobrynin, Mikhail N. Zharkov, Ilya V. Kuchurov, Igor V. Fomenkov, Sergey G. Zlotin, Konstantin A. Monogarov, Dmitry B. Meerov, Alla N. Pivkina and Nikita V. Muravyev

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(10), 1386; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9101386 - 27 Sep 2019

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 3311

Abstract

A supercritical antisolvent process has been applied to obtain the nitrocellulose nanoparticles with an average size of 190 nm from the nitrocellulose fibers of 20 μm in diameter. Compared to the micron-sized powder, nano-nitrocellulose is characterized with a slightly lower decomposition onset, however, [...] Read more.

A supercritical antisolvent process has been applied to obtain the nitrocellulose nanoparticles with an average size of 190 nm from the nitrocellulose fibers of 20 μm in diameter. Compared to the micron-sized powder, nano-nitrocellulose is characterized with a slightly lower decomposition onset, however, the friction sensitivity has been improved substantially along with the burning rate increasing from 3.8 to 4.7 mm·s⁻¹ at 2 MPa. Also, the proposed approach allows the production of stable nitrocellulose composites. Thus, the addition of 1 wt.% carbon nanotubes further improves the sensitivity of the nano-nitrocellulose up to the friction-insensitive level. Moreover, the simultaneous introduction of carbon nanotubes and nanosized iron oxide catalyzes the combustion process evidenced by a high-speed filming and resulting in the 20% burning rate increasing at 12 MPa. The presented approach to the processing of energetic nanomaterials based on the supercritical fluid technology opens the way to the production of nitrocellulose-based nanopowders with improved performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Applications)

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15 pages, 5323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Electrospun Preparation of the NC/GAP/Nano-LLM-105 Nanofiber and Its Properties

by Tingting Luo, Yi Wang, Hao Huang, Feifei Shang and Xiaolan Song

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(6), 854; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9060854 - 04 Jun 2019

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 3448

Abstract

In this work, an energetic composite fiber, in which 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) nanoparticles intimately incorporated with a nitrocellulose/glycidyl azide polymer (NC/GAP) fiber, was prepared by the electrospinning method. The morphology and structure of the nanofiber was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive [...] Read more.

In this work, an energetic composite fiber, in which 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) nanoparticles intimately incorporated with a nitrocellulose/glycidyl azide polymer (NC/GAP) fiber, was prepared by the electrospinning method. The morphology and structure of the nanofiber was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The nanofibers possessed a three-dimensional (3D) net structure and a large specific surface area. Thermal analysis, energetic performance, and sensitivities were investigated, and they were compared with NC/GAP and LLM-105 nanoparticles. The NC/GAP/nano-LLM-105 nanofibers show higher decomposition rates and lower decomposition temperatures. The NC/GAP/nano-LLM-105 decomposed to CO₂, CO, H₂O, N₂O, and a few NO, -CH₂O-, and -CH- fragments, in the thermal-infrared spectrometry online (TG-IR) measurement. The NC/GAP/nano-LLM-105 nanofibers demonstrated a higher standard specific impulse (I_sp), a higher combustion chamber temperature (T_c), and a higher specialty height (H₅₀). The introduction of nano-LLM-105 in the NC/GAP matrix results in an improvement in energetic performance and safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Applications)

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11 pages, 1507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gaseous Products Evolution Analyses for Catalytic Decomposition of AP by Graphene-Based Additives

by Shuwen Chen, Ting An, Yi Gao, Jie-Yao Lyu, De-Yun Tang, Xue-Xue Zhang, Fengqi Zhao and Qi-Long Yan

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(5), 801; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9050801 - 24 May 2019

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4202

Abstract

A quantitative evaluation method has been developed to study the effects of nanoadditives on thermal decomposition mechanisms of energetic compounds using the conventional thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry (TG/MS) technique. The decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) under the effect of several energetic catalysts [...] Read more.

A quantitative evaluation method has been developed to study the effects of nanoadditives on thermal decomposition mechanisms of energetic compounds using the conventional thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry (TG/MS) technique. The decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) under the effect of several energetic catalysts has been investigated as a demonstration. In particular, these catalysts are transition metal (Cu²⁺, Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺) complexes of triaminoguanidine (TAG), using graphene oxide (GO) as dopant. They have been well-compared in terms of their catalytic effects on the concentration of the released gaseous products of AP. These detailed quantitative analyses of the gaseous products of AP provide a proof that the proton transfer between ∙O and O₂ determines the catalytic decomposition pathways, which largely depend on the type of reactive centers of the catalysts. This quantitative method could be applied to evaluate the catalytic effects of any other additives on the thermal decomposition of various energetic compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Applications)

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16 pages, 12863 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transformation of Combustion Nanocatalysts inside Solid Rocket Motor under Various Pressures

by Jun-Qiang Li, Linlin Liu, Xiaolong Fu, Deyun Tang, Yin Wang, Songqi Hu and Qi-Long Yan

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(3), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9030381 - 06 Mar 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2829

Abstract

In this paper, the dependences of the morphology, particle sizes, and compositions of the condensed combustion products (CCP) of modified double-base propellants (1,3,5-trimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) as oxidizer) on the chamber pressure (<35 MPa) and nickel inclusion have been evaluated under a practical rocket motor [...] Read more.

In this paper, the dependences of the morphology, particle sizes, and compositions of the condensed combustion products (CCP) of modified double-base propellants (1,3,5-trimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) as oxidizer) on the chamber pressure (<35 MPa) and nickel inclusion have been evaluated under a practical rocket motor operation. It has been shown that higher pressure results in smaller average particle sizes of the CCPs. The CCPs of Ni-containing propellants have more diverse morphologies, including spherical particles, large layered structures, and small flakes coated on large particles depending on the pressure. The specific surface area (SSA) of CCPs is in the range of 2.49 to 3.24 m² g⁻¹ for propellants without nickel are less dependent on the pressure, whereas it is 1.22 to 3.81 Ni-based propellants. The C, N, O, Al, Cu, Pb, and Si are the major elements presented on the surfaces of the CCP particles of both propellants. The compositions of CCPs from Ni-propellant are much more diverse than another one, but only three or four major phases have been found for both propellants under any pressure. The metallic copper is presented in CCPs for both propellants when the chamber pressure is low. The lead salt as the catalyst has been transformed in to Pb(OH)Cl as the most common products of lead-based catalysts with pressure lower than 15 MPa. When pressure is higher than 5 MPa, the nickel-based CCPs has been found to contain one of the following crystalline phases: Pb₂Ni(NO₂)₆, (NH₄)₂Ni(SO₄)₂·6H₂O, C₂H₂NiO₄·2H₂O, and NiO, depending on the pressure. Full article

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Review

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26 pages, 7226 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Experimental Methods for Measuring the Ignition and Combustion Characteristics of Metal Nanoparticles

by Vladimir Zarko and Anatoly Glazunov

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(10), 2008; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10102008 - 12 Oct 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2584

Abstract

Investigations in recent decades have shown that the combustion mechanism of metal particles changes dramatically with diminishing size. Consequently, theoretical description of the ignition and combustion of metal nanoparticles requires additional research. At the same time, to substantiate theoretical models, it is necessary [...] Read more.

Investigations in recent decades have shown that the combustion mechanism of metal particles changes dramatically with diminishing size. Consequently, theoretical description of the ignition and combustion of metal nanoparticles requires additional research. At the same time, to substantiate theoretical models, it is necessary to obtain objective experimental information about characteristics of ignition and combustion processes, which is associated with solving serious technical problems. The presented review analyzes specific features of existing experimental methods implied for studying ignition and combustion of metal nanoparticles. This particularly concerns the methods for correct determination of nanoparticles size, correct description of their heat-exchange parameters, and determining the ignition delay and combustion times. It is stressed that the problem exists of adequate comparison of the data obtained with the use of different techniques of particles’ injection into a hot gas zone and the use of different methods of reaction time measurement. Additionally, available in the literature, data are obtained for particles of different material purity and different state of oxide layer. Obviously, it is necessary to characterize in detail all relevant parameters of a particle’s material and measurement techniques. It is also necessary to continue developing advanced approaches for obtaining narrow fractions of nanoparticles and for detailed recording of dynamic particles’ behavior in a hot gas environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Applications)

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22 pages, 5294 KiB

Open AccessReview

Al-Based Nano-Sized Composite Energetic Materials (Nano-CEMs): Preparation, Characterization, and Performance

by Weiqiang Pang, Xuezhong Fan, Ke Wang, Yimin Chao, Huixiang Xu, Zhao Qin and Fengqi Zhao

Nanomaterials 2020, 10(6), 1039; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061039 - 29 May 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3556

Abstract

As one of the new types of functional materials, nano-sized composite energetic materials (nano-CEMs) possess many advantages and broad application prospects in the research field of explosives and propellants. The recent progress in the preparation and performance characterization of Al-based nano-CEMs has been [...] Read more.

As one of the new types of functional materials, nano-sized composite energetic materials (nano-CEMs) possess many advantages and broad application prospects in the research field of explosives and propellants. The recent progress in the preparation and performance characterization of Al-based nano-CEMs has been reviewed. The preparation methods and properties of Al-based nano-CEMs are emphatically analyzed. Special emphasis is focused on the improved performances of Al-based nano-CEMs, which are different from those of conventional micro-sized composite energetic materials (micro-CEMs), such as thermal decomposition and hazardous properties. The existing problems and challenges for the future work on Al-based nano-CEMs are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Applications)

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Other

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8 pages, 1919 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Nanometer Ammonium Perchlorate and Ammonium Nitrate Prepared with 2D Network Structure via Rapid Freezing Technology

by Yi Wang, Xiaolan Song and Fengsheng Li

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(11), 1605; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9111605 - 12 Nov 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3718

Abstract

Nanometer (nano) ammonium perchlorate (AP) and ammonium nitrate (AN) were prepared with 2D network structures by the ultra-low temperature spray method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) were employed to probe the micron [...] Read more.

Nanometer (nano) ammonium perchlorate (AP) and ammonium nitrate (AN) were prepared with 2D network structures by the ultra-low temperature spray method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) were employed to probe the micron structure, crystal phase, and thermal decomposition of nano AP and nano AN. SEM images revealed that the sizes of nano AP and AN were in the nanometer scale (<100 nm) in one dimension. XRD patterns showed that the crystal phases of nano AP and AN were in accordance with those of raw AP and raw AN, respectively. DSC traces indicated that the thermal decomposition process of AP depended on its particle size, while the thermolysis of AN was independent of the particle size of AN. TG-IR analyses illustrated that the decomposition products of nano AP were NO₂, N₂O, HCl and H₂O, with a small amount of NOCl, and the main decomposition products of nano AN were N₂O and H₂O, with a small amount of NH₃. The results of mechanical sensitivity tests indicated that nano AP was more sensitive than raw AP and both nano AN and raw AN were very insensitive to impact and friction stimuli. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Applications)

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