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Microorganisms
Special Issues
Host-Associated Microbiome and the Diet-Gut-Brain Axis
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Host-Associated Microbiome and the Diet-Gut-Brain Axis

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Gut Microbiota".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 20868

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ravinder Nagpal

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
Interests: nutrition and microbiome; Mediterranean diet; dietary fiber; probiotics and prebiotics; aging; nutrients for brain health
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Yuichiro Yamashiro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 3rd floor, Hongo-Asakaze Bldg, 2-9-8 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Interests: gut microbiota; probiotics; nutrients; obesity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The human gut microbiome plays a fundamental role in our metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune health. Emerging studies show that the microbes inhabiting our gut also play a role in our neurocognitive health via the intricate gut-brain axis. Diet is one of the strongest regulators and modulators of the gut microbiome. Microbiome modulation by specific dietary/nutritional intervention may improve host brain health via the diet-microbiome-brain interaction. Accordingly, the diet-gut-brain axis is emerging as a primary scientific area of interest for understanding pathophysiological mechanisms, and for discovering novel targets and therapies for different neurological disorders. In this context, a multidisciplinary approach, spanning all the districts, mechanisms, and elements of the complex gut-microbiome-brain axis, is indispensable. To this end, this Special Issue aims to bring together state-of-the-art studies pertaining to the role of the bidirectional interactions between the gut-brain axis in host health and diseases, with an emphasis on the dietary, nutritional, and microbiome elements. Investigators are invited to contribute to this Special Issue with original research articles and review articles that can improve our understanding of the diet–gut-brain interface in relation to various neurological and cognitive disorders.

Dr. Ravinder Nagpal
Prof. Dr. Yuichiro Yamashiro
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • aging
  • cognitive health
  • diet-microbiome interaction
  • gut health
  • gut-brain axis
  • microbiota
  • neurological disease
  • neurodegenerative disease
  • nutrition

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 1131 KiB  
Article
Signatures of HIV and Major Depressive Disorder in the Plasma Microbiome
by Bryn C. Taylor, Mohammadsobhan Sheikh Andalibi, Stephen Wandro, Kelly C. Weldon, Gregory D. Sepich-Poore, Carolina S. Carpenter, Serena Fraraccio, Donald Franklin, Jennifer E. Iudicello, Scott Letendre, Sara Gianella, Igor Grant, Ronald J. Ellis, Robert K. Heaton, Rob Knight and Austin D. Swafford
Microorganisms 2023, 11(4), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11041022 - 14 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1651
Abstract
Inter-individual differences in the gut microbiome are linked to alterations in inflammation and blood–brain barrier permeability, which may increase the risk of depression in people with HIV (PWH). The microbiome profile of blood, which is considered by many to be typically sterile, remains [...] Read more.
Inter-individual differences in the gut microbiome are linked to alterations in inflammation and blood–brain barrier permeability, which may increase the risk of depression in people with HIV (PWH). The microbiome profile of blood, which is considered by many to be typically sterile, remains largely unexplored. We aimed to characterize the blood plasma microbiome composition and assess its association with major depressive disorder (MDD) in PWH and people without HIV (PWoH). In this cross-sectional, observational cohort, we used shallow-shotgun metagenomic sequencing to characterize the plasma microbiome of 151 participants (84 PWH and 67 PWoH), all of whom underwent a comprehensive neuropsychiatric assessment. The microbial composition did not differ between PWH and PWoH or between participants with MDD and those without it. Using the songbird model, we computed the log ratio of the highest and lowest 30% of the ranked classes associated with HIV and MDD. We found that HIV infection and lifetime MDD were enriched in a set of differentially abundant inflammatory classes, such as Flavobacteria and Nitrospira. Our results suggest that the circulating plasma microbiome may increase the risk of MDD related to dysbiosis-induced inflammation in PWH. If confirmed, these findings may indicate new biological mechanisms that could be targeted to improve treatment of MDD in PWH. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Associated Microbiome and the Diet-Gut-Brain Axis)
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19 pages, 1998 KiB  
Article
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus-Derived Exopolysaccharide Attenuates D-Galactose-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Brain Injury and Modulates Gut Microbiota in a Mouse Model
by Manorama Kumari, Vaishali L. Dasriya, Basavaprabhu H. Nataraj, Ravinder Nagpal and Pradip V. Behare
Microorganisms 2022, 10(10), 2046; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10102046 - 17 Oct 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1697
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of a novel exopolysaccharide EPSRam12, produced by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Ram12, against D-galactose-induced brain injury and gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice. The findings demonstrate that EPSRam12 increases the level of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and [...] Read more.
This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of a novel exopolysaccharide EPSRam12, produced by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Ram12, against D-galactose-induced brain injury and gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice. The findings demonstrate that EPSRam12 increases the level of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, and the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, while decreasing malonaldehyde, nitric oxide, pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and the mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and the activation of nuclear factor-kappa-B in the brain tissues of D-galactose-treated mice. Further analyses reveal that EPSRam12 improves gut mucosal barrier function and increases the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the intestine while restoring gut microbial diversity by enriching the abundance of SCFA-producing microbial genera Prevotella, Clostridium, Intestinimonas, and Acetatifactor while decreasing potential pathobionts including Helicobacter. These findings of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in the brain and ameliorative effects on epithelial integrity, SCFAs and microbiota in the gut, provide novel insights into the effect of EPSRam12 intervention on the gut–microbiome–brain axis and should facilitate prospective understanding of microbial exopolysaccharide for improved host health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Associated Microbiome and the Diet-Gut-Brain Axis)
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Review

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21 pages, 1267 KiB  
Review
Linking Puberty and the Gut Microbiome to the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Disorders
by Pasquale Esposito and Nafissa Ismail
Microorganisms 2022, 10(11), 2163; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112163 - 31 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2058
Abstract
Puberty is a critical period of development marked by the maturation of the central nervous system, immune system, and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Due to the maturation of these fundamental systems, this is a period of development that is particularly sensitive to stressors, increasing susceptibility [...] Read more.
Puberty is a critical period of development marked by the maturation of the central nervous system, immune system, and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Due to the maturation of these fundamental systems, this is a period of development that is particularly sensitive to stressors, increasing susceptibility to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders later in life. The gut microbiome plays a critical role in the regulation of stress and immune responses, and gut dysbiosis has been implicated in the development of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about puberty, neurodegeneration, and the gut microbiome. We also examine the consequences of pubertal exposure to stress and gut dysbiosis on the development of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding how alterations to the gut microbiome, particularly during critical periods of development (i.e., puberty), influence the pathogenesis of these disorders may allow for the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Associated Microbiome and the Diet-Gut-Brain Axis)
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27 pages, 1445 KiB  
Review
Impact of Environmental Pollutants on Gut Microbiome and Mental Health via the Gut–Brain Axis
by Samradhi Singh, Poonam Sharma, Namrata Pal, Manoj Kumawat, Swasti Shubham, Devojit Kumar Sarma, Rajnarayan R. Tiwari, Manoj Kumar and Ravinder Nagpal
Microorganisms 2022, 10(7), 1457; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071457 - 19 Jul 2022
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 8182
Abstract
Over the last few years, the microbiome has emerged as a high-priority research area to discover missing links between brain health and gut dysbiosis. Emerging evidence suggests that the commensal gut microbiome is an important regulator of the gut–brain axis and plays a [...] Read more.
Over the last few years, the microbiome has emerged as a high-priority research area to discover missing links between brain health and gut dysbiosis. Emerging evidence suggests that the commensal gut microbiome is an important regulator of the gut–brain axis and plays a critical role in brain physiology. Engaging microbiome-generated metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, the immune system, the enteric nervous system, the endocrine system (including the HPA axis), tryptophan metabolism or the vagus nerve plays a crucial role in communication between the gut microbes and the brain. Humans are exposed to a wide range of pollutants in everyday life that impact our intestinal microbiota and manipulate the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, resulting in predisposition to psychiatric or neurological disorders. However, the interaction between xenobiotics, microbiota and neurotoxicity has yet to be completely investigated. Although research into the precise processes of the microbiota–gut–brain axis is growing rapidly, comprehending the implications of environmental contaminants remains challenging. In these milieus, we herein discuss how various environmental pollutants such as phthalates, heavy metals, Bisphenol A and particulate matter may alter the intricate microbiota–gut–brain axis thereby impacting our neurological and overall mental health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Associated Microbiome and the Diet-Gut-Brain Axis)
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21 pages, 1681 KiB  
Review
Nasal Microbiota, Olfactory Health, Neurological Disorders and Aging—A Review
by Subramanian Thangaleela, Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi, Periyanaina Kesika, Muruganantham Bharathi and Chaiyavat Chaiyasut
Microorganisms 2022, 10(7), 1405; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071405 - 12 Jul 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4002
Abstract
The nasal region is one of the distinct environments for the survival of various microbiota. The human microbial niche begins to inhabit the human body right from birth, and the microbiota survive as commensals or opportunistic pathogens throughout the life of humans in [...] Read more.
The nasal region is one of the distinct environments for the survival of various microbiota. The human microbial niche begins to inhabit the human body right from birth, and the microbiota survive as commensals or opportunistic pathogens throughout the life of humans in their bodies in various habitats. These microbial communities help to maintain a healthy microenvironment by preventing the attack of pathogens and being involved in immune regulation. Any dysbiosis of microbiota residing in the mucosal surfaces, such as the nasal passages, guts, and genital regions, causes immune modulation and severe infections. The coexistence of microorganisms in the mucosal layers of respiratory passage, resulting in infections due to their co-abundance and interactions, and the background molecular mechanisms responsible for such interactions, need to be considered for investigation. Additional clinical evaluations can explain the interactions among the nasal microbiota, nasal dysbiosis and neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). The respiratory airways usually act as a substratum place for the microbes and can act as the base for respiratory tract infections. The microbial metabolites and the microbes can cross the blood–brain barrier and may cause NDs, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The scientific investigations on the potential role of the nasal microbiota in olfactory functions and the relationship between their dysfunction and neurological diseases are limited. Recently, the consequences of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in patients with neurological diseases are under exploration. The crosstalk between the gut and the nasal microbiota is highly influential, because their mucosal regions are the prominent microbial niche and are connected to the olfaction, immune regulation, and homeostasis of the central nervous system. Diet is one of the major factors, which strongly influences the mucosal membranes of the airways, gut, and lung. Unhealthy diet practices cause dysbiosis in gut microbiota and the mucosal barrier. The current review summarizes the interrelationship between the nasal microbiota dysbiosis, resulting olfactory dysfunctions, and the progression of NDs during aging and the involvement of coronavirus disease 2019 in provoking the NDs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Associated Microbiome and the Diet-Gut-Brain Axis)
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Other

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25 pages, 866 KiB  
Systematic Review
Interconnection between Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Autism Spectrum Disorder Comparing Therapeutic Options: A Scoping Review
by Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Assunta Patano, Fabio Piras, Antonio Mancini, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo, Gregorio Paduanelli, Francesco Inchingolo, Andrea Palermo, Gianna Dipalma and Giuseppina Malcangi
Microorganisms 2023, 11(6), 1477; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061477 - 01 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2186
Abstract
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental illnesses characterized by difficulty in social communication, social interaction, and repetitive behaviors. These clinical diagnostic criteria can be seen in children as early as one year old and are commonly associated with long-term [...] Read more.
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental illnesses characterized by difficulty in social communication, social interaction, and repetitive behaviors. These clinical diagnostic criteria can be seen in children as early as one year old and are commonly associated with long-term difficulties. ASD is connected with a higher frequency of various medical diseases such as gastrointestinal complaints, seizures, anxiety, interrupted sleep, and immunological dysfunction, in addition to the range of developmental abnormalities listed. Methods: From 1 January 2013 to 28 February 2023, we searched PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for English-language papers that matched our topic. The following Boolean keywords were utilized in the search approach: “autism” AND “microbiota”. After deleting duplicates, a total of 2370 publications were found from the databases, yielding 1222 articles. (1148). Nine hundred and eighty-eight items were excluded after their titles and abstracts were scrutinized. The method resulted in the removal of 174 items for being off-topic. The final 18 articles for qualitative analysis are included in the evaluation. Conclusion: The findings of this extensive study revealed that probiotics, prebiotics, their combination as synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and microbiota transfer therapy may benefit ASD patients suffering from both gastrointestinal and central nervous system symptoms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Associated Microbiome and the Diet-Gut-Brain Axis)
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