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Nanomaterials
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Graphene Sensors
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Graphene Sensors

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 7102

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Daniela Iacopino

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Nanotechnology Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
Interests: plasmonic nanomaterials; hybrid nanomaterials with enhanced opto-electronic properties; design and assembly of plasmonic materials for SERS applications; sustainable materials for sensing and energy storage; graphitic carbon materials for electrochemical sensing and energy storage applications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Graphene has emerged as an attractive material for sensing applications, as it possesses a significant number of physico-chemical properties that can be used to trigger measurable and sensitive responses. In fact, because of graphene’s high electronic conductivity and charge carrier mobility, very small changes in conductivity associated to a stimulus interaction can be measured, resulting in highly sensitive sensing response; its surface offers versatile opportunities for surface functionalisation, greatly widening the sensing and biosensing range of application; and its high surface area offers a larger relative sensing area compared to other materials, resulting in enhanced sensitivity. As a result, graphene is being used across a variety of sensing platforms, including sensing, biosensing, strain, gas and volatile organic compound (VOC) sensing. In addition to graphene, graphene-like materials such as graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and other emerging materials such as laser-induced graphene (LIG) offer many opportunities for the fabrication of versatile electrode materials for sensing applications, ranging from point-of-care, wearable sensors and biosensors to gas sensing and even antenna devices. When combined with other materials through doping or chemical functionalisation, and with printing techniques, such materials offer unique opportunities for the realisation of next-generation smart and wearable fully integrated IoT devices. This Special Issue is therefore dedicated to the wide family of graphene and graphene-like materials and their sensing applications.

Dr. Daniela Iacopino
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Laser-induced graphene
  • graphitic carbon materials
  • gas, volatile organic compound (VOC), humidity sensors
  • biosensors
  • health
  • agri-food
  • automotive
  • IoT graphene sensors
  • flexible
  • wearable
  • energy storage

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 24329 KiB  
Article
An Optical Modeling Framework for Coronavirus Detection Using Graphene-Based Nanosensor
by Amir Maghoul, Ingve Simonsen, Ali Rostami and Peyman Mirtaheri
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(16), 2868; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12162868 - 20 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2471
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 virus has faced the world with a new and dangerous challenge due to its contagious nature. Hence, developing sensory technologies to detect the coronavirus rapidly can provide a favorable condition for pandemic control of dangerous diseases. In between, [...] Read more.
The outbreak of the COVID-19 virus has faced the world with a new and dangerous challenge due to its contagious nature. Hence, developing sensory technologies to detect the coronavirus rapidly can provide a favorable condition for pandemic control of dangerous diseases. In between, because of the nanoscale size of this virus, there is a need for a good understanding of its optical behavior, which can give an extraordinary insight into the more efficient design of sensory devices. For the first time, this paper presents an optical modeling framework for a COVID-19 particle in the blood and extracts its optical characteristics based on numerical computations. To this end, a theoretical foundation of a COVID-19 particle is proposed based on the most recent experimental results available in the literature to simulate the optical behavior of the coronavirus under varying physical conditions. In order to obtain the optical properties of the COVID-19 model, the light reflectance by the structure is then simulated for different geometrical sizes, including the diameter of the COVID-19 particle and the size of the spikes surrounding it. It is found that the reflectance spectra are very sensitive to geometric changes of the coronavirus. Furthermore, the density of COVID-19 particles is investigated when the light is incident on different sides of the sample. Following this, we propose a nanosensor based on graphene, silicon, and gold nanodisks and demonstrate the functionality of the designed devices for detecting COVID-19 particles inside the blood samples. Indeed, the presented nanosensor design can be promoted as a practical procedure for creating nanoelectronic kits and wearable devices with considerable potential for fast virus detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene Sensors)
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16 pages, 6705 KiB  
Article
Highly Sensitive and Ultra-Responsive Humidity Sensors Based on Graphene Oxide Active Layers and High Surface Area Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes
by George Paterakis, Eoghan Vaughan, Dinesh R. Gawade, Richard Murray, George Gorgolis, Stefanos Matsalis, George Anagnostopoulos, John L. Buckley, Brendan O’Flynn, Aidan J. Quinn, Daniela Iacopino and Costas Galiotis
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(15), 2684; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12152684 - 04 Aug 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2311
Abstract
Ultra-sensitive and responsive humidity sensors were fabricated by deposition of graphene oxide (GO) on laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes fabricated by a low-cost visible laser scribing tool. The effects of GO layer thickness and electrode geometry were investigated. Sensors comprising 0.33 mg/mL GO drop-deposited [...] Read more.
Ultra-sensitive and responsive humidity sensors were fabricated by deposition of graphene oxide (GO) on laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes fabricated by a low-cost visible laser scribing tool. The effects of GO layer thickness and electrode geometry were investigated. Sensors comprising 0.33 mg/mL GO drop-deposited on spiral LIG electrodes exhibited high sensitivity up to 1800 pF/% RH at 22 °C, which is higher than previously reported LIG/GO sensors. The high performance was ascribed to the high density of the hydroxyl groups of GO, promoted by post-synthesis sonication treatment, resulting in high water physisorption rates. As a result, the sensors also displayed good stability and short response/recovery times across a wide tested range of 0–97% RH. The fabricated sensors were benchmarked against commercial humidity sensors and displayed comparable performance and stability. Finally, the sensors were integrated with a near-field communication tag to function as a wireless, battery-less humidity sensor platform for easy read-out of environmental humidity values using smartphones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene Sensors)
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9 pages, 520 KiB  
Article
A Critical Analysis on the Sensitivity Enhancement of Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors with Graphene
by Aline dos Santos Almeida, Dario A. Bahamon, Nuno M. R. Peres and Christiano J. S. de Matos
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(15), 2562; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12152562 - 26 Jul 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1374
Abstract
The use of graphene in surface plasmon resonance sensors, covering a metallic (plasmonic) film, has a number of demonstrated advantages, such as protecting the film against corrosion/oxidation and facilitating the introduction of functional groups for selective sensing. Recently, a number of works have [...] Read more.
The use of graphene in surface plasmon resonance sensors, covering a metallic (plasmonic) film, has a number of demonstrated advantages, such as protecting the film against corrosion/oxidation and facilitating the introduction of functional groups for selective sensing. Recently, a number of works have claimed that few-layer graphene can also increase the sensitivity of the sensor. However, graphene was treated as an isotropic thin film, with an out-of-plane refractive index that is identical to the in-plane index. Here, we critically examine the role of single and few layers of graphene in the sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance sensors. Graphene is introduced over the metallic film via three different descriptions: as an atomic-thick two-dimensional sheet, as a thin effective isotropic material (same conductivity in the three coordinate directions), and as an non-isotropic layer (different conductivity in the perpendicular direction to the two-dimensional plane). We find that only the isotropic layer model, which is known to be incorrect for the optical modeling of graphene, provides sizable sensitivity increases, while the other, more accurate, models lead to a negligible contribution to the sensitivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene Sensors)
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13 pages, 2997 KiB  
Article
Graphene-Based Temperature Sensors–Comparison of the Temperature and Humidity Dependences
by Jiří Štulík, Ondřej Musil, František Josefík and Petr Kadlec
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(9), 1594; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12091594 - 07 May 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3007
Abstract
Four different graphene-based temperature sensors were prepared, and their temperature and humidity dependences were tested. Sensor active layers prepared from reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphene nanoplatelets (Gnp) were deposited on the substrate from a dispersion by air brush spray coating. Another sensor [...] Read more.
Four different graphene-based temperature sensors were prepared, and their temperature and humidity dependences were tested. Sensor active layers prepared from reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphene nanoplatelets (Gnp) were deposited on the substrate from a dispersion by air brush spray coating. Another sensor layer was made by graphene growth from a plasma discharge (Gpl). The last graphene layer was prepared by chemical vapor deposition (Gcvd) and then transferred onto the substrate. The structures of rGO, Gnp, and Gpl were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The obtained results confirmed the different structures of these materials. Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction was used to determine the elemental composition of the materials. Gcvd was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Elemental analysis showed different oxygen contents in the structures of the materials. Sensors with a small flake structure, i.e., rGO and Gnp, showed the highest change in resistance as a function of temperature. The temperature coefficient of resistance was 5.16−3·K−1 for Gnp and 4.86−3·K−1 for rGO. These values exceed that for a standard platinum thermistor. The Gpl and Gcvd sensors showed the least dependence on relative humidity, which is attributable to the number of oxygen groups in their structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene Sensors)
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