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Microorganisms
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Recent Advances in Avian Influenza Virus Research
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Recent Advances in Avian Influenza Virus Research

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Virology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2019) | Viewed by 16431

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Munir Iqbal

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Head of Avian Influenza Group and Visiting Professor, Royal Veterinary College London, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
Interests: avian influenza virus evolution; influenza virus infection control in poultry; influenza virus subtypes detection

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Avian influenza viruses are a major worldwide threat to animal production systems, human health, food security, trade, and the economy. The viruses responsible for all four of the worldwide human influenza pandemics seen in the last 100 years have originated from birds. An effective control strategy for avian influenza in domesticated poultry is therefore an essential element in the protection of both bird and human populations.

This Special Issue will feature advances in the understanding of the ecology and pathobiology of avian influenza viruses, underpinning the development of improved disease prevention and control systems.

Prof. Dr. Munir Iqbal
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Surveillance, Ecology Evolution, and Epidemiology
  • Host–Pathogen Interactions
  • Virulence and Pathogenicity
  • Mechanisms of Immune Evasion
  • Next Generation Disease Control Strategies
  • Immunology/Immunity
  • Vaccines
  • Diagnostics
  • Zoonosis and Socio-Economic Impacts of Avian Diseases

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 4776 KiB  
Article
Characterization and Phylodynamics of Reassortant H12Nx Viruses in Northern Eurasia
by Kirill Sharshov, Junki Mine, Ivan Sobolev, Olga Kurskaya, Nikita Dubovitskiy, Marsel Kabilov, Tatiana Alikina, Momoko Nakayama, Ryota Tsunekuni, Anastasiya Derko, Elena Prokopyeva, Alexander Alekseev, Michael Shchelkanov, Alexey Druzyaka, Alimurad Gadzhiev, Yuko Uchida, Alexander Shestopalov and Takehiko Saito
Microorganisms 2019, 7(12), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120643 - 03 Dec 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3077
Abstract
Wild waterfowl birds are known to be the main reservoir for a variety of avian influenza viruses of different subtypes. Some subtypes, such as H2Nx, H8Nx, H12Nx, and H14Nx, occur relatively rarely in nature. During 10-year long-term surveillance, we isolated five rare H12N5 [...] Read more.
Wild waterfowl birds are known to be the main reservoir for a variety of avian influenza viruses of different subtypes. Some subtypes, such as H2Nx, H8Nx, H12Nx, and H14Nx, occur relatively rarely in nature. During 10-year long-term surveillance, we isolated five rare H12N5 and one H12N2 viruses in three different distinct geographic regions of Northern Eurasia and studied their characteristics. H12N2 from the Far East region was a double reassortant containing hemagglutinin (HA), non-structural (NS) and nucleoprotein (NP) segments of the American lineage and others from the classical Eurasian avian-like lineage. H12N5 viruses contain Eurasian lineage segments. We suggest a phylogeographical scheme for reassortment events associated with geographical groups of aquatic birds and their migration flyways. The H12N2 virus is of particular interest as this subtype has been found in common teal in the Russian Far East region, and it has a strong relation to North American avian influenza virus lineages, clearly showing that viral exchange of segments between the two continents does occur. Our results emphasize the importance of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) surveillance in Northern Eurasia for the annual screening of virus characteristics, including the genetic constellation of rare virus subtypes, to understand the evolutionary ecology of AIV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Avian Influenza Virus Research)
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7 pages, 532 KiB  
Article
Influenza A Virus Detected in Native Bivalves in Waterfowl Habitat of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA
by Christine L. Densmore, Deborah D. Iwanowicz, Shawn M. McLaughlin, Christopher A. Ottinger, Jason E. Spires and Luke R. Iwanowicz
Microorganisms 2019, 7(9), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090334 - 09 Sep 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2601
Abstract
We evaluated the prevalence of influenza A virus (IAV) in different species of bivalves inhabiting natural water bodies in waterfowl habitat along the Delmarva Peninsula and Chesapeake Bay in eastern Maryland. Bivalve tissue from clam and mussel specimens (Macoma balthica, Macoma [...] Read more.
We evaluated the prevalence of influenza A virus (IAV) in different species of bivalves inhabiting natural water bodies in waterfowl habitat along the Delmarva Peninsula and Chesapeake Bay in eastern Maryland. Bivalve tissue from clam and mussel specimens (Macoma balthica, Macoma phenax, Mulinia sp., Rangia cuneata, Mya arenaria, Guekensia demissa, and an undetermined mussel species) from five collection sites was analyzed for the presence of type A influenza virus by qPCR targeting the matrix gene. Of the 300 tissue samples analyzed, 13 samples (4.3%) tested positive for presence of influenza virus A matrix gene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of detection of IAV in the tissue of any bivalve mollusk from a natural water body. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Avian Influenza Virus Research)
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12 pages, 1926 KiB  
Article
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Outbreaks in West Java Indonesia 2015–2016: Clinical Manifestation and Associated Risk Factors
by Desniwaty Karo-karo, Diyantoro, Eko Sugeng Pribadi, Fransiscus Xaverius Sudirman, Sussi Widi Kurniasih, Sukirman, Iin Indasari, David Handojo Muljono, Guus Koch and Jan Arend Stegeman
Microorganisms 2019, 7(9), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090327 - 06 Sep 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3824
Abstract
Knowledge of outbreaks and associated risk factors is helpful to improve control of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) virus (HPAI) in Indonesia. This study was conducted to detect outbreaks of HPAI H5N1 in endemically infected regions by enhanced passive surveillance, to describe [...] Read more.
Knowledge of outbreaks and associated risk factors is helpful to improve control of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) virus (HPAI) in Indonesia. This study was conducted to detect outbreaks of HPAI H5N1 in endemically infected regions by enhanced passive surveillance, to describe the clinical manifestation of these outbreaks and identify associated risk factors. From November 2015 to November 2016, HPAI outbreak investigations were conducted in seven districts of West Java. In total 64 outbreaks were confirmed out of 75 reported suspicions and outbreak characteristics were recorded. The highest mortality was reported in backyard chickens (average 59%, CI95%: 49–69%). Dermal apoptosis and lesions (64%, CI95%: 52–76%) and respiratory signs (39%, CI95%: 27–51%) were the clinical signs observed overall most frequently, while neurological signs were most frequently observed in ducks (68%, CI95%: 47–90%). In comparison with 60 non-infected control farms, the rate of visitor contacts onto a farm was associated with the odds of HPAI infection. Moreover, duck farms had higher odds of being infected than backyard farms, and larger farms had lower odds than small farms. Results indicate that better external biosecurity is needed to reduce transmission of HPAI A(H5N1) in Indonesia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Avian Influenza Virus Research)
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Review

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16 pages, 1582 KiB  
Review
The Emergence and Decennary Distribution of Clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5Nx
by Khristine Joy C. Antigua, Won-Suk Choi, Yun Hee Baek and Min-Suk Song
Microorganisms 2019, 7(6), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7060156 - 29 May 2019
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 6254
Abstract
Reassortment events among influenza viruses occur naturally and may lead to the development of new and different subtypes which often ignite the possibility of an influenza outbreak. Between 2008 and 2010, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 of the N1 subtype from the [...] Read more.
Reassortment events among influenza viruses occur naturally and may lead to the development of new and different subtypes which often ignite the possibility of an influenza outbreak. Between 2008 and 2010, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 of the N1 subtype from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96-like (Gs/GD) lineage generated novel reassortants by introducing other neuraminidase (NA) subtypes reported to cause most outbreaks in poultry. With the extensive divergence of the H5 hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of documented viruses, the WHO/FAO/OIE H5 Evolutionary Working Group clustered these viruses into a systematic and unified nomenclature of clade 2.3.4.4 currently known as “H5Nx” viruses. The rapid emergence and circulation of these viruses, namely, H5N2, H5N3, H5N5, H5N6, H5N8, and the regenerated H5N1, are of great concern based on their pandemic potential. Knowing the evolution and emergence of these novel reassortants helps to better understand their complex nature. The eruption of reports of each H5Nx reassortant through time demonstrates that it could persist beyond its usual seasonal activity, intensifying the possibility of these emerging viruses’ pandemic potential. This review paper provides an overview of the emergence of each novel HPAI H5Nx virus as well as its current epidemiological distribution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Avian Influenza Virus Research)
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